This document summarizes a study that analyzed the microbiological quality of potable water (tap water and sachet water) from Elele, Nigeria under different storage durations. Samples were collected weekly for 10 weeks and tested for total bacterial count, coliforms, E. coli, Salmonella-Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, and fungi. Testing found that total bacterial counts, E. coli counts, and coliform counts generally increased over the 10 week storage period for tap water samples. Sachet water samples had lower initial counts that also increased during storage. Isolated bacteria included E. coli, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and Bac
Studies on the Bacteriological quality of vegetable crops irrigated with dome...Premier Publishers
The bacteriological quality of vegetable crops irrigated with domestic wastewater in Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria was analysed. The vegetable samples were collected during October 2013 and September 2014 in Aliero town in a period of three months across the two seasons (i.e., the dry and rainy seasons). After the analysis, the following bacterial spp were isolated from the vegetable crops irrigated with domestic wastewater water; Salmonella spp (14.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.2%), Klebsiella spp (16.0%), Shigella spp (19.2%), Escherichia coli (41.6%), Citrobacter spp (25.2%), Proteus spp (15.6%) and Campylobacter spp (6.8%). The bacterial spp isolated from vegetables irrigated with tube well water was Staphylococcus aureus (26.8%), Escherichia coli (14.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.8%), Diplococcus spp (12.0%) and Corynebacteria spp (1.2%). Escherichia coli and Citrobacter spp were recorded to have the highest number of occurrence in vegetables irrigated with domestic wastewater, with the percentage of 41.6% and 22.2% respectively. While Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli have the highest occurrence of 26.8% and 14.0% respectively in vegetables irrigated with tube well water. This study highlights the health risk associated with the consumption of these vegetables particularly those consumed raw.
Assessment of physicochemical and bacteriological drinking water quality of d...IJERA Editor
Water is essential to sustain the life. Water samples have collected from a different urban area of H. D. Kote
town of Mysore district from different sources such as hand pump, public taps, and stored household drinking
water. Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the water samples were analysed following the
standard methods to evaluate the quality of drinking water. All physic-chemical parameters are within the
permissible limit to WHO. The microbiological analysis shows that that t nearly 53 % of the samples were
observed with coliform contamination. The significant difference among water sources regarding total plate
count was observed, where stored household water has relatively higher compared to tap and borewell water
exceeding the standard limit. Both hand pump and the tap water were not detected with any E. coli
contamination whereas 80% of the household stored water samples have shown E. coli contamination. The
presence of significant counts of coliforms in stored household water indicates post poor sanitation and
existence of human activities. Attention should be given to the collection, storage, and management by
additional treatment to maintain and prevent excessive microbial growth
Biometric Assessment of Bacteriological Profile of Borehole Water in Relation...Premier Publishers
Borehole water is a major water source in some parts of the world and human health depends largely on the quality of water consumed. Hence, bacteriological assessment of borehole water in relation to distance and age of septic tanks in nine student’s hostels in Ikot Udota was investigated using standard scientific methods. The organisms isolated were: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Bacillus spp Pseudomonas spp, Streptococcus spp, Enterobacter spp, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, and Proteus vulgaris. The result revealed that the total bacteria counts of the samples ranged from 30cfu/ml in Ario house, 246 cfu/ml in Macdone. However, Macdone’s lodge had the highest faecal coliform count with 2 (66.6%), while Anthonys’ had the lowest faecal coliform count with 1 (33.3%). Correlation analysis signaled that there is a significant (p<0.05) likelihood that contaminants enrichment grossly emanated from a point source seeing that 72.2% of TBC and 73.5% of FCC were associated with short distances from septic tanks. Also, 28.5% of TBC and 15.4% of FCC were associated with borehole age. Conclusively, boreholes should be situated far from refuse/sewage disposal units and routine treatment of old borehole water sources is a necessity.
Physico-Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Drinking Water of Four Springs of ...IJEAB
Drinking water of good quality is essential for human physiology whose continual existence depends on the availability of water and any sort of contamination in water which is above the standard limits set by international water regulating agencies can lead to water related diseases. So, the present investigation was conducted to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological contents of four springs i.e.Heshi spring 1, Heshi spring 2, Kitaab Roong, and Kooti spring and its distribution system such as water reservoir inlet, outlet, mid and end point of distribution systems, junction where it merge with glacier water. The temperature was in a range of 13oC - 22oC. The turbidity of water samples fluctuate from 0.02NTU-1.99NTU. The pH value was in a range of 6.2-7.1. Electrical conductivity range of minimum 122µS/cm to a maximum of 600µS/cm. The TDS of all water samples ranging from minimum of 164-513mg/l. The amount of reactive ortho phosphate was in a range of 26mg/l to 59mg/L. The amount of total phosphorous was in a range of minimum 23m/L to maximum of 120mg/L. The total bacterial count was in a range of 11CFU/100ml to 83 CFU/100ml.The findings showed there should be comprehensive standardization of drinking water of Danyore village according to guidelines of WHO water quality standards and make it safe for human consumption.
Isolation and Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistivity Pattern of Faecal Coliforms Bacteria Isolated From River Wudil Kano, Nigeria by Ali M in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
Water borne diseases has been a major public health concern in Nigeria. This study was conducted to identify and evaluate the antibiotic resistivity pattern of faecal coliforms bacteria isolated from River Wudil in Wudil Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria. Four (4) water samples from different part of the river were collected for the study. The bacteriological and physicochemical analyses performed were in accordance with standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates were determined using modified Kirby Bauer method. The result of the study revealed that the physicochemical properties of the river are within the WHO and NIS standard.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000509.php
Physicochemical and Microbiological analysis of tube-well water from Noakhali...Premier Publishers
Tube-well water is thought to be free of microbial contamination due to the natural filtering ability of the subsurface environment. However the physicochemical and microbiological quality of this water may deteriorate due to the inappropriate installation of tube-wells and improper sanitation condition. The present study was undertaken to investigate the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of tube-well water in the Noakhali district of Bangladesh. 20 tube-well water samples from 10 separate locations were selected for this investigation from Noakhali Sadar Upazila in Noakhali district. In physiochemical analyses, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), salinity and total dissolved Solids (TDS) was determined by standard methods whereas, microbial analyses was conducted for total viable count (TVC) & for the determination of E. coli, Vibrio cholera, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella spp. The result of the study revealed that the physicochemical parameters of the tube-well water samples are not satisfactory. All the tube-wells were grossly contaminated with bacteria E. coli, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus but no wells are contaminated with Salmonella spp. Good and proper environmental and personal hygiene must be maintained especially by the users of those wells to prevent their contamination with bacterial pathogens.
Studies on the Bacteriological quality of vegetable crops irrigated with dome...Premier Publishers
The bacteriological quality of vegetable crops irrigated with domestic wastewater in Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria was analysed. The vegetable samples were collected during October 2013 and September 2014 in Aliero town in a period of three months across the two seasons (i.e., the dry and rainy seasons). After the analysis, the following bacterial spp were isolated from the vegetable crops irrigated with domestic wastewater water; Salmonella spp (14.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.2%), Klebsiella spp (16.0%), Shigella spp (19.2%), Escherichia coli (41.6%), Citrobacter spp (25.2%), Proteus spp (15.6%) and Campylobacter spp (6.8%). The bacterial spp isolated from vegetables irrigated with tube well water was Staphylococcus aureus (26.8%), Escherichia coli (14.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.8%), Diplococcus spp (12.0%) and Corynebacteria spp (1.2%). Escherichia coli and Citrobacter spp were recorded to have the highest number of occurrence in vegetables irrigated with domestic wastewater, with the percentage of 41.6% and 22.2% respectively. While Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli have the highest occurrence of 26.8% and 14.0% respectively in vegetables irrigated with tube well water. This study highlights the health risk associated with the consumption of these vegetables particularly those consumed raw.
Assessment of physicochemical and bacteriological drinking water quality of d...IJERA Editor
Water is essential to sustain the life. Water samples have collected from a different urban area of H. D. Kote
town of Mysore district from different sources such as hand pump, public taps, and stored household drinking
water. Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the water samples were analysed following the
standard methods to evaluate the quality of drinking water. All physic-chemical parameters are within the
permissible limit to WHO. The microbiological analysis shows that that t nearly 53 % of the samples were
observed with coliform contamination. The significant difference among water sources regarding total plate
count was observed, where stored household water has relatively higher compared to tap and borewell water
exceeding the standard limit. Both hand pump and the tap water were not detected with any E. coli
contamination whereas 80% of the household stored water samples have shown E. coli contamination. The
presence of significant counts of coliforms in stored household water indicates post poor sanitation and
existence of human activities. Attention should be given to the collection, storage, and management by
additional treatment to maintain and prevent excessive microbial growth
Biometric Assessment of Bacteriological Profile of Borehole Water in Relation...Premier Publishers
Borehole water is a major water source in some parts of the world and human health depends largely on the quality of water consumed. Hence, bacteriological assessment of borehole water in relation to distance and age of septic tanks in nine student’s hostels in Ikot Udota was investigated using standard scientific methods. The organisms isolated were: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Bacillus spp Pseudomonas spp, Streptococcus spp, Enterobacter spp, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, and Proteus vulgaris. The result revealed that the total bacteria counts of the samples ranged from 30cfu/ml in Ario house, 246 cfu/ml in Macdone. However, Macdone’s lodge had the highest faecal coliform count with 2 (66.6%), while Anthonys’ had the lowest faecal coliform count with 1 (33.3%). Correlation analysis signaled that there is a significant (p<0.05) likelihood that contaminants enrichment grossly emanated from a point source seeing that 72.2% of TBC and 73.5% of FCC were associated with short distances from septic tanks. Also, 28.5% of TBC and 15.4% of FCC were associated with borehole age. Conclusively, boreholes should be situated far from refuse/sewage disposal units and routine treatment of old borehole water sources is a necessity.
Physico-Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Drinking Water of Four Springs of ...IJEAB
Drinking water of good quality is essential for human physiology whose continual existence depends on the availability of water and any sort of contamination in water which is above the standard limits set by international water regulating agencies can lead to water related diseases. So, the present investigation was conducted to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological contents of four springs i.e.Heshi spring 1, Heshi spring 2, Kitaab Roong, and Kooti spring and its distribution system such as water reservoir inlet, outlet, mid and end point of distribution systems, junction where it merge with glacier water. The temperature was in a range of 13oC - 22oC. The turbidity of water samples fluctuate from 0.02NTU-1.99NTU. The pH value was in a range of 6.2-7.1. Electrical conductivity range of minimum 122µS/cm to a maximum of 600µS/cm. The TDS of all water samples ranging from minimum of 164-513mg/l. The amount of reactive ortho phosphate was in a range of 26mg/l to 59mg/L. The amount of total phosphorous was in a range of minimum 23m/L to maximum of 120mg/L. The total bacterial count was in a range of 11CFU/100ml to 83 CFU/100ml.The findings showed there should be comprehensive standardization of drinking water of Danyore village according to guidelines of WHO water quality standards and make it safe for human consumption.
Isolation and Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistivity Pattern of Faecal Coliforms Bacteria Isolated From River Wudil Kano, Nigeria by Ali M in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
Water borne diseases has been a major public health concern in Nigeria. This study was conducted to identify and evaluate the antibiotic resistivity pattern of faecal coliforms bacteria isolated from River Wudil in Wudil Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria. Four (4) water samples from different part of the river were collected for the study. The bacteriological and physicochemical analyses performed were in accordance with standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates were determined using modified Kirby Bauer method. The result of the study revealed that the physicochemical properties of the river are within the WHO and NIS standard.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000509.php
Physicochemical and Microbiological analysis of tube-well water from Noakhali...Premier Publishers
Tube-well water is thought to be free of microbial contamination due to the natural filtering ability of the subsurface environment. However the physicochemical and microbiological quality of this water may deteriorate due to the inappropriate installation of tube-wells and improper sanitation condition. The present study was undertaken to investigate the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of tube-well water in the Noakhali district of Bangladesh. 20 tube-well water samples from 10 separate locations were selected for this investigation from Noakhali Sadar Upazila in Noakhali district. In physiochemical analyses, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), salinity and total dissolved Solids (TDS) was determined by standard methods whereas, microbial analyses was conducted for total viable count (TVC) & for the determination of E. coli, Vibrio cholera, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella spp. The result of the study revealed that the physicochemical parameters of the tube-well water samples are not satisfactory. All the tube-wells were grossly contaminated with bacteria E. coli, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus but no wells are contaminated with Salmonella spp. Good and proper environmental and personal hygiene must be maintained especially by the users of those wells to prevent their contamination with bacterial pathogens.
Bacteriological Investigation of Well Water Samples from Selected Market Loca...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Hepatitis A virus and environmental quality indicators in aquatic ecosystems ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract - Research into the occurrence of microbiological contaminants, including hepatitis A virus (HAV), in river waters intended for oyster farming is of extreme importance for public health. This study aimed to detect the occurrence of HAV in the aquatic environment for ostreiculture in northeastern Pará, Brazil, and correlate with microbiological, physico-chemical and climatological variables. The HAV research was based on the method of water concentration by filtration membrane adsorption-elution and in the organic flocculation method with skim milk, followed by Nested-PCR. Quantification of coliforms, Enterococci and heterotrophic bacteria was performed. The physico-chemical variables were measured with multiparametric probe and spectrophotometry. Positive samples were purified and submitted to sequencing. From March 2017 to December 2018, 203 samples of river water were collected and analyzed in the municipalities of Augusto Corrêa, Curuçá, Salinópolis and São Caetano de Odivelas. In 10.8% of the analyzed samples the HAV RNA was detected, in all localities the HAV was classified in genotype IB. There was no significant difference between the concentration methods of the water samples. The only physicochemical variable that most influenced HAV detection was dissolved oxygen. Regarding the bacterial indicators, the highest statistical significance occurred with thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli. The detection of HAV in the four municipalities studied shows that the virus is circulating in the aquatic environment and, therefore, in the community. In this context, more effective hygienic-sanitary measures are necessary in these communities dedicated to oyster farming.
Comparative Analysis of Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals of Public...iosrjce
The study examined the physicochemical and heavy metal analysis of municipal water supply along
the distribution channels from source (raw water) to end user points of Kaduna metropolis. Water samples were
collected from the raw water sources of the treatment plants in the metropolis (Malali and Barnawa water
works), treated water from the treatment plant reservoirs, the three booster stations (Kawo, Lugard Hall and
Tudun Wada) and randomly from residential areas which includes; Malali, Barnawa, Tudun Wada, Marafa,
Kabala costain, Badiko, Kurmin Mashi and UnguwanSunusi area of the metropolis. The samples were analyzed
for pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium
hardness, alkalinity, sulphate, nitrate, DO, BOD, COD, iron and free CO2 using standard procedure described
by American public Health Association(APHA),heavy metals such as chromium, lead, nickel, copper and
cadmium were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy, The result obtained was compared with the
WHO and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water set by the Standard Organization of Nigeria(SON). pH and
turbidity of all samples from raw water to treated water delivered to end users with mean values of pH of 5.67
for raw water and a range of 4.48-4.60 for treated water all falls above the permissible limit of 6.5-8.5, turbidity
values of 1883NTU for raw water and a range of 11.60-41.36NTU for treated water all falls above the
permissible limit of 5NTU for portable water other parameters were all within the standard limit, copper and
iron were detected in all samples but within the permissible limit ,lead ,chromium, nickel and cadmium were
above maximum permissible in all samples analyzed
Bacteria of tomatoes managed with well water and pond water: Impact of agricu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— We know that contamination of crops by human pathogens can occur in agricultural settings but we still do not understand precisely which environmental sources represent the highest risks. Human pathogens maybe introduced by wind, worker hygiene, plant mediated factors, insects, water sources, or any combination of these factors. To safeguard against risks to consumers from agricultural waters, FSMA regulations for U.S. crop production require the use of water with an average of less than 126 CFU per 100 ml for applications that come in direct contact with a crop. Due to availability/scarcity however, water from other sources such as agricultural ponds is commonly used. To better understand risks that may be associated with the use of “surface”(often higher microbial load) water sources, we described the bacterial microbiota associated with an agricultural pond, an agricultural well and the corresponding microbiota of tomato carpospheres managed with each water source (also described as phyllosphere). 16S rRNA gene amplicons were used for bacterial profiling of waters and tomato surfaces at four time points over a growing season. Microbial profiles differentiated surface and ground water samples throughout the season, however no significant influence on tomato fruit surfaces could be correlated to either water source. These results suggest that in certain cases, environmental pressures such as wind, dust or other airborne factors may have a more significant impact on the surface microbiology of field crops than irrigation or management water sources do.
DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT THE TRANSPORT OF E.COLI IN A NAT...IAEME Publication
Development of mathematical model to predict the rate of microbial depositions (E.coli) in a natural pond has been carried out. The models were developed to monitor the rate of concentration at different periods, with respect to the length of the pond at various sample station. Results of the theoretical values were compared with the experimental analysis. The analysis was thoroughly done to determine the physiochemical parameters of the pond. Microbial traces were found from the experimental analysis at different periods up to hundred days. The developed model compared favourably well with the experimental values. The values explain the rate of microbial growth and level of lag phase condition. The growth rate of the microbes were found to be higher because there is high deposition of substrate for growth and energy, while at some periods it degrades showing that the substrates have reduced in concentration including the inhibition from the pH. In some cases when the microbes developed lag phase condition it may be as a result of other environmental factors. Finally, the growth rates are between fifty and hundred days, showing that there is constant regeneration of the microbes including other environmental factors.
Introduction to Drinking Water Quality: A Layperson’s Guide to Water Quality,...lhirsh
Poor water quality is a global health crisis. Not everyone who must help remedy this monumental problem is a scientist, or policy maker, or water, sanitation and hygiene expert, or public health professional. However, everyone at every level must have some understanding of the subject and science behind it.
Our booklet provides basic information to help people make intelligent decisions about safe drinking water.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.11
ABSTRACT- For every life form, water is an essential natural element. Ever increasing growth of population, especially
in developing country like India, have affected not only surface but also ground water quality and is main cause for
environmental pollution. The most possible sources of soil, water and plant pollutions are sewage sludge, residues of
industrial factories and intensive fertilization. Increased organic matter (from the sewage) breaking down in the river
reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water body as the decomposition process uses up the available dissolved
oxygen. Microbial pathogens introduced by sewage into surface or groundwater can threaten public health, as well as
affect ecosystem health and function. Today as demand for fresh water intensifies, the use of municipal or sewage
wastewater as alternative source of water for irrigation purpose is also a common practice. The present study was
conducted to assess the physicochemical parameters of the Rispana river where sewage is dumped and also effect of this
sewage wastewater on selected plant Vigna radiata. The findings of the study indicated a direct influence of sewage
wastewater on the plantlets and decrease in overall growth of plant with increase in concentration of wastewater.
Key-words- Water pollution, Urbanization, Environmental effect, Vigna radiata
This study highlighted the pernicious elements present in the sediment and water of Aba River.Upstream and downstream sediment and water samples were collected at four different sampling points along Aba River. The samples were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals. Microbiological analyses were carried out using the spread plate method and bacterial and fungal isolates identified using standard methods. Analyses were carried out to determine the physicochemical properties using standard methods. Results obtained showed the presence of heavy metals in sediment physicochemical parameters in the ranges of turbidity (11.00-15.00NTU), conductivity (1.80-3.09µS/cm), BOD5 (2.10-5.05mg/g), COD (19.50-25.60mg/g), TDS (610-840mg/g), pH (7.20-7.55), temperature (29.00-30.10°C), K (7.16-9.15mg/g), Na (3.53-4.85mg/g), Mg (4.30-5.40 mg/g), Cr (0.04-0.20mg/g), Zn (0.21-0.35mg/g), Fe (3.75-4.42mg/g), Al (1.05-1.25 mg/g), SO42- (11.75-13.11mg/g), PO42- (0.30-1.1 1mg/g), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/g). Water physicochemical parameters were in the ranges of turbidity (3.30-9.00mg/l), conductivity (0.63-1.80mg/l), BOD5 (1.72-2. 50mg/l), COD (14.39-22.40mg/l), DO (2.95-5.6mg/l), TDS (245-556mg/l), pH (6.90-7.50), temperature (28.50-30.50°C), K (0.001-6.55mg/l), Na (1.25-3.55mg/l), Mg (1.50-4.60mg/l), Cr (0.00-0.15mg/l), Zn (0.01-0.13mg/l), Fe (1.15-3.95mg/l), Al (0.001-1.12mg/l), SO42- (11.75-13.30mg/l), PO42- (0.30-1.11mg/l), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/l). The mean bacterial counts recorded for the different sampling points were higher in the wet season for sediment samples (0.97-6.00 x 106 cfu/g) than in the dry season (2.15-5.85 x 106 cfu/g), also the mean bacterial counts recorded for water samples were higher in the wet season (1.41-2.95 x 106 cfu/ml) than in the dry season (1.31-2.39 x 106 cfu/ml). The diversity of microorganisms isolated and identified were; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentariea,, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia mercences, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus roseus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Fusarium poae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus nigricans, Mucor sp. The distribution of these organisms varied between samples, distance and season. The high level of both microorganisms and heavy metals suggest that the anthropogenic activities in the River could cause health menace to users and therefore should be put to check regularly.
World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) 2017:
2.1 billion people lack safe drinking water at home
About 4.2 billion lack safe sanitation
3 in 10 (2.1 billion) lack access to safe, available water at home
6 in 10 (4.5 billion) lack safely managed sanitation
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Suitability of tube wells water for drinking at lalpur upazila in natore dist...Khulna University
The aim of the study was to observe the suitability of tube-wells water consumed by people of Lalpur upazila in Natore district for drinking purpose in comparison to standard of World Health Organization (WHO) and the standard of Bangladesh. In this study, it was tried to find out the physical and chemical conditions of the drinkable tube-wells water used in the studied region and to observe the presence or absence of total coliform & Escherichia coli bacteria.
Multiple Use of Surface Water Resources and Bacteria Colonization of Water Bo...Editor IJCATR
Water samples collected along the water courses of surface water sources of domestic water supply in Ezinihite Mbaise were analyzed for bacterial species inventory and total viable count (TVC) using the multiple test tube technique and colony counters. The surface waters covered include Ariam River and other tributaries that constitute the bulk of surface water resources in the area. Eight species of bacteria including E-coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, and fecal streptococci among others were identified. Total viable counts gave alarming growth levels when compared o the standards as set by the world health organization (WHO). The microbial population explosion in the river is attributable to the multiple activities within and around the river also the uses including wash off from abattoirs carrying abattoir wastes directly into the river, domestic wastes dumped along the recharge path, others include in stream fermentation of food stuff and general laundry point for any for clothes, automobiles. All these make sufficiently available to enhance microbial growth. Surface water use should be monitored to ensure sustainability and proper management of watershed will control this trend of colonization of public water supply sources and in turn control the trends in water borne infections.
Bacteriological Investigation of Well Water Samples from Selected Market Loca...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Hepatitis A virus and environmental quality indicators in aquatic ecosystems ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract - Research into the occurrence of microbiological contaminants, including hepatitis A virus (HAV), in river waters intended for oyster farming is of extreme importance for public health. This study aimed to detect the occurrence of HAV in the aquatic environment for ostreiculture in northeastern Pará, Brazil, and correlate with microbiological, physico-chemical and climatological variables. The HAV research was based on the method of water concentration by filtration membrane adsorption-elution and in the organic flocculation method with skim milk, followed by Nested-PCR. Quantification of coliforms, Enterococci and heterotrophic bacteria was performed. The physico-chemical variables were measured with multiparametric probe and spectrophotometry. Positive samples were purified and submitted to sequencing. From March 2017 to December 2018, 203 samples of river water were collected and analyzed in the municipalities of Augusto Corrêa, Curuçá, Salinópolis and São Caetano de Odivelas. In 10.8% of the analyzed samples the HAV RNA was detected, in all localities the HAV was classified in genotype IB. There was no significant difference between the concentration methods of the water samples. The only physicochemical variable that most influenced HAV detection was dissolved oxygen. Regarding the bacterial indicators, the highest statistical significance occurred with thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli. The detection of HAV in the four municipalities studied shows that the virus is circulating in the aquatic environment and, therefore, in the community. In this context, more effective hygienic-sanitary measures are necessary in these communities dedicated to oyster farming.
Comparative Analysis of Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals of Public...iosrjce
The study examined the physicochemical and heavy metal analysis of municipal water supply along
the distribution channels from source (raw water) to end user points of Kaduna metropolis. Water samples were
collected from the raw water sources of the treatment plants in the metropolis (Malali and Barnawa water
works), treated water from the treatment plant reservoirs, the three booster stations (Kawo, Lugard Hall and
Tudun Wada) and randomly from residential areas which includes; Malali, Barnawa, Tudun Wada, Marafa,
Kabala costain, Badiko, Kurmin Mashi and UnguwanSunusi area of the metropolis. The samples were analyzed
for pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium
hardness, alkalinity, sulphate, nitrate, DO, BOD, COD, iron and free CO2 using standard procedure described
by American public Health Association(APHA),heavy metals such as chromium, lead, nickel, copper and
cadmium were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy, The result obtained was compared with the
WHO and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water set by the Standard Organization of Nigeria(SON). pH and
turbidity of all samples from raw water to treated water delivered to end users with mean values of pH of 5.67
for raw water and a range of 4.48-4.60 for treated water all falls above the permissible limit of 6.5-8.5, turbidity
values of 1883NTU for raw water and a range of 11.60-41.36NTU for treated water all falls above the
permissible limit of 5NTU for portable water other parameters were all within the standard limit, copper and
iron were detected in all samples but within the permissible limit ,lead ,chromium, nickel and cadmium were
above maximum permissible in all samples analyzed
Bacteria of tomatoes managed with well water and pond water: Impact of agricu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— We know that contamination of crops by human pathogens can occur in agricultural settings but we still do not understand precisely which environmental sources represent the highest risks. Human pathogens maybe introduced by wind, worker hygiene, plant mediated factors, insects, water sources, or any combination of these factors. To safeguard against risks to consumers from agricultural waters, FSMA regulations for U.S. crop production require the use of water with an average of less than 126 CFU per 100 ml for applications that come in direct contact with a crop. Due to availability/scarcity however, water from other sources such as agricultural ponds is commonly used. To better understand risks that may be associated with the use of “surface”(often higher microbial load) water sources, we described the bacterial microbiota associated with an agricultural pond, an agricultural well and the corresponding microbiota of tomato carpospheres managed with each water source (also described as phyllosphere). 16S rRNA gene amplicons were used for bacterial profiling of waters and tomato surfaces at four time points over a growing season. Microbial profiles differentiated surface and ground water samples throughout the season, however no significant influence on tomato fruit surfaces could be correlated to either water source. These results suggest that in certain cases, environmental pressures such as wind, dust or other airborne factors may have a more significant impact on the surface microbiology of field crops than irrigation or management water sources do.
DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT THE TRANSPORT OF E.COLI IN A NAT...IAEME Publication
Development of mathematical model to predict the rate of microbial depositions (E.coli) in a natural pond has been carried out. The models were developed to monitor the rate of concentration at different periods, with respect to the length of the pond at various sample station. Results of the theoretical values were compared with the experimental analysis. The analysis was thoroughly done to determine the physiochemical parameters of the pond. Microbial traces were found from the experimental analysis at different periods up to hundred days. The developed model compared favourably well with the experimental values. The values explain the rate of microbial growth and level of lag phase condition. The growth rate of the microbes were found to be higher because there is high deposition of substrate for growth and energy, while at some periods it degrades showing that the substrates have reduced in concentration including the inhibition from the pH. In some cases when the microbes developed lag phase condition it may be as a result of other environmental factors. Finally, the growth rates are between fifty and hundred days, showing that there is constant regeneration of the microbes including other environmental factors.
Introduction to Drinking Water Quality: A Layperson’s Guide to Water Quality,...lhirsh
Poor water quality is a global health crisis. Not everyone who must help remedy this monumental problem is a scientist, or policy maker, or water, sanitation and hygiene expert, or public health professional. However, everyone at every level must have some understanding of the subject and science behind it.
Our booklet provides basic information to help people make intelligent decisions about safe drinking water.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.11
ABSTRACT- For every life form, water is an essential natural element. Ever increasing growth of population, especially
in developing country like India, have affected not only surface but also ground water quality and is main cause for
environmental pollution. The most possible sources of soil, water and plant pollutions are sewage sludge, residues of
industrial factories and intensive fertilization. Increased organic matter (from the sewage) breaking down in the river
reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water body as the decomposition process uses up the available dissolved
oxygen. Microbial pathogens introduced by sewage into surface or groundwater can threaten public health, as well as
affect ecosystem health and function. Today as demand for fresh water intensifies, the use of municipal or sewage
wastewater as alternative source of water for irrigation purpose is also a common practice. The present study was
conducted to assess the physicochemical parameters of the Rispana river where sewage is dumped and also effect of this
sewage wastewater on selected plant Vigna radiata. The findings of the study indicated a direct influence of sewage
wastewater on the plantlets and decrease in overall growth of plant with increase in concentration of wastewater.
Key-words- Water pollution, Urbanization, Environmental effect, Vigna radiata
This study highlighted the pernicious elements present in the sediment and water of Aba River.Upstream and downstream sediment and water samples were collected at four different sampling points along Aba River. The samples were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals. Microbiological analyses were carried out using the spread plate method and bacterial and fungal isolates identified using standard methods. Analyses were carried out to determine the physicochemical properties using standard methods. Results obtained showed the presence of heavy metals in sediment physicochemical parameters in the ranges of turbidity (11.00-15.00NTU), conductivity (1.80-3.09µS/cm), BOD5 (2.10-5.05mg/g), COD (19.50-25.60mg/g), TDS (610-840mg/g), pH (7.20-7.55), temperature (29.00-30.10°C), K (7.16-9.15mg/g), Na (3.53-4.85mg/g), Mg (4.30-5.40 mg/g), Cr (0.04-0.20mg/g), Zn (0.21-0.35mg/g), Fe (3.75-4.42mg/g), Al (1.05-1.25 mg/g), SO42- (11.75-13.11mg/g), PO42- (0.30-1.1 1mg/g), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/g). Water physicochemical parameters were in the ranges of turbidity (3.30-9.00mg/l), conductivity (0.63-1.80mg/l), BOD5 (1.72-2. 50mg/l), COD (14.39-22.40mg/l), DO (2.95-5.6mg/l), TDS (245-556mg/l), pH (6.90-7.50), temperature (28.50-30.50°C), K (0.001-6.55mg/l), Na (1.25-3.55mg/l), Mg (1.50-4.60mg/l), Cr (0.00-0.15mg/l), Zn (0.01-0.13mg/l), Fe (1.15-3.95mg/l), Al (0.001-1.12mg/l), SO42- (11.75-13.30mg/l), PO42- (0.30-1.11mg/l), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/l). The mean bacterial counts recorded for the different sampling points were higher in the wet season for sediment samples (0.97-6.00 x 106 cfu/g) than in the dry season (2.15-5.85 x 106 cfu/g), also the mean bacterial counts recorded for water samples were higher in the wet season (1.41-2.95 x 106 cfu/ml) than in the dry season (1.31-2.39 x 106 cfu/ml). The diversity of microorganisms isolated and identified were; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentariea,, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia mercences, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus roseus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Fusarium poae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus nigricans, Mucor sp. The distribution of these organisms varied between samples, distance and season. The high level of both microorganisms and heavy metals suggest that the anthropogenic activities in the River could cause health menace to users and therefore should be put to check regularly.
World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) 2017:
2.1 billion people lack safe drinking water at home
About 4.2 billion lack safe sanitation
3 in 10 (2.1 billion) lack access to safe, available water at home
6 in 10 (4.5 billion) lack safely managed sanitation
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Suitability of tube wells water for drinking at lalpur upazila in natore dist...Khulna University
The aim of the study was to observe the suitability of tube-wells water consumed by people of Lalpur upazila in Natore district for drinking purpose in comparison to standard of World Health Organization (WHO) and the standard of Bangladesh. In this study, it was tried to find out the physical and chemical conditions of the drinkable tube-wells water used in the studied region and to observe the presence or absence of total coliform & Escherichia coli bacteria.
Multiple Use of Surface Water Resources and Bacteria Colonization of Water Bo...Editor IJCATR
Water samples collected along the water courses of surface water sources of domestic water supply in Ezinihite Mbaise were analyzed for bacterial species inventory and total viable count (TVC) using the multiple test tube technique and colony counters. The surface waters covered include Ariam River and other tributaries that constitute the bulk of surface water resources in the area. Eight species of bacteria including E-coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, and fecal streptococci among others were identified. Total viable counts gave alarming growth levels when compared o the standards as set by the world health organization (WHO). The microbial population explosion in the river is attributable to the multiple activities within and around the river also the uses including wash off from abattoirs carrying abattoir wastes directly into the river, domestic wastes dumped along the recharge path, others include in stream fermentation of food stuff and general laundry point for any for clothes, automobiles. All these make sufficiently available to enhance microbial growth. Surface water use should be monitored to ensure sustainability and proper management of watershed will control this trend of colonization of public water supply sources and in turn control the trends in water borne infections.
Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analyses of Sachets Water Samples in Kano...IOSR Journals
Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses of sachets water samples in Kano metropolis were
carried out using standard procedures to assess the quality of such water consumed in the area. Samples were
collected from four different water depots in different parts of Kano metropolis. The results showed variations in
the concentrations of the analyzed parameters in the water samples. The pH values ranged from 6.97±0.20 to
7.25±0.33; Electrical Conductivity ranged from 176 ±0.02 to 282±0.25μS/cm; Alkalinity ranged from 0.17±0.02
to 0.69±0.28 mg/l; Total solids were in the range of 100.30±0.25 to 157.34±0.30mg/l. Total Dissolved Solids
ranged from 67.80±0.30 to 84.70±0.23mg/l; Total Suspended Solids ranged from 15.60±0.36 to75.84±0.02mg/;
Total Hardness ranged from 85.00±0.03 to 103.00±0.20 mg/ and turbidity ranged from 0.60±0.21 to 2.23±0.32
NTU. Escherichia coli (E.coli) were not detected in all the samples. The levels of some of the anions analyzed
ranged from 0.03±0.00 mg/l NO2
- to 7.06 ±0.02 mg/l SO4
2-. Similarly, the levels of some of the heavy metals
analyzed ranged from 0.12±0.02mg/l Cu to 0.71±0.01mg/l Fe. Accordingly, the water samples were colourless
and odourless. In general, the concentrations of all the parameters analyzed in the samples were below or
within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits, indicating that the sachets water were safe for
human consumption.
Drinking Water Quality and Sanitation Issues: A Survey of a Semi-Urban Settin...IJRES Journal
An assessment on the drinking water quality from major source (borehole) and household in a semi-urban setting in Nigeria was carried out. Structured questionnaire was administered to randomly selected households in seven zones of the municipality to determine the common method of collection and transportation, storage, and sanitation practices. Water samples collected were subjected to laboratory analyses for physico-chemical and microbial properties. The result of the physico-chemical analysis when compared against the World Health Organization (WHO) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) drinking water quality benchmark revealed that the water samples were within standards for consumable water except for the presence of feacal contamination. The result revealed that before water can be totally considered safe for drinking, further treatment is required at the household level due to fecal contamination, and water safety concerns are also highlighted. The result translates to the fact that compliance assessment with standards and impact assessment studies in determining the fate of pollutants is necessary at all levels.
The objective of the study was determining the pot ability of water from some part of Visnupuri area Nanded. The total coliform count in drinking water samples was in the ranges of 140-920 MPN index/100 ml. The data suggested that the quality of drinking water deterioration in rural habitations of this region was due to poor sanitation & contaminated water supply. The occurrence of some pathogenic bacteria in drinking water may increase the risk of water related diseases & health
problem in local residents.
water, a substance composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen and existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states. It is one of the most plentiful and essential of compounds. A tasteless and odourless liquid at room temperature, it has the important ability to dissolve many other substances.
Assessment of the Household Practices of Drinking Water Collection, Transport...ijtsrd
Introduction The supply of potable water in low resource countries has been a public health concern, with frequent water interruptions, leaving the population vulnerable to access to potable water in households, which renders the population at risk of waterborne diseases like cholera. Our objectives were to assess the household practices of drinking water collection, transportation and storage in the Fako Division of the Southwest Region of Cameroon.Methods This was a cross sectional study with a mixed method approach. Focus Group Discussions were done to get an inside of the observed practices and a quasi experimental study with education as an intervention. A total of 394 households were randomly selected and issued a pretested questionnaire. A multistage random sampling technique was used to recruit the participants in the households in the four health districts of Fako. For the quasi experiment, 50 water samples from 50 homes were tested before and after the intervention to measure the mean microbial score in stored household drinking water. A one sample t test was used to compare the mean microbial colony count at baseline and 3 months post intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Crude and adjusted odds ratios and confidence intervals were reported at a significance level of 0.05. Results Assessing the participants practice in drinking water collection and transportation, 273 69.3 of the participants reported public taps as their primary source of drinking water. The main alternative source of drinking water was spring 233 59.1 . More than half 56.3 of the respondents reported that they take more than 30 minutes to fetch water, done mostly by children 62.2 , and the majority 89.1 do this by trekking. Over half, 268 68 of the participants used buckets with lids, and 119 30.2 , use jerry cans to fetch water. A total of 184 46.7 reported a bucket with a lid as the water storage container meanwhile 34 8.6 and 176 44.7 stored water in a bucket with no lid and jerry cans respectively. Almost a half 180 46.9 store their drinking water for more than 2 days. The mean bacterial colony count 29.72 ± 40.07 after the intervention was significantly lower than the mean bacterial colony at baseline 71.4 ± 68.38, t 50 = 6.846, P 0.001 .Conclusion The primary source of drinking water in Fako is public tap, alternative source being a spring. More than half of the participants trek to fetch water and almost half of the participants store drinking water for more than 2 days. Intervention with health education significantly lowered the mean bacterial colony count in household drinking water. Malika Esembeson | Palle John Ngunde | Kamgno Joseph | Ronald Gobina | Vivian EA Eta | Binwi Florence Nkemayim | Ndefon Peter | Serge Ngekeng | Kukwah Anthony Tufon | Ngomba Divine Martin Mokake | Henry Dilonga Meriki | Njunda Anna Longdoh "Assessment of the Household Practices of Drinking Water Collection, Transportation and Storage in Fako Division, South-
Bacteriological Parameters of Obibia River in Amawbia, Awka South Local Gover...ijtsrd
Nigeria has abundant surface and ground water, of which when polluted can be detrimental to human health. Obibia stream is an important water source in Amawbia Nibo axis of Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria especially for its drinking purposes, urban agricultural usage and domestic uses. Water quality is often altered by anthropogenic activities, leachates and run off. It is therefore necessary to determine the influence of seasonal changes and its effects on the health of populace in this locality. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of seasonal changes on the bacteriological and physicochemical parameters of Obibia stream. Water samples were randomly and aseptically drawn monthly from different locations from the water body and assessed for bacteriological qualities using standard microbiological techniques. The bacterial isolates were characterized using the morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics. The prevalence of the implicated isolates was ascertained by determining the occurrences of the isolates in both rainy and dry seasons. The physicochemical parameters were assessed using gravimetric, titrimetric and instrumentation techniques.. Bacteria isolates from sampling point were Escherichia coli strain T7E ECT7E , Klebsiella pneumoniae strain GH27TC KPGH27TC , Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi strain R27 STR27 , Enterobacter aerogenes strain KCTC EAKCTC , Shigella dysteriae strain 53 3937 SD53 , Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA01 PAPA01 , Staphylococcus aureus strain BPH2003 SABPH2003 , Enterococcus faecium strain E1774 EFE1774 , Vibrio cholerae strain C6706 VCC6706 and Serratia marcescens strain SmUNAM836 SMSm . ECT7E, STR27 and VCC6706 were mostly seen in both rainy and dry season. Therefore, adequate treatment before use and periodic evaluation of its bacteriological and physicochemical qualities are recommended. Dr. Ike, Chinelo Gloria | Eze, H. C | Obianom Vivian Amaka "Bacteriological Parameters of Obibia River in Amawbia, Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49125.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/49125/bacteriological-parameters-of-obibia-river-in-amawbia-awka-south-local-government-area-of-anambra-state-nigeria/dr-ike-chinelo-gloria
Isolation and Identification of Coliform Bacteria's from Drinking Water Sourc...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Detection Of Escherichia Coli, An Indicator Of Feacal Contamination, In Drink...IOSR Journals
The detection of Escherichia coli as an indicator of faucal contamination in drinking water sources in Amassoma town, a host Community of the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, was carried out to determine their suitability for drinking. Result obtained showed mean total coliform bacterial counts of 2.05 x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 1.25x103 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x103 for pipe borne water. The mean count of faecal coliform was 2.1x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 4.5x10 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x10 cfu/ml for pipe borne water. The faecal coliform identified was Escherichia coli. Sources of contamination were found to be septic tanks, waste dump sites and periodic flooding of the area, being a typical wetland environment. It was concluded that water from the different sources studied in Amassoma did not meet the world health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. This study has therefore shown the need for continuous monitoring of our water supply systems.
Microbial Effect of Refuse Dump on the Composition of Leafy Vegetables Grown ...IJEAB
Microbial quality of vegetables grown in the vicinity of dumpsite along river Benue basin Yola Adamawa state was investigated to determine the effect of the wastes. A total of twenty samples were studied, from each of vegetable, soil and water at different distances 50, 100 and 200m from the dumpsite. Microbial analysis showed that total bacterial, mold and yeast, and coliform bacteria counts exceeded the 1,000 CFU/100ml guideline for water used in fresh produce. The result shows that total bacterial count was found to be significantly higher in the soil ranging from 4.3 x 105 – 4.78 x 106 followed by irrigation water ranging from 1.0 x 104 – 3.66 x 106 and the least was the vegetable ranging from 1.0 x104 – 9.0 x 104. Coliform bacteria count was found to be higher in the irrigation water ranging from 2.0 x 104 – 1.2 x 105 followed by the vegetables ranging from 1.0 x 104 – 2.0 x 104 and no growth of coliform was found in the soil. Mold and yeast was found to be significantly higher in the soil ranging from1.0 x 104 – TNC and was absent in the vegetables and water respectively. The higher level of microorganism observed in the dump site vegetables compared with the control vegetables show that refuse dump contribute to the microbial load in the study site. This implies that the microbial quality of vegetables may pose a health risk to the people who consume them if not properly prepared.
Isolation and Identification of E Coli and V Cholerae from Street Fruits and ...ijtsrd
Microbial contamination of ready to eat foods and beverages sold by street vendors and hawkers has become a global health problem. The study aims to evaluate microbial status in street vended food samples in Bangladesh and identify the presence of common food borne pathogens such as E coli and Vibrio cholerae by conventional cultural, microscopic and biochemical tests. A total of twenty samples hog plum, guava and sugarcane and lemon juices were collected from mobile vendors from five different locations in Dhaka city. The total viable count TVC in all food samples was ranged from 8×103 to 2.1×108 cfu ml. The total coliform count TCC varied between 1.5×104 to 2.2×108 cfu ml. In addition, 8 E coli and 8 V cholerae strains were identified in 8 40 different samples out of 20 samples tested. They were found highest in sugarcane juice 50 and lowest in lemon juice 12.5 among different food samples. Our results demonstrated the non hygienic quality of most popular types of street vended foods suggesting the urgent need for government participation in developing suitable intervention measures to improve microbial quality. Monika Sultana | Sharmin Limu | Kazi Md Kamrul Hosin | Aysha Siddiqua | Ariful Islam "Isolation and Identification of E Coli and V Cholerae from Street Fruits and Juices from Different Areas in Dhaka City, Bangladesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/38534/isolation-and-identification-of-e-coli-and-v-cholerae-from-street-fruits-and-juices-from-different-areas-in-dhaka-city-bangladesh/monika-sultana
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All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
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Microbiological dynamics of potable water under storage durations
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
170
Microbiological Dynamics of Potable Water under Storage
Durations
Eze, V.C1*
., Emordi, R.2
,Nwaju, P.C2
.
1.Department of Microbiology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia,
Abia State, Nigeria
2.Department of Microbiology, Madonna University Elele Campus, Rivers State, Nigeria
*E-mail of the corresponding author: mekus2020@gmail.com
Abstract
The microbiological dynamics of potable water under different storage durations was carried out. tap and sachet
water samples obtained from Elele were analyzed weekly for changes in total aerobic plate bacterial count,
coliform count, Escherichia coli count, Salmonella-Shigella count, Vibrio cholerae count and fungal count
during storage. Nutrient agar, MacConkey broth, eosin methylene blue agar, Salmonella-Shigella agar,
thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar were respectively used for the
enumeration. The pour plate technique was employed and the statistical analyses used were analysis of variance
and standard deviation. The total aerobic plate bacterial count for the borehole and satchet water samples ranged
from 4.26 ± 0.4Log10cfu/mL to 4.78 ± 0.1Log10cfu/mL and 0 ± 0.00Log10cfu/mL to 4.53 ± 0.2Log10cfu/mL
respectively. The coliform count ranged from 9MPN/100mL to 240MPN/100mLand 0 ± 0.00MPN/100mL to
28MPN/100mL respectively. The Escherichia coli count ranged from 1.78 ± 0.5Log10cfu/mL to 3.59 ±
0.2Log10cfu/mL and 0 ± 0.00Log10cfu/mL respectively. The Salmonella-Shigella and Vibrio cholerae counts
were 0 ± 0.00Log10cfu/mL. The fungal count ranged from 0 ± 0.00Log10cfu/mL to 2.90 ± 1.0Log10cfu/mL and 0
± 0.00Log10cfu/mL. The bacteria isolated from the water samples were Escherichia coli, Enterobacter species,
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella species and Bacillus species.
Drinking of potable tap water stored for over a period of time may pose threat to the consumers if sanitary
measures are not put in place during treatment of water.
Key words: Dynamics, durations, microbiological, potable, storage
1. Introduction
Drinking water or potable water is water of sufficiently high quality that can be consumed or used with low risk of
immediate or long term harm. In most developed countries, the water supplied to households, commerce and
industry is all of drinking water standard, although only a very small proportion is actually consumed or used in
food preparation. Humans in most parts of the world have inadequate access to potable water and use sources
contaminated with disease vectors, pathogens or unacceptable levels of toxins or suspended solids. Such water is
not potable and drinking or using such water in food preparation leads to widespread acute and chronic illnesses
and is a major cause of death and misery in many countries. Reduction of waterborne diseases is a major public
health goal in developing countries. Typical water supply networks deliver potable water from the tap, whether it
is to be used for drinking, washing or landscape irrigation (Jawas, Al-Ghazali, & Kharshid, 1988).
The potable water supply is important in the socio-economic life of communities. The source and potability
of water supply reflects on the health conditions of the communities as contamination of such water with
pathogens is the primary cause of disease outbreaks in such communities particularly in many developing
countries. The transmission of disease through drinking water is, therefore, one of the primary concerns for safe
water supply. The availability of potable water becomes a problem when supply is interrupted frequently and
shortages become the order of the day in many developing countries. Treated water from municipal distribution
system is the most popular source of water supply in most Nigerian communities, because of the belief that it has
passed through an efficient water purification system. Water from this source is also believed to have met the
recommended standards for potable water supply and therefore, considered to be the safest in terms of quality
control and prevention of water communicable diseases (Ahmed, Kanwal, Tahir, & Raul, 2004).
Government-managed water treatment plants constitute the main source of such treated water supply to both
urban and rural settlements. Due to some reasons the supply of potable water through public water from the main
municipal distribution network is very unstable and unpredictable as supplies are often erratic. In other situations,
the authorities saddled with responsibility of water supply are unable to meet up with the demand. Interruptions in
water supply could be for a short period or even last for months during which period people opt for alternative
sources of water from unconventional sources particularly streams and rivers (Ukhun, Tobi, & Okolie., 2005) to
meet their immediate needs. This trend makes people resort to storing treated water from the water treatment
plants. Elsewhere, situations such as earthquake, flooding and related natural disasters result in interruptions in
water supply which often lead to domestic water storage (Georgia, 1999).
2. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
171
Water supply from the mains that is presumed safe is often stored in plastic tanks and other plastic
containers for several months without considerations for the possible implications of storage on the quality of
stored water. Studies have shown that water may become contaminated at any point between collection, storage
and usage (Tambekar, Hirulkar, Bhokre, Gulhane, & Bhanginwar, 2006a; 2006b). Also, storing water in containers
and handling procedures of water at home, hotels or restaurants cause water quality deterioration to such extent
that the water becomes potential risk of infection to consumers (Jagals, Bokaka, & Grabow, 1999).
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of storage duration on the microbiological quality of
potable water supplied to a Nigerian community.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Collection of samples
Samples of borehole water and sachet water were collected from Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria. The Samples were
stored at room temperature in sterile screw capped plastic containers and in the rubber sachets. This was to
simulate storage of water as it is practised in many homes. At weekly interval, for up to 10 weeks, samples were
taken from the stored water for microbiological analyses. Duplicates of each water samples were examined.
2.2 Chemical Reagents
Chemical reagents used in the study were of analytical grade and were products of Hach Company, Colorado,
USA; BDH Chemicals, Poole’s, England and Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis Missouri, USA. The
microbiological media used were products of Oxoid and Difco Laboratories England. They were nutrient agar
used for the estimation of total heterotrophic aerobic bacteria, purification and for stock culture; Sabouraud
dextrose agar used for the isolation of fungi, Salmonella-Shigella agar for the isolation of Salmonella and
Shigella, thiosulphate citrate bile sucrose agar for the isolation of Vibrio cholerae, eosin methylene blue agar for
the isolation of Escherichia coli and MacConkey broth for coliform counts.
2.3 Enumeration of Total Heterotrophic Bacteria and Fungi
Samples of the borehole and sachet water were serially diluted in ten folds. Total viable heterotrophic aerobic
bacterial counts were determined using pour plate technique. Then the molten nutrient agar, Sabouraud dextrose
agar, Salmonella-Shigella agar and thiosulphate citrate bile sucrose agar at 450
C were poured into the Petri
dishes containing 1mL of the appropriate dilution for the isolation of the total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi,
Salmonella-Shigella, Vibrio cholerae respectively. They were swirled to mix and colony counts were taken after
incubating the plates at 30o
C for 48h and preserved by sub culturing the bacterial isolates into nutrient agar slants
which were used for biochemical tests.
2.4 Enumeration of Coliforms
The coliforms were estimated using the Most Probable Number techniques (multiple tube fermentation technique)
as described by Cheesbrough, 2005.
2.5 Characterization and Identification of Bacterial and Fungal Isolates
Bacterial isolates were characterized and identified after studying the Gram reaction as well as cell micro
morphology. Other tests performed were spore formation, motility, oxidase and catalase production; citrate
utilization, oxidative/fermentation (O/F), utilization of glucose; indole and coagulase production, starch
hydrolysis, sugar fermentation, methyl red-Voges-Proskaur reaction and urease production. The tests were
performed according to the methods of Cheesbrough, 2005; Adeoye, 2007; Agwung-Fobellah & Kemajou, 2007;
Ochei & Kolhatkar, 2008. Microbial identification was performed using the keys provided in the Bergey’s
Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 1994.
Fungal isolates were examined macroscopically and microscopically using the needle mouth technique.
Their identification was performed according to the scheme of Barnett & Hunter, 1972 and Larone, 1986.
3. Results
The results of the microbiological examination of potable (tap and sachet) water are recorded in Tables 1– 3.
Table 1 shows the mean count of microorganisms isolated from stored tap water. Total aerobic plate
counts ranged from 4.26 ± 0.4Log10cfu/mL to 4.78 ± Log10cfu/mL. The week10 had the highest of 4.78 ±
Log10cfu/mL and the week0 had the least count of 4.26 ± 0.4Log10cfu/mL. The Escherichia coli count ranged from
1.78 ± 0.5 Log10cfu/mL to 3.59 ± 0.2 Log10cfu/mL. The week4 had the highest count of 3.59 ± 0.2Log10cfu/mL
while week0 had the least count of 1.78 ± 0.5Log10cfu/mL. The coliform count ranged from 9 MPN/100mL to 240
MPN/100mL. The week5 recorded the highest cont of 240MPN/100mL and week10 recorded the least count of
9MPN/100mL. The fungal count ranged from 0 ± 0.00Log10cfu/mL to 2.90 ± 0.6Log10cfu/mL. The highest count
of 2.90 ± 0.6Log10cfu/mL was recorded in week10 while weeks 0, 1, 2 and 3 recorded the least count of 0 ±
0.00Log10cfu/mL. The ANOVA, P < 0.05 shows that there was a significant difference in the mean counts of total
aerobic plate bacterial count, Escherichia coli count, coliform count and fungal count in stored tap water at
different storage durations. The ANOVA, P > 0.05 showed that there was no significant difference in the mean
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counts of Vibrio cholerae count and Salmonella-Shigella count in the stored tap water at different storage
durations.
Table 2 shows the mean count of microorganisms isolated from stored sachet water. Total aerobic plate
counts ranged from 0 ± 0.00Log10cfu/mL to 4.53 ± 0.2Log10cfu/mL. The week10 had the highest count of 4.53 ±
0.2Log10cfu/mL while the weeks0, 1 had the least count of 0 ± 0.00Log10cfu/mL. The coliform count ranged from
0MPN/100mL to 28MPN/100mL. The highest count of 28MPN/100mL was recorded in the week10 while the
least count of 0MPN/100mL was recorded in weeks0-5. The ANOVA, P > 0.05 shows that there was significant
difference in the mean count of total aerobic plate bacterial count and coliform count in stored sachet water at
different storage durations. There Escherichia coli count, Salmonella-Shigella count and Vibrio cholerae count
had counts of 0 ± 0.00Log10cfu/mL respectively. The ANOVA, P > 0.05 showed that there was no significant
difference in the mean counts of Escherichia coli count, Salmonella-Shigella count and Vibrio cholerae count.
Table 3 shows the microorganisms isolated and their percentage occurrence. The organisms isolated were
Escherichia coli, Enterobacter species, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella species and
Bacillus species. The Escherichia coli had the highest occurrence of 37.04% while Enterobacter species and
Klebsiella species had the least occurrence of 7.41% in the stored tap water. The Staphylococcus aureus had
highest occurrence of 66.67% and Escherichia coli, Enterobacter species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Klebsiella species had the least occurrence of 0% in the stored sachet water.
4. Discussion
The bacterial species isolated from the water samples include Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus species,
Escherichia coli, Enterobacter species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella species. These bacteria have
been isolated from most community drinking water supplies in Nigeria and have been implicated in the
transmission of water-borne diseases in various parts of the country (Antai & Anozie, 1987; Onuh & Gonchi, 1998,
Inyang & Aderemi, 2001; Edema, Omemu, & Fapetu, 2001). The population of these microorganisms in stored
water increased progressively with storage until after the 7th week when their population began to decline. E. coli,
Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter species were bacteria that were frequently encountered particularly
within the first seven weeks of storage. E. coli was constantly encountered at all stages of storage.
The occurrence of Escherichia coli and Enterobacter species in freshly collected water samples is
indicative of faecal contamination which may be as a result of seepage into the broken pipes and also an indication
of inadequate treatment of post-chlorination system. This implies that water entering the distribution system was
not entirely devoid of coliforms. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 2005)
recommends zero contamination level of coliforms in drinking water. The occurrence of coliforms in freshly
treated water may be due to unhygienic conditions. Clark et al., 1982 reported that coliforms could be found in
both chlorinated and unchlorinated water as the complete elimination of coliforms in water requires knowledge of
their population in such water to determine the quantity of chlorine that would be required for complete
elimination. The observed count on freshly treated water samples, therefore, put to question the effectiveness of
the water treatment procedures for water supplied in the area under study. Many treatment plants designed and
installed in many third world countries have inherent operational problems (Ogedengbe, 1982). Some are very old
and are never frequently maintained. The implication of this is that treated water obtained from taps and
distribution points within the treatment plant premises are not potable as they are not entirely devoid of coliforms.
Staphylococcus aureus, which is a normal flora of the body, indicates contamination from handlers especially
those fetching water from the taps. This organism when ingested can cause diarrhea and vomiting due to
enterotoxin produced by it (Singleton, 1995; Frazier & Westhoff, 2004; Eze, Okoye, Agwung, & Nnabueke, 2008).
The higher load of this organism in the tap water than in the sachet water samples may be as a result of handling of
the taps and washing of hands or other parts of the body on the taps by individuals who may carry it on their
bodies as normal flora thereby leaving the organism on the surfaces of the taps.
Bacillus species are Gram positive aerobic spore-formers and most members of the genus are saprophytic
prevalent in the soil, water and air and on vegetation (Books, Butel, & Morse, 2004).
It has been observed that sterile water devoid of microorganisms rarely exists except in the laboratory (Ogbulie
& Akujiobi, 2006). The population of coliforms decreased with storage time, while the total bacterial count in the
stored water samples increased. This may be as a result of accumulation of debris from long storage which may
encourage microbial growth.
This study has shown that there is a need for an improvement in water treatment procedures. There is also the
need for awareness programmes to be put in place to educate communities on the possible health implications of
drinking water which has been stored for a long time.
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Conclusion
It has shown that storing potable water for a long period increases the microbial load. Therefore consumers of
potable water stored over a period of time should take precautions either by boiling, filtration or other methods
of treatment of water to avoid being contaminated by microorganisms that may be pathogenic to humans
resulting from such storage durations.
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Table 1: The Mean counts of microorganisms isolated from stored tap water.
Log10cfu/mL MPN/100mL
Storage
(weeks)
TAPC EC VC SSC FC CC
0 4.26 ± 0.4 1.78 ± 0.5 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 20
1 4.30 ± 0.4 3.04 ± 1.0 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 75
2 4.41 ± 0.3 3.38 ± 0.5 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 120
3 4.51 ± 0.1 3.57 ± 0.2 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 150
4 4.57 ± 0.4 3.59 ± 0.1 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 2.00 ± 0.5 210
5 4.62 ± 0.4 3.40± 0.2 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 2.30 ± 0.5 240
6 4.69 ± 0.1 3.40 ± 0.4 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 2.60 ± 0.9 93
7 4.72 ± 0.4 3.30 ± 0.2 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 2.60 ± 0.5 39
8 4.72 ± 0.3 1.95 ± 0.2 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 2.70 ± 0.9 23
9 4.77 ± 0.2 1.85 ± 0.3 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 2.78 ± 1.0 15
10 4.78 ± 0.1 1.90 ± 0.4 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 2.90 ± 0.6 9
Legend: TAPC = total aerobic plate count; EC = Escherichia coli count; VC = Vibrio count; SSC = Salmonella-
Shigella count; CC = Coliform count; FC = Fungal count
Table 2: The Mean counts of microorganisms isolated from stored sachet water.
Log10cfu/mL MPN/100mL
Storage
(weeks)
TAPC EC VC SSC FC CC
0 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0
1 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0
2 2.48 ± 0.3 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0
3 2.70 ± 0.1 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0
4 2.95 ± 0.4 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0
5 4.23 ± 0.4 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0
6 4.34 ± 0.5 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0
7 4.36 ± 0.4 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 9
8 4.42 ± 0.1 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 15
9 4.51 ± 0.5 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 21
10 4.53 ± 0.2 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 0 ± 0.00 28
Legend: TAPC = total aerobic plate count; EC = Escherichia coli count; VC = Vibrio count; SSC = Salmonella-
Shigella count; CC = Coliform count; FC = Fungal count
Table 3: Microorganisms isolated and their Percentage Occurrence
Bacteria Tap water (%) Sachet water (%) Total (%) occurrence
Escherichia coli 10(37.04) 0(0.00) 13(33.33)
Staphylococcus aureus 5(18.52) 2(66.67) 7(23.33)
Bacillus species 5(18.52) 1(33.33) 6(20.00)
Klebsiella species 2(7.41) 0(0.00) 2(6.67)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3(11.11) 0(0.00) 3(10.00)
Enterobacter species
Fungi
Aspergillus species
Rhizopus species
Saccharomyces species
2(7.41)
1(14.29)
4(57.14)
2(28.57)
0(0.00)
0(0.00)
0(0.00)
0(0.00)
2(6.67)
1(14.29)
4(57.14)
2(28.57)
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