Waterborne diseases pose major public health challenges that are exacerbated by climate change. Flooding, drought, and rising temperatures can all spread infectious agents and contaminate water sources. Various pathogens spread through water can cause diseases like typhoid, cholera, and cryptosporidiosis. Effective controls include improving water treatment, sanitation infrastructure, hygiene practices, and surveillance systems to limit transmission and outbreaks of water-related infections.

1. Waterborne
Disease and
Controls
PROJECTBY:-SHRI DV PATEL
GOVT POLYTECHNIC HMT

2. 1. Rainfall: transport and dissemination of infectious agents
2. Sea level rise: enhances risk of severe flooding
3. Flooding
4. Sewage treatment plants overflow
5. Water sources contaminated
6. Secondary shortage of clean drinking water
7. Higher temperatures: Increases growth and prolongs survival rates of infectious agents
8. Drought: increases concentrations of pathogens, impedes hygiene

4. Open Defecation in India
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October, 2014 January, 2018

6. Categories of water-related
infections
1. Water-borne infections
2. Water-washed infections
3. Water-based infections
4. Water-related infections

7. Water - borne infections
• Infections in which the enteric microorganism enters the water source through faecal contamination and
transmission occurs by the ingestion of contaminated water
• Route of transmission and infection depends on
• Amount of faecal contamination in water
• Concentration of pathogens in the faecal contamination
• Survival of the pathogenic organism in water
• Infectivity of the organism • Individual Health status Control
• Improvement of microbiological water quality (water treatment or source protection) Examples: Typhoid
and Cholera

8. Water - washed infections
• These diseases mainly occur due to poor personal and/or domestic hygiene and lack of readily
accessible water sources
• This permits transmission of infectious agents such as Shigella spp. by limiting the washing of
contaminated hands and utensils
• The spread of diseases is also facilitated by the lack of water for bathing and other hygienic personal
care thereby resulting in diseases such as trachoma, conjunctivitis, and scabies mainly affecting the
eyes and skin

9. Water - based infections
• In this category the pathogen must spend a part of its life cycle in the aquatic environment • Transmission
route: Ingestion and/or contact with water
• Example,
• Dracunculiasis - Ingestion of water contaminated with guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis)
• Schistosomiasis is transmitted by contact with water contaminated with the trematode genus Schistosoma
Control
• Protection of the water sources
• Limiting the skin contact with infected water
• Eradication of Intermediate hosts of these diseases.

10. Water – related infections
• These infections are transmitted by insects/ vectors which breed in water
• E.g., Mosquitoes causing many diseases like malaria, dengue, chickungunya and Japanese
encephalitis or
• Insects bite near water sources (tsetse flies- sleeping sickness) Control
• Vector destruction by the application of pesticides, destruction of breeding grounds, and construction
of piped water supplies.

11. An overview of important Water
related pathogens
Bacteria
• Vibrio species
• E. Coli
• Campylobacter
• Salmonella
• Leptospira
Viruses
• Hep A
• Polio
• Norovirus
Parasites
• Cryptosporidium
• Giardia
• Toxoplasmosis
• Cyclospora
• Naegleria
Fungus
• Cryptococcus
• Harmful Algae
• Bloom (HAB)

12. Bacterial Contamination
1) E. Coli O157:H7 from contaminated food and water
2) Bloody diarrhea, vomiting-may lead to kidney failure and even death (Complications: HUS & HC)
3) Campylobacter-common cause of food poisoning from meats/unpasteurized dairy
products/contaminated water. (Complication- Guillain-Barré Syndrome)
4) Salmonella-common cause of food poisoning
5) Leptospira-spread through the urine of infected animals, rodents, through the soil and water, and
during flooding. Infections in urban kids increasing

13. Vibrio Species & Legionella
1) Vibrio is strongly influenced by climate-both fresh & marine waters
2) V. Cholera causes estimated 3-5 million cases and 100,000-120,000 deaths yearly world-wide.
Young children in endemic areas most affected (Velazquez-Roman et al., 2014).
3) Climate warming can increase pathogen development and survival rates, disease transmission and
host vulnerability.
4) Legionella (Legionnaire’s Disease)-respiratory illness transmitted solely by water. Warm water and
perhaps other factors, like association with amoebas, influence the potential to colonize water
systems.

14. Parasitic Disease
1) Cryptosporidium ◦ Common disinfectants, like chlorination is ineffective ◦ 1993 outbreak in
Milwaukee was the largest outbreak ever documented in the U.S. with 400,000 cases and 100
deaths.
2) Giardia lamblia ◦ Cyst found in raw surface water from animal and human feces
3) Cyclospora-often associated with fresh produce (vegetables, fruits) from contaminated water

15. Viral, Fungal & HAB Diseases
• Viruses are heat resistant and likely to survive sewer treatment processes. Viruses found in shellfish
contaminated with wastewater and fecal sources.
1. Hepatitis A
2. Norovirus
3. Norwalk virus
• Fugal Diseases
1. Cryptococcus
2. Aspergillus

16. Phillip
1) Fifth grader-swam in popular lake in central Florida
2) 5 nights later: headache without fever-no stiff neck
3) 24 hours later he was hallucinating
4) 12 hours he was seizing and the next 12 hours he was febrile in septic shock and died
5) Autopsy revealed trophazoites in the brain, heart, spleen and lungs.

17. Prevention
1) Wear nose clips or keep head above water in warm fresh water
lakes, rivers, under-chlorinated pools/spas/baby pools
2) Never use a nasal wash with un-boiled tap water

18. Prevention and Control
1) Improve quality and quantity of drinking at source, at the tap, or in the storage vessel.
2) Interrupt routes of transmission by empting accumulated water sources
3) Chlorinate water
4) Change hygiene behavior, like hand washing
5) Breastfeeding first 6 months of life
6) Proper use of latrines
7) Careful disposal of all waste products
8) Proper maintenance of water supply, sanitation systems, pumps and wells

19. 9. Good food hygiene-wash before eating, protect from flies
10. Improved immunizations practices, especially rotavirus
11. Develop or enhance public health surveillance system
12. Faster responses to emergent and dangerous pandemic strains of pathogenic infections.
13. Health education programs across the country
14. In natural epidemics- superchlorination of eater resources is preferable

20. THE END