This document summarizes a study on the presence of fecal indicator bacteria in Muttukadu back waters in Tamil Nadu, India. Water samples were collected during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons and tested for fecal coliforms using multiple tube fermentation and membrane filtration techniques. Analysis found higher numbers of fecal coliforms during the monsoon season, followed by post-monsoon, and lower numbers in pre-monsoon. Escherichia coli was identified as the dominant fecal indicator present throughout the year, indicating sewage contamination of the water body poses a health risk especially during monsoons.
Bacteriological analysis of drinking waterMariya Raju
This document discusses waterborne pathogens and methods for detecting their presence. It describes several bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminthes that can cause diseases when transmitted through water. Coliform bacteria such as E. coli are used as indicator organisms to detect potential pathogens since testing all pathogens directly is impractical. The Most Probable Number (MPN) method and Membrane Filtration technique are described for enumerating coliforms and determining water quality. MPN involves inoculating multiple dilutions of a water sample into lactose broth while Membrane Filtration filters a sample volume and counts colonies on a membrane.
This document discusses various traditional microbial examination methods used to analyze food, including plate counts, membrane filtration, most probable number, direct microscopic count, and dye reduction tests. It describes how these methods work, their advantages and limitations, and what types of samples each is best suited for. Key indicators like coliforms and E. coli are also covered as indicators of potential contamination.
The document discusses bacteriological analysis of water. It describes how contamination can occur through fecal matter and outlines diseases spread through contaminated water. Various methods for analyzing water samples are covered, including membrane filtration and multiple tube methods. Indicator organisms like coliform bacteria are used to detect potential pathogens. Molecular methods like PCR are also discussed along with their benefits and limitations in identifying bacteria and viruses in water. The overall aim of the analysis is to evaluate water quality and safety.
This document discusses quality control in laboratories. It defines key terms like quality assurance, quality assessment, total quality management, and continuous quality improvement. It describes factors that can affect quality like pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical variables. The importance of standard operating procedures, proficiency testing, and documenting quality control procedures is emphasized. Maintaining accurate and precise results through internal quality control using control charts and Westgard rules is also outlined.
The document provides an overview of microbial monitoring in a manufacturing area. It discusses:
1) The purpose of an environmental monitoring program is to provide crucial information on the quality of the aseptic processing environment during manufacturing and to prevent the release of contaminated batches.
2) Microbial monitoring tests for viable and non-viable particles in critical areas like cleanrooms, tank rooms, and packaging areas to demonstrate control of microorganisms.
3) Sources of contamination can come from air, personnel, equipment, cleaning agents and more. Monitoring must meet regulatory standards from agencies like FDA, ISO, and USP.
Effluent treatment schematics for Dairy industriesManikandan R
This document discusses dairy processing and wastewater generation. It provides a flow chart of dairy processing activities and sources of wastewater from various units including receiving, storage, clarification, pasteurization, homogenization, and packing. Characteristics of the wastewater are provided such as pH, BOD, COD, nitrogen, phosphorus, and coliform bacteria levels. Options for treating dairy effluent through biogas generation are explored, including flow diagrams of treatment and biological treatment systems used.
Quality control in the medical laboratoryAdnan Jaran
This document discusses quality control in medical laboratories. It emphasizes that quality is achieved through determining customer requirements, ensuring necessary resources are available, planning management procedures, training staff, undertaking tasks correctly, taking corrective action when errors occur, conducting regular reviews and audits, and total management commitment. The quality assurance cycle involves various steps from patient preparation to reporting. Achieving high quality requires addressing all aspects of the laboratory, including organization, personnel, equipment, purchasing, process control, information management, documents, occurrence management, assessment, process improvement, customer service, and facilities/safety. The goal is to detect and prevent errors through a quality management system.
Bacteriological analysis of drinking waterMariya Raju
This document discusses waterborne pathogens and methods for detecting their presence. It describes several bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminthes that can cause diseases when transmitted through water. Coliform bacteria such as E. coli are used as indicator organisms to detect potential pathogens since testing all pathogens directly is impractical. The Most Probable Number (MPN) method and Membrane Filtration technique are described for enumerating coliforms and determining water quality. MPN involves inoculating multiple dilutions of a water sample into lactose broth while Membrane Filtration filters a sample volume and counts colonies on a membrane.
This document discusses various traditional microbial examination methods used to analyze food, including plate counts, membrane filtration, most probable number, direct microscopic count, and dye reduction tests. It describes how these methods work, their advantages and limitations, and what types of samples each is best suited for. Key indicators like coliforms and E. coli are also covered as indicators of potential contamination.
The document discusses bacteriological analysis of water. It describes how contamination can occur through fecal matter and outlines diseases spread through contaminated water. Various methods for analyzing water samples are covered, including membrane filtration and multiple tube methods. Indicator organisms like coliform bacteria are used to detect potential pathogens. Molecular methods like PCR are also discussed along with their benefits and limitations in identifying bacteria and viruses in water. The overall aim of the analysis is to evaluate water quality and safety.
This document discusses quality control in laboratories. It defines key terms like quality assurance, quality assessment, total quality management, and continuous quality improvement. It describes factors that can affect quality like pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical variables. The importance of standard operating procedures, proficiency testing, and documenting quality control procedures is emphasized. Maintaining accurate and precise results through internal quality control using control charts and Westgard rules is also outlined.
The document provides an overview of microbial monitoring in a manufacturing area. It discusses:
1) The purpose of an environmental monitoring program is to provide crucial information on the quality of the aseptic processing environment during manufacturing and to prevent the release of contaminated batches.
2) Microbial monitoring tests for viable and non-viable particles in critical areas like cleanrooms, tank rooms, and packaging areas to demonstrate control of microorganisms.
3) Sources of contamination can come from air, personnel, equipment, cleaning agents and more. Monitoring must meet regulatory standards from agencies like FDA, ISO, and USP.
Effluent treatment schematics for Dairy industriesManikandan R
This document discusses dairy processing and wastewater generation. It provides a flow chart of dairy processing activities and sources of wastewater from various units including receiving, storage, clarification, pasteurization, homogenization, and packing. Characteristics of the wastewater are provided such as pH, BOD, COD, nitrogen, phosphorus, and coliform bacteria levels. Options for treating dairy effluent through biogas generation are explored, including flow diagrams of treatment and biological treatment systems used.
Quality control in the medical laboratoryAdnan Jaran
This document discusses quality control in medical laboratories. It emphasizes that quality is achieved through determining customer requirements, ensuring necessary resources are available, planning management procedures, training staff, undertaking tasks correctly, taking corrective action when errors occur, conducting regular reviews and audits, and total management commitment. The quality assurance cycle involves various steps from patient preparation to reporting. Achieving high quality requires addressing all aspects of the laboratory, including organization, personnel, equipment, purchasing, process control, information management, documents, occurrence management, assessment, process improvement, customer service, and facilities/safety. The goal is to detect and prevent errors through a quality management system.
The document outlines the setup and management of a medical microbiology laboratory. It discusses the initiation process including the purpose, floor plan, equipment, chemical and waste management. It also covers the management aspects such as the laboratory information management system, diagnostic tests, marketing strategies, human resources, recruitment, training and health benefits for employees. Risk assessment and safety measures are also highlighted.
ISO 22000 is an international food safety management standard that defines requirements for organizations in the food chain. It integrates quality management and HACCP principles. Key elements of an ISO 22000 food safety management system include interactive communication along the food chain to control hazards, and structured system management. Benefits include optimized resource use, improved documentation and planning, and acceptance globally. Prerequisite programs and HACCP are used to control hazards at each step of the food chain.
This document discusses water quality testing, which includes physical, chemical, and biological tests. Physical tests measure attributes like temperature, color, and turbidity. Chemical tests analyze total solids, hardness, chlorides, iron, manganese, and pH levels. Biological tests count total bacteria and test for E. coli to determine water safety. Proper water quality testing is important for treating water according to its contents and ensuring it is safe for public use.
In this presentation from the Institute of Validation Technology's Life Sciences Aseptic Processing, Kim Van Antwerpen discusses collecting environmental data, methods for trending, and interpreting and sharing environmental monitoring data.
This document provides an overview of quality management tools and resources for laboratory quality management systems. It discusses the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute's (CLSI) Laboratory Quality Management System (LQMS) Certificate Program, which is an online training course covering the 12 quality system essentials. The program aims to impart the knowledge and skills needed to implement and sustain a quality management system in a clinical laboratory. The document also summarizes common quality management tools like check sheets, control charts, Pareto charts, scatter plots, and Ishikawa diagrams; and provides examples of their use in quality control. Additional online resources on quality management topics are listed.
This document discusses Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) in food processing. It covers several key areas:
1. The introduction outlines the development of GMPs due to commercial and legislative pressures to ensure quality and safety.
2. Buildings and facilities are important to prevent contamination and must be properly designed, constructed, and maintained. This includes considerations for grounds, plant construction, sanitary operations, and sanitary facilities.
3. Microbiological, chemical, and physical hazards are addressed through controls like hygienic practices, effective cleaning and sanitation procedures, environmental monitoring, supplier controls, and recall systems.
GMP and GHP provide systems to ensure proper design, monitoring and control of manufacturing processes and facilities when preparing food for human consumption. GMP principles include employee training, environmental monitoring, sanitation practices and allergen management. Key aspects of GMP in the food industry are personnel control, plant and grounds maintenance, sanitary operations, equipment and processes. Establishing GMP in the milk industry involves evaluating processing, raw materials, heat treatment, product standardization and transport. This improves quality, meets consumer needs, decreases losses and reduces environmental impact. GHP covers primary production, establishment design and maintenance, operations, transportation and consumer awareness to ensure food is safe and suitable at all stages of production.
This document discusses membrane filtration techniques for microbiological analysis. Membrane filtration can be used to concentrate bacteria from samples onto filters for microscopy or colony counting. It concentrates large volumes of liquids like soft drinks by filtering them through a manifold unit onto nutrient pads in Petri dishes. These pads rehydrate to allow colony growth counting. Specialized nutrient pads with selective media test for microbes in foods, drinks and water. Problems like filtering suspensions or crowded plates are addressed with pre-filters or hydrophobic grid membrane filters.
Direct microscopic examination of clinical specimens can provide a presumptive diagnosis of fungal infection by revealing the presence of fungal elements. Different stains and techniques are used to visualize fungi depending on the suspected infection. KOH wet mounts are useful for superficial mycoses while GMS, H&E and fluorescent antibody stains aid in diagnosis of deep mycoses from tissue biopsies and body fluids. Proper specimen collection and rapid microscopic evaluation can help initiate appropriate antifungal treatment.
quality control in clinical laboratory DrmanarEmam
The document discusses quality control, quality assurance, and quality assessment in medical laboratories. It defines each term and describes their related but distinct roles. Quality control refers to statistical processes used during each test run to verify test accuracy and precision. Quality assurance describes the overall program that ensures correct final test results. Quality assessment challenges the quality programs through proficiency testing to evaluate the quality of reported results. The document provides details on quality control measurements and rules to monitor test performance over time and determine if tests are in or out of control.
ISO creates international standards and ISO 22000 is a food safety standard (1). FSSC 22000 builds on ISO 22000 and additional requirements to be recognized by the Global Food Safety Initiative (2). Organizations must implement a food safety management system per the standard, have it audited by a third party, and become certified to gain compliance or registration.
Group 5 ( microbial hazard and risk assessment )As Siyam
1. The document discusses various types of hazards including chemical, physical, biological, noise, and ergonomic hazards.
2. It also discusses key aspects of microbial risk assessment such as hazard identification, exposure assessment, hazard analysis, and risk assessment.
3. Quantitative microbial risk assessment is presented as an important discipline that uses computational techniques and data to model and predict public health outcomes from food safety hazards.
Potable water is water that is safe for drinking after treatment or filtration. It meets established drinking water standards. Non-potable water from untreated sources like lakes and rivers may contain harmful contaminants and microorganisms. Water quality depends on physical, chemical and biological characteristics. It can be affected by various sources of pollution like industrial discharge, agricultural and urban runoff. Various tests are done to check water quality parameters like dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, heavy metals, microorganisms and more. Standards are set by agencies depending on intended water use. Home water purification methods include distillation, boiling, and filtration.
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AND CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMANDAVPatel2
The document discusses various types of water pollution from industrial waste. It begins with an introduction to water pollution and categories of pollutants in industrial waste, which include inorganic and organic pollutants. It then discusses specific waste from the pharmaceutical industry, including waste from production processes and solid wastes. The document also covers different methods for treating industrial waste, including physical, chemical and biological methods. Finally, it discusses ways to measure oxygen demand and pollution levels in water, including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen (DO) testing methods.
Coliform bacteria are commonly found in the digestive tracts of humans and animals. While most coliform bacteria do not cause disease, they are used as indicators of fecal contamination in drinking water supplies since testing for all possible pathogens is impractical. Total coliforms include bacteria from soil and plants as well as feces, while fecal coliforms and E. coli are more specific indicators of animal or human waste. Testing water supplies for coliform bacteria provides a reasonable indication of whether pathogenic bacteria may be present. If coliform bacteria are detected, the water system should be inspected for defects and disinfection or other remedial actions taken until retesting confirms contamination has been eliminated.
Full forms of food safety and standards SHWETA GUPTA
This document summarizes a presentation on food safety programs. It discusses several key food safety programs and practices including Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Good Handling Practices (GHP), Total Quality Management (TQM), Prerequisite Programs (PRP), and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). It emphasizes that these programs are important tools to maintain hygiene throughout the food chain and ensure the production of safe food for human consumption. GMPs in particular are described as essential for manufacturing safe food by controlling hazards at every production step.
Bioindicators are organisms that can be used to monitor environmental health. Different types of bioindicators like plants, animals, and microbes indicate different types of pollution or environmental changes. Scientists observe changes in bioindicator populations to assess environmental conditions. This document provides examples of various bioindicator species and how they are used, including lichens for air quality, earthworms for soil toxicity, and diatoms for water acidity. It also outlines classifications of bioindicators and criteria for selecting effective bioindicator species.
The document summarizes various topics related to water pollution including:
- Types of water pollutants such as bacteria, chemicals, and excess heat.
- Sources of water pollution including agriculture, industry, mining, urban and suburban development.
- Effects of pollution on surface water bodies like streams, lakes, rivers and oceans. Groundwater is also impacted by pollution.
- Technological solutions and regulations that have helped reduce water pollution in some areas but it remains a serious problem, especially in developing nations. Prevention is key to protecting water resources.
The document outlines the setup and management of a medical microbiology laboratory. It discusses the initiation process including the purpose, floor plan, equipment, chemical and waste management. It also covers the management aspects such as the laboratory information management system, diagnostic tests, marketing strategies, human resources, recruitment, training and health benefits for employees. Risk assessment and safety measures are also highlighted.
ISO 22000 is an international food safety management standard that defines requirements for organizations in the food chain. It integrates quality management and HACCP principles. Key elements of an ISO 22000 food safety management system include interactive communication along the food chain to control hazards, and structured system management. Benefits include optimized resource use, improved documentation and planning, and acceptance globally. Prerequisite programs and HACCP are used to control hazards at each step of the food chain.
This document discusses water quality testing, which includes physical, chemical, and biological tests. Physical tests measure attributes like temperature, color, and turbidity. Chemical tests analyze total solids, hardness, chlorides, iron, manganese, and pH levels. Biological tests count total bacteria and test for E. coli to determine water safety. Proper water quality testing is important for treating water according to its contents and ensuring it is safe for public use.
In this presentation from the Institute of Validation Technology's Life Sciences Aseptic Processing, Kim Van Antwerpen discusses collecting environmental data, methods for trending, and interpreting and sharing environmental monitoring data.
This document provides an overview of quality management tools and resources for laboratory quality management systems. It discusses the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute's (CLSI) Laboratory Quality Management System (LQMS) Certificate Program, which is an online training course covering the 12 quality system essentials. The program aims to impart the knowledge and skills needed to implement and sustain a quality management system in a clinical laboratory. The document also summarizes common quality management tools like check sheets, control charts, Pareto charts, scatter plots, and Ishikawa diagrams; and provides examples of their use in quality control. Additional online resources on quality management topics are listed.
This document discusses Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) in food processing. It covers several key areas:
1. The introduction outlines the development of GMPs due to commercial and legislative pressures to ensure quality and safety.
2. Buildings and facilities are important to prevent contamination and must be properly designed, constructed, and maintained. This includes considerations for grounds, plant construction, sanitary operations, and sanitary facilities.
3. Microbiological, chemical, and physical hazards are addressed through controls like hygienic practices, effective cleaning and sanitation procedures, environmental monitoring, supplier controls, and recall systems.
GMP and GHP provide systems to ensure proper design, monitoring and control of manufacturing processes and facilities when preparing food for human consumption. GMP principles include employee training, environmental monitoring, sanitation practices and allergen management. Key aspects of GMP in the food industry are personnel control, plant and grounds maintenance, sanitary operations, equipment and processes. Establishing GMP in the milk industry involves evaluating processing, raw materials, heat treatment, product standardization and transport. This improves quality, meets consumer needs, decreases losses and reduces environmental impact. GHP covers primary production, establishment design and maintenance, operations, transportation and consumer awareness to ensure food is safe and suitable at all stages of production.
This document discusses membrane filtration techniques for microbiological analysis. Membrane filtration can be used to concentrate bacteria from samples onto filters for microscopy or colony counting. It concentrates large volumes of liquids like soft drinks by filtering them through a manifold unit onto nutrient pads in Petri dishes. These pads rehydrate to allow colony growth counting. Specialized nutrient pads with selective media test for microbes in foods, drinks and water. Problems like filtering suspensions or crowded plates are addressed with pre-filters or hydrophobic grid membrane filters.
Direct microscopic examination of clinical specimens can provide a presumptive diagnosis of fungal infection by revealing the presence of fungal elements. Different stains and techniques are used to visualize fungi depending on the suspected infection. KOH wet mounts are useful for superficial mycoses while GMS, H&E and fluorescent antibody stains aid in diagnosis of deep mycoses from tissue biopsies and body fluids. Proper specimen collection and rapid microscopic evaluation can help initiate appropriate antifungal treatment.
quality control in clinical laboratory DrmanarEmam
The document discusses quality control, quality assurance, and quality assessment in medical laboratories. It defines each term and describes their related but distinct roles. Quality control refers to statistical processes used during each test run to verify test accuracy and precision. Quality assurance describes the overall program that ensures correct final test results. Quality assessment challenges the quality programs through proficiency testing to evaluate the quality of reported results. The document provides details on quality control measurements and rules to monitor test performance over time and determine if tests are in or out of control.
ISO creates international standards and ISO 22000 is a food safety standard (1). FSSC 22000 builds on ISO 22000 and additional requirements to be recognized by the Global Food Safety Initiative (2). Organizations must implement a food safety management system per the standard, have it audited by a third party, and become certified to gain compliance or registration.
Group 5 ( microbial hazard and risk assessment )As Siyam
1. The document discusses various types of hazards including chemical, physical, biological, noise, and ergonomic hazards.
2. It also discusses key aspects of microbial risk assessment such as hazard identification, exposure assessment, hazard analysis, and risk assessment.
3. Quantitative microbial risk assessment is presented as an important discipline that uses computational techniques and data to model and predict public health outcomes from food safety hazards.
Potable water is water that is safe for drinking after treatment or filtration. It meets established drinking water standards. Non-potable water from untreated sources like lakes and rivers may contain harmful contaminants and microorganisms. Water quality depends on physical, chemical and biological characteristics. It can be affected by various sources of pollution like industrial discharge, agricultural and urban runoff. Various tests are done to check water quality parameters like dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, heavy metals, microorganisms and more. Standards are set by agencies depending on intended water use. Home water purification methods include distillation, boiling, and filtration.
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AND CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMANDAVPatel2
The document discusses various types of water pollution from industrial waste. It begins with an introduction to water pollution and categories of pollutants in industrial waste, which include inorganic and organic pollutants. It then discusses specific waste from the pharmaceutical industry, including waste from production processes and solid wastes. The document also covers different methods for treating industrial waste, including physical, chemical and biological methods. Finally, it discusses ways to measure oxygen demand and pollution levels in water, including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen (DO) testing methods.
Coliform bacteria are commonly found in the digestive tracts of humans and animals. While most coliform bacteria do not cause disease, they are used as indicators of fecal contamination in drinking water supplies since testing for all possible pathogens is impractical. Total coliforms include bacteria from soil and plants as well as feces, while fecal coliforms and E. coli are more specific indicators of animal or human waste. Testing water supplies for coliform bacteria provides a reasonable indication of whether pathogenic bacteria may be present. If coliform bacteria are detected, the water system should be inspected for defects and disinfection or other remedial actions taken until retesting confirms contamination has been eliminated.
Full forms of food safety and standards SHWETA GUPTA
This document summarizes a presentation on food safety programs. It discusses several key food safety programs and practices including Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Good Handling Practices (GHP), Total Quality Management (TQM), Prerequisite Programs (PRP), and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). It emphasizes that these programs are important tools to maintain hygiene throughout the food chain and ensure the production of safe food for human consumption. GMPs in particular are described as essential for manufacturing safe food by controlling hazards at every production step.
Bioindicators are organisms that can be used to monitor environmental health. Different types of bioindicators like plants, animals, and microbes indicate different types of pollution or environmental changes. Scientists observe changes in bioindicator populations to assess environmental conditions. This document provides examples of various bioindicator species and how they are used, including lichens for air quality, earthworms for soil toxicity, and diatoms for water acidity. It also outlines classifications of bioindicators and criteria for selecting effective bioindicator species.
The document summarizes various topics related to water pollution including:
- Types of water pollutants such as bacteria, chemicals, and excess heat.
- Sources of water pollution including agriculture, industry, mining, urban and suburban development.
- Effects of pollution on surface water bodies like streams, lakes, rivers and oceans. Groundwater is also impacted by pollution.
- Technological solutions and regulations that have helped reduce water pollution in some areas but it remains a serious problem, especially in developing nations. Prevention is key to protecting water resources.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.10
bio-indicators. The present study is focused on the effective use of L. rohita, an economically significant carp as a
bio-indicator of zinc pollution through its several physiological, histopathological biomarkers. Primarily, acute toxicity
test is performed in which the carp fingerlings are exposed to different concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 ppm) of
zinc sulphate. 96 hour LC50 value is determined to be 100 ppm. It is taken as lethal concentration and the fishes are
exposed to it for a period of 96 hours during which wide range of behavioural abnormalities are evidenced like general
hyperactivity, surfacing activity, hyper-opercular activity, and erratic swimming pattern. It is followed by loss of balance
and convolutions. One fifth of the lethal concentration is taken (i.e., 10 ppm) as sub-lethal concentration and fishes are
exposed to it for a period of 15 days during which growth, behaviour, oxygen consumption, histopathology, hematology
and genotoxicity are studied. Negative growth performance is observed with insignificant length increment up to 0.24 %
and significant weight reduction up to -2.38 %. Wide range of behavioural abnormalities are evidenced which includes,
erratic swimming, hyperactivity, surfacing activity and depression in appetite. Besides, general body discolouration and
haemorrhage are observed as well. Rate of oxygen consumption showed a time dependant decrease which ranged up to
-49.10%. Gills of the fishes are shown to have conspicuous histopathological alterations like lamellar necrosis, lamellar
fusion, lamellar erosion, epithelial lifting and epithelial swelling. Key-words- Bioindicator, L. rohita, Zinc sulphate, Growth, Behaviour, Oxygen Consumption, Histopathology
Characterization of the associated microorganisms of ThalassiaLoretta Roberson
This document summarizes a study that aims to characterize the microorganisms associated with the sea grass Thalassia testudinum in Puerto Rico and evaluate how fecal pollution impacts the microbial composition and sea grass health. The study will collect sea grass leaf samples from sites with varying levels of contamination to analyze the epiphytic microbial communities through DNA sequencing and metabarcoding. Microbial composition will be compared between sites and related to fecal coliform levels. Sea grass productivity will also be assessed and compared between sites. The results could provide insights into new plant-microbe interactions and identify bioindicators of sea grass ecosystem health.
The Delta smelt, an endangered fish species found only in California's Bay-Delta region, is at risk of extinction due to changes in its habitat from increased water diversions for agricultural and municipal use downstream. As a vital food source and indicator species, the decline of the Delta smelt suggests negative impacts on the broader ecosystem. Competing demands for water from northern and southern California have resulted in legal battles between conservationists and water users. Improved water management strategies are needed to balance these demands and prevent further degradation of the fragile Bay-Delta environment.
Lichens can be used to monitor air quality because different species tolerate different levels of pollution. This document describes an activity where students identify and record different lichen species on trees to determine the air quality of their school grounds. They look for leafy and bushy lichens and record abundance levels. The results can indicate whether the air is clean, moderately polluted, or highly polluted based on which species are present and abundant. After surveying the lichens, students will create displays about their findings.
Domagoj šegregur, croatia, fishes as bioindicators of water pollution of riverMohd Subri
This document summarizes a study on using fish as bioindicators of water pollution in the Drava River in Croatia. Specifically:
- Water and fish samples were taken from upstream and downstream of a potential pollution source, the Županijski Canal, which flows into the Drava River.
- Biometric parameters, liver enzymes, metal levels, and metallothionein levels in fish livers were analyzed and compared between the two sites.
- Results found water quality was the same at both sites but downstream fish had higher metal and metallothionein levels and lower condition indices, indicating the canal contributes to metal exposure impacting the fish.
- The study confirms selected fish
Tilapia Nilotica As A Biological Indicatordeathful
Tilapia nilotica can be used as a biological indicator to assess water pollution in lakes. The document describes an in vitro piscine chromosome gene methodology modified from Moodhead to study the chromosomes of Tilapia nilotica. This involves removing tissues from female fish, dissociating the cells, and growing a cell monolayer over 3 weeks. The monolayer can then be used to study the effects of pollutants on fish chromosomes. Cytogenetic analysis has advantages like being applicable to many hosts and allowing direct observation of chromosomal abnormalities, but it also has limitations like needing a highly trained investigator. Tilapia nilotica was also used to determine metal content like c
This document discusses insects as pollution indicators. It defines pollution and bioindicators. Insects are effective bioindicators because they are abundant, respond quickly to environmental changes, and are sensitive to detecting early changes. Certain insect groups like dragonflies, mayflies, caddisflies, and stoneflies indicate water quality, while beetles, collembolans, ants indicate soil quality. Light and noise pollution disrupt insect behaviors and life cycles. Industrial pollution can biomagnify through food chains. Honey bees, moths, and syrphid flies indicate air quality issues. Insects make good bioindicators to monitor overall ecosystem health.
Adaptation from Science Reporter November 2015. Its about Plant Indicators which indicate different elements in nature and environment in which they grow.
Monitoring natural waters provides important information about environmental health and human impacts. There are four main methods: visual surveys assess appearance and conditions; biological inventories examine macroinvertebrate diversity and pollution tolerance; water quality tests measure factors like pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and contaminants; and flow rate can be monitored. Together these methods generate data for understanding watersheds and informing management decisions.
Biological indicators for /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
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Biomagnification and Bioaccumulation Lesson PowerPoint, Food Chain, Pollution...www.sciencepowerpoint.com
This PowerPoint Review Game is one very small part of a larger science unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit comes with a bundled homework package, detailed lesson notes, worksheets, review games, and much more.
This unit consists of 1000+ slide PowerPoint presentation, assessment, and class notes that are the road map for an exciting and interactive unit full of lab activities, class notes, discussion questions, project ideas, assessments, modified assessment, class notes, PowerPoint Review Games, answer Keys, video links, and much more (Teaching duration = 3+ Weeks) Everything the unit is editable and can be changed to fit any curriculum or time requirement.
Areas of Focus within the Ecology Feeding Levels Unit:
What is Ecology, Concepts in Ecology, Concept-There is no such thing as a free lunch, Energy Comes From the Sun, Food Chains, Trophic Feeding Levels, Producers, Consumers, Decomposers, Aquatic Food Chains, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification, Animal Dentition and Skull Features, Carnivores, Herbivores, Pyramid of Biomass, Pyramid of Numbers.
Learn more at www.sciencepowerpoint.com
Fish are useful ecological indicators because they integrate ecosystem health over large spatial and temporal scales, are sensitive to disturbances like hydrologic alteration, and their biology is often well understood. Developing fish-based indicators is challenging due to the difficulty and expense of effectively sampling fish populations. Setting reference conditions for unimpaired sites is also difficult, especially in areas with widespread human impacts. Two examples of fish-based indicators are the Fish-IBI used in the US and Europe, and Australia's Sustainable Rivers Audit which reports on fish assemblages in the Murray-Darling Basin. Both evaluate community composition, population status, and individual health.
The document outlines Catherine Leigh's presentation on river health indicators and assessment. It discusses developing a monitoring program by identifying potential indicators, field testing their sensitivity to disturbance, and including responsive indicators in a scorecard. Commonly used indicators include water quality, biological communities, and ecosystem processes. Biological indicators show structural and functional responses to disturbance and integrate impacts over time and stressors. Invertebrates and fish are described as common biological indicators, with advantages and limitations of each discussed.
This document discusses insects as bioindicators of environmental pollution. It defines key terms like environment, environmental pollution, and bioindicators. Certain insect orders like dragonflies, mayflies, caddisflies, stoneflies, midges, bees, beetles and others are described as good bioindicators because their presence, abundance, and health can indicate the quality of the surrounding air, water, or soil. Characteristics of effective bioindicator species include being widely distributed, easy to identify and sample, sensitive to pollutants, and able to quickly respond to environmental changes.
Bioindicators are organisms, such as lichens,birds and bacteria, that are used to monitor the health of the environment. The organisms and organism associations are monitored for changes that may indicate a problem within their ecosystem. The changes can be chemical, physiological or behavioural. Bioindicators are relevant for Ecological health
1. Water is essential for life and supports all living organisms, but it can become polluted from various human and natural sources.
2. Microorganisms play important roles in water, including as primary producers, decomposers, and indicators of water quality. Phytoplankton, zooplankton, periphyton, benthos, and saprotrophic bacteria and fungi are some of the main types of microorganisms found in water.
3. Water pollution occurs when waste disposal or other human activities change the physical or chemical properties of water, making it unsuitable for uses like drinking, agriculture, or recreation. Sources of water pollution include industrial, domestic, agricultural, and mining activities.
This document discusses indicator organisms that are used to assess water quality. It explains that testing directly for all possible pathogens is impractical, so indicator organisms like coliform bacteria and E. coli are used instead. These indicators come from the same sources as pathogens and can alert managers to potential issues. The document describes various indicator tests, including total coliforms, fecal coliforms, E. coli, fecal streptococci, and enterococci. It provides details on each indicator and how they relate to determining water safety.
Aquatic ecosystems can be freshwater like lakes, rivers, and wetlands, or marine water like oceans. They contain a variety of organisms adapted to different zones based on factors like sunlight, temperature, and oxygen levels. Aquatic ecosystems are important for biodiversity, breeding grounds, and being part of the water cycle, but are threatened by pollution, nutrient runoff, and other human impacts that can cause eutrophication and loss of species. Proper management of fertilizers, waste, and industrial discharges is needed to protect these fragile environments.
The document discusses aquatic microbiology and water microbiology. Aquatic microbiology is the study of microorganisms in aquatic environments like lakes, rivers, and oceans, while water microbiology relates specifically to microorganisms in drinking water. The scope of aquatic microbiology is wide and includes plankton, benthic organisms, microbial mats, and biofilms found across various aquatic habitats.
Scientific assessment of sewage in chitungwizaZELA2013
This document assesses the potential health and environmental impacts of raw sewage spills in St Mary's, Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe. Samples of the raw sewage found elevated levels of bacterial pathogens like E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella, and faecal coliforms, indicating risks of waterborne diseases. Nutrients like phosphorus and metals like iron were also found at levels outside permissible limits. The sewage poses immediate health risks like outbreaks of cholera, dysentery and diarrhoea. It also has environmental impacts like contamination of groundwater and surface water, algal blooms, and damage to the ecological balance of water systems. Urgent action is needed to properly dispose of
The objective of the study was determining the pot ability of water from some part of Visnupuri area Nanded. The total coliform count in drinking water samples was in the ranges of 140-920 MPN index/100 ml. The data suggested that the quality of drinking water deterioration in rural habitations of this region was due to poor sanitation & contaminated water supply. The occurrence of some pathogenic bacteria in drinking water may increase the risk of water related diseases & health
problem in local residents.
This document describes a study that developed an electronic nose (e-nose) system using a PIC microcontroller to detect E. coli bacteria in drinking water samples from the Swarna River in Udupi district, India. Water samples were analyzed using the standard Multiple Test Tube Fermentation (MTTF) method and the e-nose system. The MTTF method involves incubating water sample dilutions in lactose broth test tubes to detect carbon dioxide gas produced by coliform bacteria, from which the Most Probable Number (MPN) of bacteria per 100ml is estimated. The e-nose system aimed to automate this process by detecting the carbon dioxide gas released using a sensor array. Results from the e
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study that developed an electronic nose (e-nose) system to detect E. coli bacteria in drinking water samples from the Swarna River in Udupi district, India. The e-nose system uses an array of carbon dioxide sensors and a PIC microcontroller to detect and quantify E. coli levels, which are then compared to results from traditional Multiple Test Tube Fermentation (MTTF) methods. Testing of water samples collected during different seasons and treatment levels found that the e-nose system accurately measured E. coli concentrations and identified water quality levels, demonstrating its effectiveness as an alternative to culture-based microbial detection techniques.
Bacteriological Investigation of Well Water Samples from Selected Market Loca...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses the Most Probable Number (MPN) technique used to check water quality by testing for the presence of fecal coliform bacteria. The MPN technique involves a three step process: 1) A presumptive test where water samples are added to lactose broth tubes in different volumes and observed for gas formation, 2) A confirmatory test where cultures are streaked on EMB agar plates and observed for E. coli colonies, and 3) A complete test involving Gram staining of colonies to confirm the presence of E. coli. The number of positive lactose broth tubes corresponds to an MPN value estimate of the number of coliform bacteria per 100ml of water.
This study examined the correlation between turbidity and microorganisms in two bodies of water - a duck pond and a garden pond. Water samples from each pond were tested for turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and colonies of E. coli, coliforms, and non-coliform bacteria. The garden pond had higher turbidity and more microorganism colonies than the duck pond. There was a strong correlation between increased turbidity and higher numbers of microorganisms. The results supported the hypothesis that turbidity is correlated with the amount of microorganisms in water, with more turbid water containing more microbes and lower water quality.
Microbiological quality of drinking water Mirko Rossi
Lecture on microbiological quality methods for drinking water for the faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki; Course in Environmental Health
The document discusses the Most Probable Number (MPN) technique, which is used to estimate the concentration of viable microorganisms in water samples. It works by inoculating water samples into broth at different dilutions and observing growth, based on the principle of extinction dilution. A positive/negative result is obtained from lactose fermentation tests in broth. These results are interpreted using an MPN table to estimate the number of bacteria per 100ml of water. The document outlines the materials, presumptive test procedure involving broth incubation, confirmatory test using EMB agar plates, and complete test of Gram staining suspicious colonies to identify bacteria like E. coli.
This document summarizes an experiment that quantified the bacteria found in the mouths of individuals with different diets and soft drink consumption habits. Samples were taken from 6 subjects with varying diets from vegetarian to non-vegetarian and soft drink intake from 0 to 4 per day. Bacterial samples were cultured on agar plates and counted to determine if diet or soda consumption affected oral bacterial growth. While individual variation existed, results showed a trend of increased bacterial counts in subjects who consumed more soda and had non-vegetarian diets compared to those who drank less or no soda and had a vegetarian diet.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The study tested water samples from the Arroyata River in Cidra, Puerto Rico for the presence of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and enterococcus bacteria. Samples were collected from three sections of the river and analyzed using Colilert and Enterolert substrates. All six samples tested positive for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and enterococcus, though the amounts of each bacteria decreased with increasing distance from town. The results indicate that the river water quality decreases with proximity to developed areas and that the water contains pathogens that could endanger human and animal health if ingested without treatment.
Isolation and Identification of Coliform Bacteria's from Drinking Water Sourc...iosrphr_editor
This document summarizes a study that analyzed drinking water samples from three cities (Mansehra, Abbottabad, and Haripur) in Hazara Division, Pakistan to identify coliform bacteria. A total of 90 water samples were collected and tested for the presence of four bacterial species: E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella, and H. pylori. The study found that 26.66% of samples contained E. coli, the most prevalent bacteria identified. Abbottabad had the highest number of samples containing coliform bacteria at 20%. The results indicate unsafe drinking water in the region and a need for improved water treatment and sanitation practices to reduce waterborne diseases.
Microbiology of domestic and sewage waterIram Qaiser
This document discusses the microbiology of domestic and sewage water. It begins by explaining that domestic water sources are often contaminated with industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste. It then discusses various water purification methods like sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination used in municipal water treatment plants. It also discusses biological contaminants in water and describes Escherichia coli and other coliform bacteria as indicators of water quality. The document provides details on standard testing methods and concludes by discussing wastewater treatment methods like primary and secondary treatment to remove pathogens before water is safely discharged or reused.
Detection Of Escherichia Coli, An Indicator Of Feacal Contamination, In Drink...IOSR Journals
The detection of Escherichia coli as an indicator of faucal contamination in drinking water sources in Amassoma town, a host Community of the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, was carried out to determine their suitability for drinking. Result obtained showed mean total coliform bacterial counts of 2.05 x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 1.25x103 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x103 for pipe borne water. The mean count of faecal coliform was 2.1x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 4.5x10 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x10 cfu/ml for pipe borne water. The faecal coliform identified was Escherichia coli. Sources of contamination were found to be septic tanks, waste dump sites and periodic flooding of the area, being a typical wetland environment. It was concluded that water from the different sources studied in Amassoma did not meet the world health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. This study has therefore shown the need for continuous monitoring of our water supply systems.
Microbiological Quality Analysis : Isolation,Identificatin and Detection of B...Radheshyam sinha
This document provides a summary of a training report on microbiological quality analysis of drinking water and food. It includes:
1. An overview of the organization that conducted the training (FARE Labs) and their objectives in analytical testing and R&D.
2. An introduction to the importance of food and water testing laboratories in protecting public health and operating as the first line of defense against foodborne illness.
3. Details of the scope, aims, and objectives of the training which focused on understanding food testing laboratories and identifying problems of food contamination by microorganisms.
4. An outline of the methodology, conclusion, and bibliography covered in the full training report.
Bacteriological Characteristics of Spring Water in Ambo Town, West Shoa Zone,...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Present study was carried out to assess the quality of spring waters in terms of microbiological and chemical characters from Ambo. The results of the study revealed that chemical parameters such as pH (6.36-7.94),TDS(407-1041mg/L), DO(1.5-5.85mg/L),TS (1170-495mg/L), total alkalinity (313-1277mg/L), total hardness (38-1274 mg/L),COD (70.5-9mg/L)in the "Hora" water were higher than the maximum permissible levels of WHO standards for drinking waters. Total aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts tested were found to be as0.977×10 4 cfu/ml for SFWS, 2.35 ×10 4 cuf/ml for CDSTRM,1.14×10 4 cfu/ml for HB,0.553×10 4 cfu/ml for HD and2.72×10 4 for Huluka streams samples. The "Hora" water contained different coli forms when tested by most probable number (MPN) method found to be in the order of 0.66 × 10 2 cfu/ml for SFWS, 39 x 10 2 cfu/ml for CDSTRM, 0×10 2 for HB, 0×10 2 forHDand28×10 2 cfu/ml for Huluka stream. The water samples from the different "Hora" water sources showed significant variations with respect to bacteriological and chemical characteristics during study period. Statistical analysis showed significant difference (p <0.05) in the distribution of total coli form, and aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria at various sampling locations. The study concluded poor water quality in terms of bacteriological and chemical characteristics of "Hora"water sources as all the parameters were well above WHO prescribed standards.
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2. International Journal of Biotechnology (IJBT), Volume 1, Issue 1, January- March 2012
groups of bacteria and certain viruses in coastal waters (Ramaiah and Chandramohan
1993 ; Ruiz et al .2000 ; Ramaiah and De 2003 ). Land drainages, domestic sewage
outfalls, and other discharges alter the abundance and type of both autochthonous and
allochthonous microbial populations in the near shore environments.Members of two
bacteria groups, coliforms and fecal streptococci, are used as indicators of possible
sewage contamination because they are commonly found in human and animal feces.
Although they are generally not harmful themselves, they indicate the possible presence
of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoan that live in human and animal digestive
systems. Therefore, their presence in streams suggests that fecal contamination has
occurred and other human pathogenic microorganisms might also be present. Swimming
and eating shellfish from the water might be a health risk.
Since it is difficult, time-consuming, and expensive to test directly for the
presence of a large variety of pathogens, water is usually tested for total coliforms and
fecal coliforms. Faecal coliform bacteria have been widely used as indicators of water
contamination by the fecal material of humans and other warm-blooded animals (APHA
1992;Bordalo 1993)Basically water analysis is done for seeing the presence of fecal
indicator bacteria which might indicate the presence of other human pathogenic bacterial
population of intestinal origin. Marine bivalves accumulate large number of bacteria from
the immediate environment due to its filter feeding nature. (Jan A. Olafsen et al .1993)
Detection and enumeration of indicator organisms are of primary importance for the
monitoring of sanitary and microbiological quality of water (Gunnison, 1999). Total
Coliform and Fecal Coliform counts are the most widely used bacteriological procedures
for assessment of the quality of drinking and surface waters. Microbiologists rely on the
principle that higher the incidence of sewage indicator bacteria in any environment,
higher would be the chances for human pathogenic bacteria to be present (Brock et
al.1994: Fujioka 2002)
The present study is made in Muttukadu back waters. The Muttukadu backwater
(12°47’N, 80°15’E) is located 36 km from Chennai city, runs parallel to the east coast of
India and opens into the Bay of Bengal, from where lot of fishes, shellfishes are
harvested and the area is surrounded by many aqua cultural farms. Sewage and industrial
effluents from the surrounding area have a greater impact on the Muttukadu back water
affecting the aquatic animals and in turn the human population. These wastes carry
enormous number of microbial pathogens and other heavy metals resulting in greater
economic loss.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sampling was done during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons of
2010. The water samples were collected in sterile screw capped bottles for water quality
assessment. The water sample was brought to the laboratory in portable icebox with in 2
hours.
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3. International Journal of Biotechnology (IJBT), Volume 1, Issue 1, January- March 2012
MULTIPLE TUBE TEST
The presence of faecal coliforms aerogenic Escherichia coli in water is
determined by means of the multiple tube test procedure
Presumptive test
Most probable number test was done with three dilutions of the sample. The
dilutions used were 10ml, 1 ml and 0.1ml. Each dilution requires five Macconky broth
media tubes, thus the sample is inoculated in five replicas of each dilution.. First set of
5 tubes with double strength Macconky broth was inoculated with
1 0 . 0 m l o f t h e sample to be tested. Second set of another 5 tubes with
single strength medium with 1.0 ml of the sample and the third set of 5 tubes
with 0.1 ml of the sample using sterile pipettes. After 24-48 hours of incubation at
37c ,the results were noted based on acid production and/or gas production in the tubes.
Acid production during the fermentation was noted by the change in the dye color
indicating the pH change. Small tubes, called Durham’s tubes, were used to collect the
gas bubbles formed during the fermentation. The medium in the inverted Durham's tubes
within the test tubes are replaced by the gas produced, thus enabling the observation. The
values were compared with MPN standard chart. The presence of fecal indicator
organism Echerichia Coli is also checked by inoculating in to two tubes of brilliant green
lactose bile broth. One tube was inoculated at 44.5º c and another tube was incubated at
37º c for 24 hrs.
Confirmed test
The presence of fecal indicator Coliform, Escherichia coli is further confirmed by
streaking in Eosin methylene blue agar from the Positive presumptive tube which is
followed by completed test.
Completed test
The isolated bacteria from EMB were taken to nutrient agar slant and Lactose
broth with Durham’s tube for acid and gas production .Gram’s staining was done with the
growth on the nutrient agar slant.
MEMBRANE FILTRATION TECHNIQUE
One of the easy and fast methods for the analysis of water quality is by using
Membrane filtration technique.100 ml of the sample is passed through a 47 mm
membrane with a pore size of 0.45 µm using a filter funnel and a vacuum system. Any
3
4. International Journal of Biotechnology (IJBT), Volume 1, Issue 1, January- March 2012
organisms in the sample are concentrated on the surface of the membrane. The filter is
then placed in a Petri dish with Eosin methylene blue agar medium.Appearance of
nucleated colony with metallic sheen confirms the presence of Escherichia coli. Further
biochemical test are done to confirm the presence of E. coli.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TABLE: 1 MOST PROBABLE NUMBER – TABLE: 2 MOST PROBABLE NUMBER
WATER SAMPLE – WATER SAMPLE
PRE – MONSOON SEASON MONSOON SEASON
S.no Sample volume S.no Sample volume
10 ml 1 ml 0.1 ml 10 ml 1 ml 0.1 ml
1 + + + 1 + + +
2 + - - 2 + + -
3 + + + 3 + + -
4 + + - 4 + + +
5 + + + 5 + + +
MPN MPN
values 543= 275* values 553= 900*
Most propable number of Coliforms in 100 ml of Most propable number of Coliforms in 100 ml of
water. (+ ) Acid and Gas produced , ( -) No Acid and water. (+ ) Acid and Gas produced , ( -) No
Gas produced Acid and Gas produced
TABLE: 3 MOST PROBABLE NUMBER – A CAMPARISON OF MPN VALUES OF
WATER SAMPLE WATER TAKEN IN THREE SEASONS
POST – MONSOON SEASON
S.no Sample volume
10 ml 1 ml 0.1 ml
1 + + -
2 + + +
3 + + -
4 + + +
5 + + -
MPN
values 552= 550*
Most propable number of Coliforms in 100 ml of
water. (+ ) Acid and Gas produced , ( -) No Acid and
Gas produced
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5. International Journal of Biotechnology (IJBT), Volume 1, Issue 1, January- March 2012
The MPN values are observed and tabulated in Table 1,2 and 3 respectively.
Confirmed test revealed the presence of Escherichia coli with nucleated colonies and
metallic sheen in Eosin methylene blue agar. Eosin methylene blue contains the dye
methylene blue, which inhibits the growth of gram – positive organisms. In the
presence of an acid environment EMB forms a complex that precipitates out on the
coliform colonies producing dark centers with metallic sheen.This reaction is
characteristics of E.coli,the major indicator of fecal pollution.
Growth was noted in Brilliant green lactose bile broth both in 44.5c and 37.c
indicating the presence of E.coli. Further confirmation occurred in completes test which
showed Gram negative bacilli. Lactose broth showed acid and gas production.. The
biochemical test showed the presence of E.coli which are Gram negative, flagellated, non
spore forming, Indole positive, Methyl red positive, Voges-Proskaur negative, and Citrate
negative.Menbrane filtration technique also showed a nucleated colonies with metallic
sheen showing the presence of E.coli in EMB plates.
Escherichia coli is a water indicator bacteria and is a sub-group of the coliform
group. Most E.coli are harmless and present in large numbers in the intestines of people
and warm-blooded animals. Some strains, however, may cause illness. The presence
of E.coli in drinking water sample indicates recent faecal contamination indicating the
presence of other pathogens from human fecal contamination. Epidemiological and
microbiological studies have shown that E. coli are better indicator of tropical water
quality (Moe, 2002).
Usually two forms of pollution are taken in to account: toxic chemicals or
pathogenic microorganisms. Probably the largest single source of potentially pathogenic
microbes is animal feces (including human), which contains billions of bacteria per gram.
Although most intestinal microbes are non-pathogenic, some cause serious enteric
disease. The organisms which cause typhoid fever (Salmonella typhi), cholera (Vibrio
cholera), and bacterial dysentery (Shigella flexneri) are examples of enteric diseases
caused by bacteria. In addition, some viral and protozoan pathogens spread through
water contaminated by feces. Water testing for microbiological safety rests on the ability
of microbiologists to detect coliform bacteria.
From the present study it is seen that the most probable number of fecal coliform
is more during the monsoon season followed by post monsoon and it is comparatively
less during the pre-monsoon season. The reason is that during monsoon the flow of water
and the mixing up the domestic sewage with aquatic water body is more and also there is
more mixing up of sediment which is rich in nutrients. Natarajan et al., (1980) also has
observed very low levels of pathogens in estuarine and marine waters during summer
season. Several factors have been proposed which considerably reduce the survival rates
of fecal bacteria in some seasons in aquatic environment. Sunlight is thought to be the
single most important factor contributing to the death of these bacteria in seawater
(Chamberlin, 1978). Other factors include high salinity (Pike,1970),, the presence of
toxic agents (Jones,1964) predation and parasitism (Enzinger,1976) and low nutrition
5
6. International Journal of Biotechnology (IJBT), Volume 1, Issue 1, January- March 2012
(Gauthier,1989).In this study the presence Escherichia coli was detected through out the
sampling period which shows that all round the year sewage mixing occurs in
Muttukadu back waters but is more during monsoon season. Sewage accounts for the
greatest volume of waste discharged to estuaries and coastal marine environments (Clark,
1997). More pressing concerns from the human standpoint are an increase in pathogen
density and the associated recreational health risks
REFERENCES
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