ground water borne diseases

1. SEMINARON
PRESENTEDBY:
JAYARAMSHETTY.K
4TH SEM (GEOLOGY)
DOSIN EARTHSCIENCE
UNIVERSITYOFMYSORE
UNDERGUIDEDBY:
PROF.DR.D. NAGARAJU
DOSIN EARTHSCIENCE
UNIVERSITYOFMYSORE
MYSORE
SEMINARON
PRESENTEDBY:
JAYARAMSHETTY.K
4TH SEM (GEOLOGY)
DOSIN EARTHSCIENCE
UNIVERSITYOFMYSORE
UNDERGUIDEDBY:
PROF.DR.D. NAGARAJU
DOSIN EARTHSCIENCE
UNIVERSITYOFMYSORE
MYSORE

2. CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE DEFINITION OF A DISEASE
3. THE TYPES OF COMMON WATER BORN
DISEASES
4. CAUSES OF THE COMMON WATER BORN
DISEASES
5. STANDARDS OF POTABLE WATER
6. PREVENTION MEASURES
7. CONCLUSIONS.
8. REFERENCES.

3. INTRODUCTION:
Water is a chemical compound with the chemical formula H2O
Water is very important for life.
Water covers 71% of the earth's surface 96.5% of the water is found in seas and
oceans,1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps and 0.001% in the
air as vapor.
Only 2.5% of the earth's water is freshwater, 98.8% of that water is in ice and
groundwater. Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes and the
atmosphere.

4. Medical Definition of disease:
● An impairment of the normal state of the living animal or plant body
or one of its parts that interrupts or modifies the performance of the
vital functions, is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and
symptoms, and is a response to environmental factors (as malnutrition,
industrial hazards, or climate), to specific infective agents (as worms,
bacteria, or viruses), to inherent defects of the organism.
 Water born diseases are caused by Pathogenic organisms that most
commonly are transmitted in contaminated fresh water.
 Infection commonly results during bathing, washing, drinking, in the
preparation of food, or the consumption of food that is infected.
 According to the World Health (WHO)Organization, such diseases
account for an estimated 3.6% of the total daily global burden of
disease, and cause about 1.5 million human deaths annually.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF COMMON WATER
BORN DISEASES:
1.PROTOZOAN DISEASES
2.BACTERIAL DISEASES
3.VIRAL DISEASES
4.OTHER DISEASES

6. PROTOZOAN DISEASES:
1. Amebiasis: Caused by protozoa present in sewage, non
treated drinking water, Flies in water supply. General
symptoms are abdominal discomfort,fatigue, weight loss
and fever.

7. 2.CYCLOSPORIASIS:
Caused by protozoan parasite present in sewage, non
treated drinking water. General symptoms are, muscle
aches, fever, and fatigue(nervelessness).

8. 3. GIARDIASIS:
Caused by protozoa. Symptoms include diarrhea
and abdominal discomfort. It is usually a mild
diarrhoeal disease. "Stomach" cramps, . and by
Untreated water, poor disinfection, pipe breaks,
leaks, groundwater contamination.

9. 2. BACTERIAL DISEASES:
1.cholera:
Caused by vibrio cholerae bacteria. Symptoms
include vomiting, and leg cramps. And by
Contaminated drinking water, rivers and coastal
waters.

10. 2. LEGIONELLOSIS:
Caused by bacteria belonging to genus legionella (90% of
cases caused by legionella pneumophilia). This is by the
Contaminated water, the organism thrives in warm aquatic
environments .disease has severe symptoms such as fever,
pneumonia, occasionally diarrhea and vomiting, muscle
aches.

11. 3.OTITIS EXTERNA:
Caused by a number of bacterial and fungal species.
generally by the Swimming in water contaminated by
the responsible pathogens. Symptoms include ear
canal swells, causing pain and tenderness to the touch.

12. 4. TYPHOID FEVER:
Caused by the salmonella typhi. Ingestion of water contaminated with
feces of an infected person. Characterized by sustained fever up to
40 °C (104 °F), profuse sweating; diarrhea may occur.
. In this case it can last up to four weeks and cause death. Some people
with typhoid fever develop a rash called "rose spots", small red spots on
the abdomen and chest.

13. 3.VIRAL DISEASES:
1. SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome):
caused by coronavirus.and by the Manifests itself in
improperly treated water. Symptoms include
fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, cough, and sore
throat.

15. 2.HEPATITIS- A:
Caused by Hepatitis –A- virus (HAV). Can manifest
itself in water (and food). Symptoms are only acute
and include fatigue, fever, abdominal pain, nausea,
diarrhea, weight loss, itching, jaundice and
depression.

16. 3.POLIOMYELITIS (POLIO):
Caused by poliovirus. Enters water through the feces
of infected individuals. symptoms (comparatively)
with, headache, fever, the rest have serious symptoms
resulting in death.

17. OTHER DISEASES
1. FLUOROSIS:
Fluorosis is a crippling and painful disease caused by
intake of fluoride. Fluoride can enter the body through
drinking water, food, toothpaste, mouth rinses and other
dental products .
Fluoride is an important mineral required for both bone
and teeth development. normal acceptable levels of
fluoride range from 1.5 to 4 mg/day.higher level can cause
a condition called Fluorosis.
 Fluorosis can occur as
 Water-borne Fluorosis (Hydro Fluorosis)
 Food-borne Fluorosis
 Drug and Cosmetic induced Fluorosis
 Industrial Fluorosis.

18. The most common symptoms and causes of fluorosis are:
 Yellow stained teeth
 Brown stained teeth
 Pain in small joints
 Pain in stiffness in the back
 Deformity of the hips, knees.
 Deformity of the spine.
Prevention of fluorosis:
1. Find out the fluoride content in your drinking water by
local agencies.
2. Health education is extremely important to tackle
fluorosis.
3. People should be made aware of the ill effects of fluoride.

20. 2.ARSENICOSIS:
Drinking water rich in arsenic over a long period leads
to arsenic poisoning or arsenicosis. Arsenic is a toxic
element. and waters contain some arsenic and
excessive concentrations are known to naturally occur
in some areas.
Arsenicosis is caused by exposure over a period of time
to arsenic in drinking water. It may also be due to
intake of arsenic via food or air.
WHO's Guideline Value for arsenic in drinking water is
0.01 mg /litre
Symptoms:
1.Such as colour changes on the skin.
2.Hard patches on the palms and soles of the feet.

21. Causes of arsenicosis:
1.Skin cancer.
2. Cancers of the bladder.
3.Kidney and lung, and diseases of the blood vessels of
the legs and feet.
4.Possibly also diabetes, high blood pressure and
reproductive disorders.

22. CAUSES OF THE COMMON WATER BORN DISEASES
 Cholera is a diarrhoeal disease that is very sudden in onset.
It is characterised by a massive loss of body fluids.
 Gastroenteritis is a disease where there is a sudden onset of
vomiting and watery diarrhoea often accompanied by
moderate fever and sometimes stomach cramps.
Gastroenteritis can be caused by a wide variety of
microorganisms.
 Typhoid fever is caused by salmonella typing. Following
infection, after an incubation period of 1 to 3 weeks, the
patient has a gradual onset of illness, starting with a
headache, followed by fever and abdominal pain.

23.  Crptosporidiosis, often abbreviated as “crypto”, is the
infection of the gut caused by the parasite
cryptosporidium. . From 1 to 12 days after infection
there is an onset of water diarrhoea and stomach
pains.
 Giardiasis is the infection of the gut by the parasite . it
is usually a mild diarrhoeal disease. "Stomach" cramps
and loose creasy stools accompany it.
 Malaria. The symptoms of the disease start appearing
after about eight to twenty five days of infection and
include headache, fever, muscular fatigue and pain,
back pain, dry cough, and excessive sweating.

24. STANDARDS OF POTABLE WATER:

25. THE PREVENTION MEASURES:
The following are some of the best tips for avoiding a water
borne disease:
 Don’t assume that all bottled water is safer than tap water.
 Be especially careful about the water you drink if you have a
weakened or suppressed immune system.
 Watch for news about water sanitation in newspaper, on
the radio or on TV.
 You can also read annual reports from the water supplier
about the safety of their product.
 If you find out that your water supply is not sanitary, be
sure to boil your water for at least one minute before using
it.

26.  Do not expose your water supply to harsh chemicals or
pesticides. These substances create the potential for
waterborne disease and other illnesses.
 Clean drinking water containers should always be used.
 Never drink untreated water.
 Wash and peel fruit and vegetables before eating.
 Wash your hands after going to the toilet and before
preparing food.
 Practice good personal hygiene.
 If the drinking water has not been filtered very effectively,
then it is necessary to boil the water for at least one
minute.
 Boiling the water is the best way to make it safe.

27. CONCLUSIONS:
 Water born diseases are caused by Pathogenic
organisms.
 Infection commonly results during bathing, washing,
drinking, in the preparation of food, or the
consumption of food that is infected.
 The World Health Organization estimates that 58% of
that burden, or 842,000 deaths per year, is attributable
to unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene.
 Diseases may caused by bacterial, viral and protozoan.
 Preventions are important to stop the diseases.

28. THE REFERENCES:
1. Waterborn diseases Wikipedia
2. Diseases world.com
3. H.M.Raghunath (1982), Ground Water, New age
international publishers.
4. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part
A, 67:1667–1677.
5. Climate Change and Public Health: Barry Levy &
Jonathan Patz, 2015
6. Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases by Steven
Percival and David Williams
7. Waterborne Disease: Epidemiology and Ecology by
paul hunter.

29. THANK YOU
BOILING THE WATER IS THE
BEST WAY TO MAKE IT SAFE.