Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions using agro-waste biomaterials, casuarina equisetifolia L. and sorghum bicolor
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste
biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and
activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of
tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium
ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely,
initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass
loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More
than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude
tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data
obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The
experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and
Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R2 more than 0.9.
For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental
data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation
factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three
tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption
kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order
reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the
experimental data for all three adsorbents.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste
biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and
activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of
tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium
ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely,
initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass
loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More
than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude
tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data
obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The
experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and
Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R2 more than 0.9.
For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental
data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation
factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three
tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption
kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order
reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the
experimental data for all three adsorbents.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
ADSORPTION OF DIRECT RED 23 BY MICROWAVE ACTIVATED LD SLAG Berklin
The main objective of this work is the removal of Direct Red 23one of toxic dyes mainly present in
industrial wastewater by using LD slag, an industrial solid waste abundantly available from the steel
industries, as a good quality low cost adsorbent and thereby presenting a solution for both treating a
problematic wastewater and turning industrial waste into a valuable material. The raw LD slag has been
modified by acid treatment followed by microwave heating. The composition of different oxides e.g. CaO,
Fe2O3, SiO2 etc. present in both raw and modified LD slag has been determined through XRF technique.
The adsorbent has been further characterized by using BET apparatus, SEM images and XRD patterns.
Batch experiments have been conducted for adsorption equilibrium study of microwave activated LD slag
for removal of Direct Red 23 from aqueous solution at three different temperatures (303, 313, and 323 K)
as depicted in the figure. The experimental data have been shown in the figure below. The typical isotherm
models such as Langmuir and Freundlich models have been fitted to the experimental data. Adsorption
kinetic and thermodynamic studies have been performed for understanding the adsorption process better.
The effect of pH on the adsorption process has also been investigated.
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
BIOSORPTION OF ZINC (II) IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING BORASSUS FLABELLIFE...EDITOR IJCRCPS
The effective removal of heavy metals from the sugar industry effluent among the most important issue of the many industrialized
countries. Removal Zn2+ from aqueous solution where studied using palm fiber. Batch adsorption was performed as a function of
pH, initial metal ion concentration, equilibrium time and bio-sorbent dose. The optimum pH obtained from results found to be 5.
The maximum contact time for the equilibrium concentration is 180 minutes. The biosorbent dose of 6g. The maximum efficiency of
removal of metal ion by bio-mass is 79 %.The results are fit exactly by both Langmuir and freundlich isotherm model.
Keywords: Biomass; Biosorption; Isotherm; Kinetics; Removal of Zinc.
Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Zinc (II) Ion Adsorption from Aqueous Solu...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Water used in industries creates a wastewater that has potential hazards for our environment, because of introducing various contaminates such as heavy metals in to soil and water resources. In this study, a modification method was adopted to enhance metal ion adsorption on soybean hulls using NaOH and citric acid. The batch experiments were carried out to optimize parameters like pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and contact time. Equilibrium data were best represented by Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption kinetic data were adequately fitted to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. At optimum conditions of the parameters investigated, 99% removal of Zn (II) was achieved. On the basis of experimental results MSH was found to be an excellent adsorbent for the Zn (II) removal from wastewater.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Eco-friendly method for the estimation of cobalt (II) in real samples using 1...Innspub Net
An easy and quick spectrophotometric method is developed for the investigation of cobalt at trace level using 1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) in presence of surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) aqueous micellar solution. The cobalt forms bis [1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol] cobalt complex reacting with 1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol. Proposed method is of great importance because use of micellar system instead of solvent extraction steps that were toxic, expensive and time consuming. The method shows improved sensitivity, selectivity and molar absorption. The coefficient of molar absorption and Sandell’s sensitivity was found to be ε 1.89 × 104L mol-1 cm-1 and 3.1ngcm-2 at λmax 572.7nm. Graph of Linear concentration calibration was obtained in the range 0.02-9.0μgmL-1; stoichiometric metal ligand ratio was found 1:2 for the complex Co-[TAN]2 formation. The proposed method was applied for the investigation of cobalt from different alloys, biological, environmental and pharmaceutical samples. Full articles at https://lnkd.in/fbEHTJ6
IRJET-Fixed Bed Column Study for Removal of Hexavalent Chromium From Aqueous ...IRJET Journal
Subitha V , Vanathi M " Fixed Bed Column Study for Removal of Hexavalent Chromium From Aqueous Solution by using Denolix Regia Pods (Flamboyant Pods) ",International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net .published by Fast Track Publications
Abstract
The contamination of chromium (VI) in water posed severe health issues throughout the world. Several methods are available to remove chromium from aqueous environment but they are not feasible in all places and conditions due to various reasons. Some of the processes are electrochemical precipitation, ion exchange, solvent extraction, reverse osmosis, etc from contaminated water. The development of low cost adsorbent is essential for benefit of the society. In present work, the study on performance of low cost adsorbent such as Denolix regia pods were used in removal of toxic heavy metal hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution was performed. The adsorbent material adopted was found to be efficient media for removal of Chromium (VI) using fixed bed column which was having the total column height of 40cm, diameter of 7cm and a bed height of 30cm. The removal percentage has achieved 49% at optimum condition with the initial concentration of Cr (VI) as 500 mg/ml. The extend of adsorption was investigated as a function of pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and adsorption of Cr (VI) was found to be time and concentration dependent.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Removal of chromium (vi) by activated carbon derived from mangifera indicaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
ADSORPTION OF DIRECT RED 23 BY MICROWAVE ACTIVATED LD SLAG Berklin
The main objective of this work is the removal of Direct Red 23one of toxic dyes mainly present in
industrial wastewater by using LD slag, an industrial solid waste abundantly available from the steel
industries, as a good quality low cost adsorbent and thereby presenting a solution for both treating a
problematic wastewater and turning industrial waste into a valuable material. The raw LD slag has been
modified by acid treatment followed by microwave heating. The composition of different oxides e.g. CaO,
Fe2O3, SiO2 etc. present in both raw and modified LD slag has been determined through XRF technique.
The adsorbent has been further characterized by using BET apparatus, SEM images and XRD patterns.
Batch experiments have been conducted for adsorption equilibrium study of microwave activated LD slag
for removal of Direct Red 23 from aqueous solution at three different temperatures (303, 313, and 323 K)
as depicted in the figure. The experimental data have been shown in the figure below. The typical isotherm
models such as Langmuir and Freundlich models have been fitted to the experimental data. Adsorption
kinetic and thermodynamic studies have been performed for understanding the adsorption process better.
The effect of pH on the adsorption process has also been investigated.
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
BIOSORPTION OF ZINC (II) IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING BORASSUS FLABELLIFE...EDITOR IJCRCPS
The effective removal of heavy metals from the sugar industry effluent among the most important issue of the many industrialized
countries. Removal Zn2+ from aqueous solution where studied using palm fiber. Batch adsorption was performed as a function of
pH, initial metal ion concentration, equilibrium time and bio-sorbent dose. The optimum pH obtained from results found to be 5.
The maximum contact time for the equilibrium concentration is 180 minutes. The biosorbent dose of 6g. The maximum efficiency of
removal of metal ion by bio-mass is 79 %.The results are fit exactly by both Langmuir and freundlich isotherm model.
Keywords: Biomass; Biosorption; Isotherm; Kinetics; Removal of Zinc.
Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Zinc (II) Ion Adsorption from Aqueous Solu...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Water used in industries creates a wastewater that has potential hazards for our environment, because of introducing various contaminates such as heavy metals in to soil and water resources. In this study, a modification method was adopted to enhance metal ion adsorption on soybean hulls using NaOH and citric acid. The batch experiments were carried out to optimize parameters like pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and contact time. Equilibrium data were best represented by Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption kinetic data were adequately fitted to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. At optimum conditions of the parameters investigated, 99% removal of Zn (II) was achieved. On the basis of experimental results MSH was found to be an excellent adsorbent for the Zn (II) removal from wastewater.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Eco-friendly method for the estimation of cobalt (II) in real samples using 1...Innspub Net
An easy and quick spectrophotometric method is developed for the investigation of cobalt at trace level using 1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) in presence of surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) aqueous micellar solution. The cobalt forms bis [1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol] cobalt complex reacting with 1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol. Proposed method is of great importance because use of micellar system instead of solvent extraction steps that were toxic, expensive and time consuming. The method shows improved sensitivity, selectivity and molar absorption. The coefficient of molar absorption and Sandell’s sensitivity was found to be ε 1.89 × 104L mol-1 cm-1 and 3.1ngcm-2 at λmax 572.7nm. Graph of Linear concentration calibration was obtained in the range 0.02-9.0μgmL-1; stoichiometric metal ligand ratio was found 1:2 for the complex Co-[TAN]2 formation. The proposed method was applied for the investigation of cobalt from different alloys, biological, environmental and pharmaceutical samples. Full articles at https://lnkd.in/fbEHTJ6
IRJET-Fixed Bed Column Study for Removal of Hexavalent Chromium From Aqueous ...IRJET Journal
Subitha V , Vanathi M " Fixed Bed Column Study for Removal of Hexavalent Chromium From Aqueous Solution by using Denolix Regia Pods (Flamboyant Pods) ",International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net .published by Fast Track Publications
Abstract
The contamination of chromium (VI) in water posed severe health issues throughout the world. Several methods are available to remove chromium from aqueous environment but they are not feasible in all places and conditions due to various reasons. Some of the processes are electrochemical precipitation, ion exchange, solvent extraction, reverse osmosis, etc from contaminated water. The development of low cost adsorbent is essential for benefit of the society. In present work, the study on performance of low cost adsorbent such as Denolix regia pods were used in removal of toxic heavy metal hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution was performed. The adsorbent material adopted was found to be efficient media for removal of Chromium (VI) using fixed bed column which was having the total column height of 40cm, diameter of 7cm and a bed height of 30cm. The removal percentage has achieved 49% at optimum condition with the initial concentration of Cr (VI) as 500 mg/ml. The extend of adsorption was investigated as a function of pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and adsorption of Cr (VI) was found to be time and concentration dependent.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Removal of chromium (vi) by activated carbon derived from mangifera indicaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Removal of chromium (vi) by activated carbon derived from mangifera indica
Similar to Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions using agro-waste biomaterials, casuarina equisetifolia L. and sorghum bicolor
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Statistical optimization of adsorption variables for biosorption of chromium ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Treatment of wastewater from chrome plating industry by ion exchange methodeSAT Journals
Abstract In the present work an attempt has been made to evaluate the efficiency of removal Cr(VI) from chrome plating industry wastewater by using fresh and reconditioned strong base anion exchanger Tulsion A-27(MP). The Experimental data is evaluated by plotting breakthrough curves and by employing Bohart-Adams Model. The maximum removal (80%) of Cr(VI) from plating wastewater is obtained at 14cm column bed height and flowrate 1mL/min for 1144.39mg/L of influent Cr(VI) concentration. The breakthrough curves for reconditioned and fresh resins indicates that breakthrough occurs early with decrease in bed height, increase in flow rate and influent Cr(VI) concentration. Regeneration of exhausted resin is also studied by using 2M NaCl and 2M HCl. Keywords: Chromium (VI) removal; Reused Anion-exchange resin; chrome plating industry wastewater;
Adsorption of cr (vi) from aqueous environment using neem leaves powdereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Equilibrium and Kinetics Adsorption of Cadmium and Lead Ions from Aqueous Sol...theijes
Sourcing cheap adsorbents for the treatment of waste water is imperative for local environments. The adsorption of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) from aqueous solution onto bamboo activated carbon prepared by chemical activation with ZnCl2 was investigated. The unwashed chemical activated bamboo carbon (UCABC) achieved up to 87.81% and 96.45% removal of Cd and Pb at pH-5 and 11, respectively. Removal equilibrium was attained within 1hr and 2.5hrs for Cd and Pb, respectively. The Cd and Pb adsorption increased with adsorbent dosage decrease while removal rate (%) increased with Cd and Pb concentration. Adsorption isotherm of Cd and Pb onto UCABC was determined and correlated with four isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Hills). The equilibrium data fitted into Freundlich Cd (R2 = 0.9873, SSE = 0.045), Pb (R2 =0.9903, SSE = 0.051); Temkin Cd (R2 =0.9730, SSE = 0.052), Pb (R2 = 0.9079, SSE = 0.056); Hills Cd (R2 = 0.9961, SSE = 0.048), Pb (R2.= 0.9183, SSE = 0.053) and Langmuir Cd (R2 = 0.9653, SSE = 0.302), Pb (R2 = 0.9899, SSE = 0.136) isotherms. The Freundlich fitting showed isotherm adsorption capacity constants Kf = 7.843 and 5.098 (mg/g) for Cd and Pb, respectively. Furthermore, their adsorption kinetics correlated with the Pseudo-first order, Pseudo-second order and Intra-particle diffusion models and could be best described by the Pseudo-second order equation, suggesting chemisorptions as the limiting process. This study demonstrated that the UCABC can remove Cd2+ and Pb+ ions from aqueous solution to avert expensive commercial adsorbents
Assessment of heavy metal concentrations in surface water sourcesManoj Kumar Tiwari
Rapid industrialisation and resulting industrial solid waste from power plants and integrated iron and steel industries, have
imposed an enormous environmental pressure on water resources of Chhattisgarh, a state in Central India. Rural population living
nearby the study area is mainly depended on the available surface water in the form of lakes or pond in their vicinity. Therefore it is
necessary to look after the surface water through leachate pollution caused by dumping and disposal of industrial solid waste. In the
present study, ten surface water samples each for pre monsoon and post monsoon were collected for analysis from the surrounding
areas of a major industrial region of Chhattisgarh. The AAS analysis of the surface water samples shows higher concentration of
certain heavy metals above the permissible limits. In the pre monsoon samples the metals Mn and Cr resulted higher concentration
and at the same time metals; Cu, Fe and Pb resulted in lower concentrations. Similarly, for the post monsoon samples, Mn, Cr and Fe
found with higher concentration, while Cu and Pb resulted with lower concentration. The high amount of heavy metals were found
in the analyzed samples shows that there is a real risk for population living in the nearby areas of the industrial region of
Chhattisgarh. Therefore a huge amount of industrial wastes produced needs a proper disposal. Unscientific and poorly-managed
disposal of industrial solid wastes containing heavy metals needs remediation before discharging into the environment.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, a novel copper oxide coated kaolinite was prepared as an adsorbent of Hg(II) ions from aqueous media. The materials used for this study were synthesized, characterised and the product tested for mercury ion removal using standard laboratory procedures. Reactivity and removal kinetic models derived from Freundlich isotherm were used to investigate contact time and pH effects on the coefficient of protonation and rate of mass transfer of Hg(II) ions to the reactive sites, Proton coefficient of 0.89 indicated a decrease in proton consumption function when compared with uncoated kaolinite. At the 12th h reaction time, a maximum adsorption capacity of 85% was achieved. Mass transfer rates of 0.9359h-1 and 0.0748h-1 for the first and second reaction phases indicated a reduction when compared with uncoated kaolinite. These changes may be ascribed to masking of reaction sites and exposed surface area of the Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite.
Similar to Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions using agro-waste biomaterials, casuarina equisetifolia L. and sorghum bicolor (20)
Electrochemical study of anatase TiO2 in aqueous sodium-ion electrolytesRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
In this paper, a basic electro-analytical study on the behavior of anatase TiO2 in aqueous NaOH has been presented using cyclic voltammetry technique (CV). The study has explored the possibility of using TiO2 as anode material for ARSBs in presence of 5 M NaOH aqueous electrolyte. CV profiles show that anatase TiO2 exhibits reversible sodium ion insertion/de-insertion reactions. CV studies of TiO2 anode in aqueous sodium electrolytes at different scan rate shows that the Na+ ion insertion reaction at the electrode is diffusion controlled with a resistive behavior. Proton insertion from aqueous sodium electrolytes into TiO2 cannot be ruled out. To confirm the ion inserted and de-inserted, CV studies are done at different concentration of NaOH and it is found that at lower concentrations of NaOH, proton insertion process competes with Na+ ion insertion process and as the concentration increases, the Na+ ion insertion process becomes the predominant electrode reaction making it suitable anode materials for aqueous sodium batteries in 5 M NaOH.
Validated HPLC Method for Assay and Content Uniformity Testing of Roflumilast...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Roflumilast is a selective enzyme inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-4. This drug is recommended for treatment of patients suffering from
chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease with chronic-bronchitis. Roflumilast is not official in pharmacopoeia and the reported methods
are having high chromatographic run times. A short run time HPLC method was developed for assay and content uniformity testing to
determine the roflumilast in blend and tablets. The mobile phase consists of 10 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate buffer
and acetonitrile in the ratio of 45:55 v/v. The HPLC method was developed using accucore-C18 150 × 4.6 mm, 4 μm column with a flow
rate of 1.0 mL min-1, 215 nm wavelength and 10 μL injection volume with run time of 5 min. The method linearity was proved between
5.02-40.17 μg mL-1 and obtained correlation-coefficient value is 1.0000. The mean recovery of roflumilast was 100.6%. The stability
indicating nature was established and performed the validation by considering ICH Q2 (R1) recommendations.
Substrate Inhibition in Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed Oxidation of Propane-1,3-dio...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of propane-1,3-diol by potassium periodate was studied in aqueous perchloric acid medium. Orders
of reaction with respect to concentrations of oxidant, substrate, acid and catalyst were determined. First order in oxidant and catalyst
concentrations, and inverse fractional order in acid medium were observed. In addition, substrate inhibition (i.e. a decrease in reaction rate
with an increase in substrate concentration) was observed. Effect of addition of salt and solvent was studied. Based on the studies of
temperature variation, Arrhenius parameters were calculated. Plausible mechanism was also proposed based on observed kinetics.
Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed Oxidation of Sugar Alcohols by Dichloroisocyanuric A...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of biologically important sugar alcohols (myo-inositol,
D-sorbitol, and D-mannitol) by dichloroisocyanuric acid was carried out in aqueous acetic acid—perchloric
medium. The reactions were found to be first order in case of oxidant and ruthenium(III). Zero order
was observed with the concentrations of sorbitol and mannitol whereas, a positive fractional order was found
in the case of inositol concentration. An inverse fractional order was observed with perchloric acid in oxidation
of three substrates. Arrhenius parameters were calculated and a plausible mechanism was proposed
Shift of Reaction Pathway by Added Chloride Ions in the Oxidation of Aromatic...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Role of added chloride ions on the shift of reaction pathway of oxidation of aromatic ketones (acetophenone,
desoxybenzoin) by dichloroisocyanuric acid (DCICA) was studied in aqueous acetic acid—perchloric
acid medium. Participation of enolic and protonated forms of ketones in the rate determining steps is
manifested from zero and first orders with respect to the oxidant in absence and presence of added chloride
ions, respectively. Positive and negative effects of acid and dielectric constant on the reaction rate were
observed. The observations deduce plausible mechanisms involving (i) rate-determining formation of enol
from the conjugate acid of the ketone (SH+) in the absence of added chloride ions and (ii) rapid formation of
molecular chlorine species from HOCl (hydrolytic species of DCICA) in the presence of added chloride ions,
which then interacts with SH+ in a rate-determining step prior to the rapid steps of product formation. The
order of Arrhenius parameters substantiate the proposed plausible mechanisms based on order of reactants
both in presence and absence of added chloride ions.
Kinetics of Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Oxidation of Monoethanol...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of uncatalyzed and ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of monoethanolamine by N-bromosuccinimide
(NBS) has been studied in an aqueous acetic acid medium in the presence of sodium acetate
and perchloric acid, respectively. In the uncatalyzed oxidation the kinetic orders are: the first order in NBS,
a fractional order in the substrate. The rate of the reaction increased with an increase in the sodium acetate
concentration and decreased with an increase in the perchloric acid concentration. This indicates that free
amine molecules are the reactive species. Addition of halide ions results in a decrease in the kinetic rate,
which is noteworthy. Both in absence and presence of a catalyst, a decrease in the dielectric constant of the
medium decreases the kinetic rate pointing out that these are dipole—dipole reactions. A relatively higher
oxidation state of ruthenium i.e., Ru(V) was found to be the active species in Ru(III) catalyzed reactions. A
suitable mechanism consistent with the observations has been proposed and a rate law has been derived to
explain the kinetic orders.
A novel reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous det...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
In the present study 12 impurities of bisoprolol fumarate (BISO) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) were
separated simultaneously in a single HPLC method. Out of these 12 impurities, five are potential
degradants, which are validated as per The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical
Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines. As the two active drug substances
BISO and HCTZ have different solubilities and polarities, the most critical parameters in resolving the
components from each other are pH, temperature, and solvents. The method is precise (RSD < 1.0%),
accurate, linear (r2 > 0.999), robust, and stability indicating in the range of limit of quantification (LOQ)
to 150%. The HPLC method is then migrated to ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) to
further reduce the run time and solvent consumption, and increase the sample throughput
The emergence of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) against first-line drugs and extensively drug resistant TB (XDRTB)
due to misuse of second-line anti tubercular drugs (ATDs) is a further concern. Recommended treatment involves
long term and multiple drug therapy with severe side effects. Due to this concern nanoparticle-based systems
have significant potential for treatment and prevention of tuberculosis (TB) to overcome the need to administer
ATDs at high and frequent doses, would assist in improving patient compliance and circumvent hepatotoxic ity
and/or nephrotoxicity/ocular toxicity/ototoxicity associated with the prevalent first-line chemotherapy.
Nanostructured delivery systems constitute a wide range of systems varying from liposomes, micelles, micro- and
nanoemulsions, to polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs ) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Pulmonary administration
of inhaled nanoparticles in the form of dry powder inhalers offer particular advantages for pulmonary administration
of anti tubercular drugs (ATDs). Present review comprehensively about different approaches of nanobased
drug delivery, devises and techniques for pulmonary delivery of nanoparticle encapsulated ATD.
Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamics investigation on adsorption of divalent ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three novel and distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., Casuarinas fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP) and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic copper(II) from
aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by SEM, EDX and FTIR. Different factors effecting
adsorption capacity were analyzed and the effi ciency order was BSP>SSP>CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility
to Freundlich/Langmuir/D-R/Temkin adsorption isotherm and different models (pseudo-fi rst and second order,
Boyd, Weber’s and Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of CFP and SSP, whereas, simultaneous
occurrence of chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of BSP. Based on the observations, it was
proposed that three kinetic stages involve in adsorption process viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle
diffusion and then establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have promising role towards removal of Cu(II)
from industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection.
Novel coumarin isoxazoline derivatives: Synthesis and study of antibacterial ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A highly efficient and mild protocol for the syntheses of ethyl-3-
[7-benzyloxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-8-chromenyl]-5-aryl-4,5-dihydro-4-
isoxazole carboxylates and ethyl-3-[7-benzyloxy-3-chloro-4-methyl-2-
oxo-2H-8-chromenyl]-5-aryl-4,5-dihydro-4-isoxazole carboxylates in
good yields via [3 þ 2] cycloaddition of in situ–generated nitrile
oxides from 7-benzyloxy-4-methyl-coumarin hydroxymoylchlorides
and 7-benzyloxy-3-chloro-4-methyl-coumarin hydroxymoylchlorides
respectively with ethyl-3-aryl prop-2-enoate has been developed.
The new compounds are screened for antibacterial activity.
Ultra performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous quantificati...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Plerixafor (PLX) injections are administered to patients with cancers of lymphocytes
(non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma) and plasma cells (multiple myeloma). The main
objective of the current study was to develop a short reverse phase chromatographic
method for the simultaneous quantification of PLX and its impurities, in an injection
formulation, to reduce the time required for these quality tests. Furthermore, the
present work describes the role of nonalkyl branched nonquaternary ion pair reagent
in improving the peak shape and reducing column equilibration time. The separation
of PLX and its related substances is pH dependent (optimum pH = 2.50) and was
achieved on an octadecylsilyl (C18) column. The method was validated for its intended
purpose in accordance with the current regulatory guidelines for validation. The
proposed method can be applied for quality control, release, and stability analyses of
active pharmaceutical ingredient, PLX, as well as finished products, PLX injections
Caralluma lasiantha: A review on it’s vital role in Indian Traditional MedicineRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Caralluma is a genus used as traditional medicine. Caralluma lasiantha is medicinally important due
to existence of pregnane glycosides, which may possess various biological activities. This article thoroughly
reviewed about the usage of C. lasiantha in traditional medicinal system, phytochemicals present in it, profile
identification studies, anti-hyperglycemic effect, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities
Phytochemical Investigation of Caralluma lasiantha: Isolation of Stigmasterol...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Stigmasterol, a phytosteroid was isolated for the first time from C. lasiantha using n-hexane as a solvent. Stigmasterol was characterized on the basis of physical, chemical and spectral data (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 1HNMR, DEPT-45, 90 & 135, and MS) analysis as well as by comparing them to their literature data. A sequence of steps was adopted like saponification, fractional crystallization and gradient elution column chromatography to isolate stigmasterol because some phytosterols possess identical physical properties which makes it difficult to isolate the constituents.
Phytochemical Screening of Caralluma lasiantha Isolation of C21 Pregnane SteroidRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Phytochemical screening of Caralluma lasiantha was carried out and one C21 pregnane steroid was isolated from chloroform extract. Based on spectroscopic studies (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESI-MS) the isolated compound is 3b,14b-dihydroxy-14b-pregn-5-en-20-one which was earlier isolated from other species.
Supercritical fluid (CO2) chromatography for quantitative determination of se...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
In the present study, two cancer therapeutic drugs (docetaxel and bortezomib) were separated from their
potential impurities on a chromatographic platform by utilizing CO2 gas (supercritical state) and quantified.
The chromatographic separations were achieved on two short columns BEH-2EP (100mm 3mm, 1.7 mm)
and CHIRALPAK AD-3 (100 mm 4.6 mm, 3 mm) for docetaxel and bortezomib, respectively. The present
work describes the role of organic modifiers in the separation of polar compounds by supercritical fluid
chromatography. The two new methods were fully validated in accordance with the current ICH
(International Council for Harmonization of technical requirements for pharmaceuticals for human use)
guidelines. The stability indicating power of the methods was demonstrated from the stress studies
conducted on the injection formulations of the two compounds. The methods are precise with % RSD of
0.4, linear with the correlation coefficient of r2 $ 0.999 and accurate in the range of 50–150% of the
target assay concentration. The two methods can be equally employed for the assay determination of
docetaxel and bortezomib APIs as well.
Quality-by-design-based development and validation of a stability-indicating ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A systematic design-of-experiments was performed by applying quality-by-design concepts to determine
design space for rapid quantification of teriflunomide by the ultraperformance liquid chromatography
(UPLC) method in the presence of degradation products. Response surface and central composite
quadratic were used for statistical evaluation of experimental data using a Design-Expert software. The
response variables such as resolution, retention time, and peak tailing were analyzed statistically for the
screening of suitable chromatographic conditions. During this process, various plots such as perturbation,
contour, 3D, and design space were studied. The method was developed through UPLC BEH C18
2.1 � 100 mm, 1.7-μ column, mobile phase comprised of buffer (5 mM K2HPO4 containing 0.1%
triethylamine, pH 6.8), and acetonitrile (40:60 v/v), the flow rate of 0.5 mL min 1 and UV detection at
250 nm. The method was developed with a short run time of 1 min. Forced degradation studies revealed
that the method was stability-indicating, suitable for both assay and in-vitro dissolution of a drug product.
The method was found to be linear in the range of 28–84 μg mL 1, 2.8–22.7 μg mL 1 with a correlation
coefficient of 0.9999 and 1.000 for assay and dissolution, respectively. The recovery values were found in
the range of 100.1–101.7%. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines.
A convenient new and efficient commercial synthetic route for dasatinib (Spry...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A new and efficient synthetic route for dual-Src/Abl kinase inhibitor
dasatinib (Sprycel®), an anticancer drug, is described. This commercially
viable process yields dasatinib monohydrate free of potential impurities
with consistent yield of 68% in route A and 61% in route B with HPLC
purity >99.80% over four stages.
Utilization of agro-waste for removal of toxic hexavalent chromium: surface i...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Abundantly available agricultural waste materials
(banana bunch, sorghum stem and casuarinas fruit) are
processed with negligible cost and are found to be highly
suitable as biosorbents for chromium(VI) removal from
aqueous environment due to high surface area and functional
groups of adsorbents. The equilibrium data have
been analyzed for the adsorbate–adsorbate/adsorbent
interactions and found to be fitted to the data in the order,
Hill–de Boer C Fowler–Guggenheim % Frumkin[Kiselev.
To determine the characteristic parameters for process
design, mass transfer studies have been carried out using
two-parameter isotherm models (Harkins–Jura, Halsey,
Smith, El-Awady and Flory–Huggins) and three-parameter
isotherm models (Redlich–Peterson and Sips) which are
applied to the experimental data. The fitness of the isotherms
describes that both mono- and multilayer adsorptions
occur in the present studied three biosorbents in
preference to the latter. The mechanism of adsorption has
been studied using diffusion kinetic models (viz. liquid film
diffusion, Dunwald–Wagner intra-particle diffusion model
and moving boundary model) and described the possibility
of diffusion in the order of banana bunch–stem powder[
sorghum stem powder[casuarinas fruit powder in
terms of diffusion coefficients. In essence of all the results,
the selected adsorbents can be used as a potential adsorbent
for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions.
Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity of Caralluma lasiantha for scie...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Caralluma lasiantha is used as a traditional medicine in India to heal body
heat and inflammations. In order to find out a scientific validation for the Indian
traditional knowledge, antibacterial activity of C. lasiantha extracts was studied
against inflammation causing bacteria (viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Streptococcus Sp., Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae)
along with other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Solvents with different
polarity were used for extraction from dry roots and stems. Minimum inhibitory
concentrations (MIC) were also studied. Differential antibacterial activity was
exhibited by extracts and higher inhibition potential against Gram-positive bacteria
was explained. The observed antibacterial activities were correlated with the chemical
structures of phytochemicals present in C. lasiantha. Anti-inflammation activities
are related to C. lasiantha extracts through their antibacterial activities.
Novel Hybrid Molecules of Isoxazole Chalcone Derivatives: Synthesis and Study...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
medicine due to their significant role in the treatment of different health problems.
Methods: We have synthesized new series of isoxazole-chalcone conjugates (14a-m) by the
Claisen-Schmidt condensation of suitable substituted acetophenones with isoxazole aldehydes (12a-d).
In vitro cytotoxic activity of the synthesized compounds was studied against four different selected
human cancer cell lines by using sulforhodamine B (SRB) method.
Results: The adopted scheme resulted in good yields of new series of isoxazole-chalcone
conjugates (14a-m). Potent cytotoxic activity was observed for compounds -14a, 14b, 14e, 14i, 14j
and 14k against prostate DU-145 cancer cell line.
Conclusion: The observed potent cytotoxic activities were due to the presence of 3,4,5-
trimethoxyphenyl group.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions using agro-waste biomaterials, casuarina equisetifolia L. and sorghum bicolor
1. 2374
Korean J. Chem. Eng., 33(8), 2374-2383 (2016)
DOI: 10.1007/s11814-016-0078-6
pISSN: 0256-1115
eISSN: 1975-7220
INVITED REVIEW PAPER
†
To whom correspondence should be addressed.
E-mail: doctornadh@yahoo.co.in
Copyright by The Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent
chromium from aqueous solutions using agro-waste biomaterials,
casuarina equisetifolia L. and sorghum bicolor
Mokkapati Ramya Prasanthi*, Mokkapati Jayasravanthi**, and Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh***,†
*Department of Chemistry, ANUCET, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur - 522510, India
**Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur - 522510, India
***GITAM University - Bengaluru Campus, Karnataka - 561 203, India
(Received 30 August 2015 • accepted 15 March 2016)
Abstract−Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sor-
ghum stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1
and 5 gL−1
of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 o
C with 20 mgL−1
initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2
). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermo-
dynamic study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evalu-
ated for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
Keywords: Casuarinas Fruit Powder, Sorghum Stem Powder, Removal, Chromium, Adsorption
INTRODUCTION
Chromium is a type of heavy metal involved in a number of
industrial applications like textile dyeing, pigment, leather tanning,
electroplating, oil refineries, fertilizers, production of ferrochrome,
steel and cement, fungicides, and metal finishing, causing water
pollution, which is a major environmental concern [1]. Chromium
exists in two stable oxidation states: relatively innocuous and im-
mobile Cr(III) and a readily movable and strong oxidizing agent
Cr(VI). This common aquatic pollutant in its hexavalent state
Cr(VI) released by industrial activities into natural waters has det-
rimental effects on both the living organisms and the ecosystems
[2,3]. The permissible limit of Cr(VI) into the water bodies given
by WHO is 0.05-1mgL−1
; however, a report by WHO, 2004 says
that a much higher concentration around 100mgL−1
of Cr(VI)
would be present in the untreated effluent of an electroplating indus-
try [4]. Therefore, to bring down the concentration of Cr(VI) to
acceptable levels, almost all the industries must treat their efflu-
ents before disposal.
Hexavalent chromium is capable of being absorbed through the
skin, which makes it highly toxic to living organisms [5]. It has very
adverse effects if exposed strongly causing skin irritation to lung
cancer, kidney, liver and gastric damage, epigastric pain, nausea,
vomiting, severe diarrhea and hemorrhage; and due to its muta-
genicity and carcinogenicity to human beings, it belongs to group
“A” human carcinogen [6,7].
The downside of many conventional techniques for the removal
of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions such as chemical reduction, pre-
cipitation, ion-exchange, and adsorption (using commercial char-
coal) is that they are expensive for large-scale treatment of industrial
effluents, which is making these procedures unaffordable for devel-
oping nations [8]. Emphasizing on this aspect, many researchers
have used unconventional materials as adsorbents for the removal
of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions and industrial effluents [9-23].
To potentially remove the toxic heavy metals from water streams,
biosorption is an attractive alternate to traditional industrial efflu-
ent treatment processes as it utilizes the biological materials as ad-
sorbents which have high surface area and electric charges to accu-
mulate heavy metals [24-32]. Polar functional moieties (contain-
ing heteroatoms) adsorb Cr(III) because these heteroatoms donate
their lone pairs of electrons to Cr(VI), and in the process reduced
Cr(VI) to Cr(III) [33]. The brown macroalga Pelvetia canaliculata
was used as a natural electron donor for the reduction of Cr(VI)
to Cr(III) at acidic pH followed by removal of other metal ions
present in the mixture by ion-exchange [34]. In addition, removal
of Cr(III) by different biosorbents was studied recently [35-39]. It
has been reported in the literature that, in comparison to the crude
ones, the chemically modified natural adsorbents are much more
advantageous in their pollutant removal efficiency from aqueous
environment [8].
Moreover, due to the capability of lowering heavy metal concen-
tration to mgL−1
level, wide range of availability and ecofriendly
nature, the usage of biopolymers from agricultural wastes as adsor-
bents is attracting many industries [40]. Hence, in the present work,
the chemically modified powders of two abundantly available agri-
cultural wastes (casuarinas fruit and sorghum stem) have been used
2. Removal of hexavalent chromium using agro-waste biomaterials 2375
Korean J. Chem. Eng.(Vol. 33, No. 8)
for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. Additionally,
the kinetics and equilibrium of adsorption process have also been
evaluated to classify the mechanism of adsorption process as intrin-
sic adsorption, which is based on the surface area of adsorbent or
the coulombic interaction, which is based on the electrostatic inter-
action between opposite charges on adsorbents and solute [2,41].
EXPERIMENTAL
Raw materials such as casuarinas fruit and sorghum stem for
the preparation of adsorbents are available abundantly in nature.
The left-over material of the dehisced cones of casuarinas trees and
the left over sorghum stems after harvesting of the grains were col-
lected from the coastal Andhra Pradesh, India. They were cleaned
with distilled water and then washed with formaldehyde solution
(2%), which helps to reduce organic leaching and prevent mold
growth during batch sorption [42] and completely air dried. The
dried materials were pulverized into fine powder and sieved with
standard sieves of particle size 0.3-1.0mm. Then the finest pow-
ders of casuarinas fruit (CFP) and sorghum stem (SSP) were treated
with 1N H2SO4 and allowed to soak for 24h at room tempera-
ture. The samples were oven dried and allowed to cool to room
temperature, and thereafter used for adsorption studies without
further modification. The preliminary studies show that the removal
capacity of these treated adsorbents is higher by about 30% com-
pared to those of untreated adsorbents. Hence, treated samples were
used throughout the study. The biosorbent was stored in clean air
tight containers. All the chemicals used were of analytical grade.
1. Instrumentation
The physico-chemical characterization of adsorbents was per-
formed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to energy-
dispersive X ray spectroscopy (EDX) (F E I Quanta FEG 200 - High
resolution scanning electron microscope), which allows the identi-
fication and quantification of the metal ions on the surfaces of the
adsorbents. The Fourier transform infra red (FT-IR) spectra of the
crude and metal treated adsorbents were performed using Bruker,
ALPHA-T to identify the active functional groups responsible for
the adsorption. Specific surface areas and pore sizes of the adsor-
bents were determined with Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) N2
surface area analyzer (Nova 1000 Ver. 3.70).
2. Preparation of Synthetic Solutions
The standard Cr(VI) stock solution was prepared by dissolving
potassium dichromate in deionized water and diluted according to
the required concentrations. The initial Cr(VI) concentration of
the untreated sample was 20mgL−1
. The typical pH of the experi-
ments was about 1, and it was adjusted to the desired value by the
addition of few drops of 0.1M HCl or 0.1M NaOH.
3. Batch Adsorption Studies
The experiments were performed in batch process by taking
50mL of metal ion solution in 250mL conical flask and using
CFP and SSP as adsorbents. While observing the effect of each
parameter, the values of remaining parameters were kept constant.
For each adsorbent, the metal ion removal efficiency was deter-
mined in individual experiments. The range of experimental con-
ditions of different parameters were 1 to 20gL−1
(adsorbent dose),
0.5 to 180min (time), 1 to 5 (pH), 30 to 70o
C (solution tempera-
ture), and 50 to 300rpm (speed of rotation). In each experiment,
the metal ion solution was equilibrated with adsorbent and then
aliquots were withdrawn. After centrifugation, the final Cr(VI) con-
centrations were measured by diphenyl carbazide method [43].
Each experiment was repeated thrice and average of the results was
reported. The adsorption capacity and the percent removal of metal
ions were determined by the following equations.
(1)
(2)
(3)
where Co is the initial concentration of Cr(VI) in solution, Ce is
the final concentration of Cr(VI) in solution after adsorption, Ct is
the concentration of Cr(VI) in solution after adsorption at any time
Percent removal of Cr VI( )=
Ce −Co
Ce
---------------- 100×
qe =
Co −Ce
w
---------------- V×
qt =
Co −Ct
w
---------------- V×
Table1.Linear and nonlinear forms of adsorption kinetics and isotherm models
Adsorption kinetics models
Model Non-linear form Linear form Reference
Pseudo-first-order [25]
Pseudo-second-order [26]
Elovich [13]
Intra-particle diffusion - [13,20]
Adsorption isotherm models
Langmuir [16,22]
Freundlich [16,22]
Dubinin-Radushkevich [22]
dqt
dt
------- =k1 qe −qt( )
qe −qt( )= qe −k1tlnln
dqt
dt
------- =k2 qe −qt( )
2 t
qt
---- =
1
k2qe
2
---------- +
t
qe
----
dqt
dt
------- =αexp
−βqt
qt =
1
β αβln
--------------- +
1
β tln
----------
qt =Kdt
1/2
+θ
qe =
qmKLCe
1+KLCe
-------------------
Ce
qe
----- =
Ce
qm
------ +
1
KLqm
------------
qe =KFCe
1/n
qe = KF +
1
n
--- Celogloglog
qe =qDexp
−BDε
2
qe = qD −BDε
2
lnln
3. 2376 M. R. Prasanthi et al.
August, 2016
t, qe (mgg−1
) is the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent at equilib-
rium, qt (mgg−1
) is the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent at
time t, V(L) is the volume of suspension, and W(g) is the mass of
adsorbent.
4. Adsorption Kinetics
Kinetics of adsorption was carried out by employing pseudo-
first-order [44] and pseudo-second-order [45] kinetic equations to
examine the mechanism of Cr(VI) adsorption on to these adsor-
bents. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms models studied in the
present study are shown in Table 1.
In the Table 1 qt and qe (mgg−1
) are the amounts of chromium
adsorbed on adsorbent material at time t and at equilibrium, respec-
tively; k1 and k2 are the corresponding pseudo-first and second-
order adsorption rate constants; α is the initial Cr(VI) sorption rate
(mgg−1
min−1
); β is the desorption constant (gmg−1
) during any one
experiment; Kd is the rate constant of the intraparticle transport
(mgg−1
min1/2
); θ is the constant related to the thickness of the bound-
ary layer (mgg−1
); Ce is the equilibrium concentration (mgL−1
); qe is
the monolayer adsorption capacity (mgg−1
); KL (Lmg−1
) is the Lang-
muir constant related to the energy of sorption; KF and n are Fre-
undlich constants for a given adsorbate and adsorbent at a particular
temperature; BD is a constant related to the mean free energy of ad-
sorption per mole of the adsorbate (mol2
kJ−2
); qD (DR isotherm con-
stant) is the theoretical saturation capacity (mgg−1
); and ε is the
Polanyi potential, which is equal to RT ln(1+(1/Ce)), where R (Jmol−1
K−1
) is the gas constant; and T (K) is the absolute temperature.
5. Adsorption Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic parameters such as change in free energy (ΔG),
enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) were determined using the below
equations. The apparent equilibrium constant (KC) of the biosorp-
tion is defined as KC=Cad,eq/Ceq, where Cad,eq and Ceq are the con-
centration of Cr(VI) on the adsorbent and residual Cr(VI) con-
centration at equilibrium, respectively. Thermodynamic equilib-
rium constant (KC) of the adsorption system is related to free energy
change as following equation [46].
ΔGo
=−RT lnKc (4)
where ΔG is free energy change, R is the universal gas constant,
8.314Jmol−1
K−1
and K is the absolute temperature [27]. Thermo-
dynamic parameters were calculated using van’t Hoff equation as
given below.
(5)
The plot of ln KC as a function of 1/T yields a straight line. ΔH
and ΔS can be calculated from the slope and intercept, respectively.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. SEM, EDX, FT-IR and BET Studies
Scanning electron microscopy dictates the nature of adsorption
process through visible observation of the surface texture and poros-
ity of the samples and is given in Fig. 1. Before adsorption, rough
surface with some pores was visible on the surface of each adsor-
bent (Fig. 1(a)), whereas, a smooth surface covering of the pores
can be observed after adsorption (Fig. 1(b)). EDX studies were
carried out to determine the chemical composition of adsorbents,
CFP (wt% of elements) before adsorption: C-46.84, O-40.49, Fe-
0.45, Cr-0.00; SSP:C-61.26, O-34.69, Fe-0.22, Zn-0.26, Cr-0.00;
after adsorption: C-58.53, O-38.44, Fe-01.34, Cr-0.15; SSP: C-53.47,
O-41.46, Fe-0.34, Zn-0.31, Cr-0.16 (Fig. 1(c)). In both absorbents,
presence of stretching for C-O, C=O and aliphatic C-H can be
confirmed from peaks in the range of 1,023-1,039cm−1
, 1,614-1,689
cm−1
and 2,917-2,920cm−1
respectively. Presence of amine/amide
group is evident from the peaks in the ranges of 3,400-3,250cm−1
(N-H str) and 1,650-1,580cm−1
(N-H bend). But, additional peaks
in CFP above 3,000cm−1
indicate the =C-H stretching and further
C=C stretching can be observed from peaks in the range of 1,450-
1,550cm−1
. Broad peaks in the range of 3,305-3,320cm−1
indicate
the presence of carboxylic acid groups in SSP, whereas, dominant
sharp peak at 3,737cm−1
indicates phenolic groups in CFP (Fig. 2).
EDX and FT-IR observations correlate with the compositions of
SSP - cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, cutin, silica [47], and CFP -
α-pinene, benzaldehyde, 1,8 cineole, furanoid, α-campholenal, 4-
terpineol, α-terpineol, α-terpinyl acetate, spathulenol, caryophyl-
lene-oxide, guaiol [48]. The presence of functional groups like acid,
alcohol and amine is evident from these studies. Protons of phe-
nols/alcohols and carboxylic acid groups in these biosorbent facili-
tate them for ions getting exchanged during the adsorption process
(Fig. 3). Hydroxyl groups in these biopolymers may function as
donors. Hence the de-protonation of hydroxyl groups can be in-
volved in the co-ordination with metal ions [49]. Moreover, pres-
Kc =−
ΔG
RT
-------- =−
ΔH
RT
-------- +
ΔS
R
------ln
Fig.1.Scanning electron micrographs of CFP (a) before adsorption, (b) after adsorption and (c) EDX energy profile of CFP after adsorption.
4. Removal of hexavalent chromium using agro-waste biomaterials 2377
Korean J. Chem. Eng.(Vol. 33, No. 8)
ence of more number of peaks in CFP compared to SSP can be
explained based on presence of good number of phytochemicals
as mentioned above.
Acid treatment improved the specific surface area and total pore
volume of crude SSP from 5.0030m2
g−1
to 24.7714m2
g−1
and
0.00235cm3
g−1
to 0.02090cm3
g−1
, respectively. Similarly, specific
surface area and total pore volume of crude CFP increased from
1.2270m2
g−1
to 41.8931m2
g−1
and 0.00277cm3
g−1
to 0.03119cm3
g−1
by acid treatment.
2. Studies on Effect of Contact Time and Adsorption Kinetics
To better understand the Cr(VI) sorption characteristics by the
two adsorbents, SSP and CFP, both kinetic and equilibrium mod-
els were used to describe the data. Changes in Cr(VI) concentra-
tions over time were investigated by varying the contact time from
0.5 to 180min, while other parameters were kept constant and are
shown in Fig. 4. As the contact period between adsorbent and
Cr(VI) ions increases the adsorption of metal ion increases as
more time familiarizes the metal ion to make an attraction com-
plex with the adsorbent [50]. The results revealed that the satura-
tion level of adsorption was reached at equilibration point of 120
min in case of SSP and 150min in case of CFP as adsorbents and
remained constant. This is apparent from the fact that a large num-
ber of sites are available for sorption during the initial stage, and
few minutes later the remaining vacant surface sites are hard to be
occupied due to repulsive forces between the Cr(VI) on the solid
and the aqueous phases [51,52]. The better performance of SSP
and CFP compared to the earlier used adsorbents is manifested
from the optimum period of 120 and 150min, respectively, in the
present case because it is 180min using Bengal gram (Cicer arienti-
num) [16] and Erythrina Variegata Orientalis leaf powder (Gan-
navarapu Venkata Vamsi Aditya et al., 2012), 80min using Fagas
orientalis L. saw dust [53], 70min using a low cost fertilizer indus-
try waste material [18], 120min using biomass of filamentous algae
spirogyra species [17].
Pseudo-first-order [44] and pseudo-second-order [45] kinetic
Fig.4.Effect of contact time on Cr(VI) sorption, at 30o
C, 20mgL−1
Cr(VI) and 200rpm.
Fig.3.Fourier Transform Infra Red spectrum of acid treated (a) CFP and (b) SSP.
Fig.2.Scanning electron micrographs of SSP (a) before adsorption, (b) after adsorption and (c) EDX energy profile of SSP after adsorption.
5. 2378 M. R. Prasanthi et al.
August, 2016
equations were employed to examine the mechanism of Cr(VI)
adsorption on to these adsorbents, as the literature survey clearly
shows that the sorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution is either
first- or second-order (Table 1). For example, removal of Cr(VI)
by Tamarindus Indica seed (TS), crushed coconut shell (CS), almond
shell (AS), ground nut shell (GS) and walnut shell (WS) follows
the pseudo-first-order biosorption [54], whereas, pseudo-second-
order was found to correlate with the experimental data well by
using peat, leaf mold and granular activated carbon [55-57], cor-
nelian cherry, apricot stone and almond shell [13], fertilizer indus-
try waste material [18], as adsorbents. In the present case, kinetic
data is in good agreement with pseudo-second-order in terms of
coefficient of determination (R2
) than pseudo-first-order and the
adsorption kinetic parameters are given in Table 2.
In addition, the simple Elovich equation was also employed for
its applicability on the adsorption process [13]. The interactions
between adsorbate and adsorbent materials follow film diffusion,
pore diffusion and intra-particle transport, among which pore dif-
fusion and intra-particle diffusion are often rate-limiting in a batch
reactor, whereas film diffusion is more likely the rate-limiting step
for a continuous flow system [13]. Hence, Weber’s intraparticle
diffusion model was analyzed. Biosorption is a complex process,
mainly comprised of ion exchange, chelation and adsorption by
physical forces and entrapment in inter and intra-fibrillar capillar-
ies and space of the structural polysaccharide network as a result
of the concentration gradient and diffusion [58]. In addition, non-
conventional adsorbents contain cellulose, and the polar hydroxyl
groups on the cellulose could be involved in chemical reaction and
hence bind heavy metals from solutions [59]. Thus, in the present
case also, the mechanism of adsorbate and adsorbent interaction
as chemical coordination is explained by two stages of the adsorp-
tion of Cr(VI), i.e., the first stage, solute uptake, which is the im-
mediate solute uptake achieved within less time, followed by the
second stage, which is the subsequent uptake of solute, which con-
tinues for a long time period [13]. Similar observations were re-
ported on removal of Cr(VI) using fertilized industry waste mate-
rial [18]. Both the Elovich and Weber intraparticle diffusion mod-
els showed reasonably good correlation (Table 2).
3. Effect of Adsorbent Dose
The varying pattern of adsorption with adsorbent dose gives
the adsorption efficiency of adsorbent. By observing the results, it
was clear that the adsorbent dose can greatly affect the adsorption
of Cr(VI), and it was increased with increase in adsorbent concen-
tration in reaction mixture due to the availability of more active
sites on the adsorbent surface [60,61]. But unit adsorption was de-
creased with the increase in adsorbent dosage which may be due
to overlapping of adsorption sites as a result of overcrowding of
adsorbent particles, shown in (Fig. 5 and 6). Higher Cr(VI) sorp-
tion at lower levels of adsorbents, CFP and SSP could be due to
the higher metal to biosorbent ratio, which decreases as the bio-
mass quantity is increased [62].
Table2.Adsorption kinetic parameters for the removal of Cr(VI) using CFP and SSP
Adsorbent
Pseudo-first-order
Experimental
value
Pseudo-second-order
qt (mg g−1
) k1 (min−1
) R2
qt (mg g−1
) qt (mg g−1
) k2 (g mg−1
min−1
) R2
SSP 1.190 0.018 0.779 2.400 2.433 0.059 0.997
CFP 0.950 0.016 0.600 3.600 3.623 0.062 0.998
Adsorbent
Elovich model Weber’s intra-particle diffusion model
α (mgg−1
min−1
) β (gmg−1
) R2
Kd (mgg−1
min1/2
) θ (mgg−1
) R2
SSP 1.202 2.564 0.979 0.159 0.575 0.866
CFP 2.319 1.684 0.899 0.221 1.177 0.659
Fig.6.Effect of adsorbent dose on Cr(VI) sorption by CFP, at 30o
C,
pH 1, 20mgL−1
Cr(VI) and 200rpm.
Fig.5.Effect of adsorbent dose on Cr(VI) sorption by SSP, at 30o
C,
pH 1, 20mgL−1
Cr(VI) and 200rpm.
6. Removal of hexavalent chromium using agro-waste biomaterials 2379
Korean J. Chem. Eng.(Vol. 33, No. 8)
4. Effect of pH
In addition to surface charge of the adsorbent, the other param-
eters influencing the adsorption are degree of ionization and the
type of adsorbate species, which in turn depends on pH of the
solution. Moreover, the stability of the chromium in its two pre-
dominant oxidation states (+6 and +3) is also dependent on the
pH of the system [63,64]. Hence, it was thought important to study
the effect of pH on the removal of Cr(VI). It is reported in the lit-
erature that Cr(VI) is predominantly removed in the pH vicinity of
1 [13]. However, maximum Cr(VI) removal was observed at pH
2.0 using a low cost fertilizer industry waste material [18], waste
pomace of olive oil factory [46], husk of Bengal gram (Cicer arienti-
num) [16]. However, higher removal of Cr(VI) was observed using
chitosan as an adsorbent at pH 5 [65].
Chromium (VI) exists as neutral Cr(OH)3 species at pH between
7 and 12. At pH 7, the chromium presents as neutral Cr(OH)3
species, which has low affinity for electrostatic interaction with the
functional groups present on adsorbent [17]. The removal of metal
ion at pH values higher than 12 could be attributed to the forma-
tion of their hydroxides, which results in precipitates [66]. More-
over, the literature survey shows that with increase in the pH,
from 4.0 to 11.0, the degree of protonation of the surface reduced
gradually and hence decreased adsorption was noticed [10,67].
Hence the adsorption experiments were better performed in acidic
pH (1 to 5) to avoid precipitate formation and for focus study.
Adsorption efficiency of metal ion with varying acidic pH is
depicted in Fig. 7. The removal of Cr(VI) is greatly affected by
changes in pH with the use of CFP and SSP as adsorbents because
the functional groups responsible for binding of metal ions in the
adsorbent are affected [59]. At lower pH levels, the adsorption of
the chromium ions reaches a maximum of 82 and 92% at pH for
SSP and CFP, respectively. The effect of pH can be better explained
by considering the surface charge on the adsorbent materials. In
general, the ionic attraction attained by the functional groups (car-
boxylate and -OH groups) present on biosorbent leads to the ad-
sorption of cations on it. However, in the present case, anionic
forms of chromium(VI) are adsorbed by protonated amines/amides
of biomass, as these groups act as anion-adsorption sites. The role of
protonated functional groups in removal of anionic forms of chro-
mium(VI) in acidic pH was well documented by An and Dultz
[68].
Chromium exhibits different types of Ph-dependent equilibria
in aqueous solutions. As the pH is shifted, the equilibrium will
also shift; in the pH range 2-6, HCrO4
−
, and Cr2O7
2−
, ions are in
equilibrium. At lower pH (pH<2.0) values, Cr3O10
−
and Cr4O13
2−
species are formed. As the optimum pH for biosorption of hexava-
lent chromium on CFP and SSP was observed at pH 1.0, the chro-
mium was removed in its polymerized form because it is well
known that the dominant form of Cr(VI) at pH 1 is HCrO4
−
[55],
as comparable with the chromium removal by Bengal gram [16].
In the present case, an increase in the removal of Cr(VI) with a
decrease of pH of the medium from 5 to 1 can be explained based
on the existence of Cr(VI) in different forms of negatively charged
chromium species (oxy anions like HCrO4
−
, Cr2O7
2−
, CrO4
2−
etc.) in
acidic medium. When pH is below 5, the presence of a large num-
ber of H+
ions causes an increased protonation of adsorbent, which
causes a strong electrostatic attraction between the oxyanions of
Cr(VI) and positively charged surface of the adsorbent [69]. In some
cases, Cr(VI) was completely reduced to Cr(III) by contact with
biomass [70,71], but in the present case, the chromium remains in
its +6 state, which is evident from the non-formation of character-
istic green color of Cr(III).
5. Effect of Temperature of the Medium During Adsorption
Temperature of the medium has a critical impact on any reac-
tion process to occur. During adsorption, the effect of temperature
on the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions has significance
to say whether the process is endothermic or exothermic and relates
to the physisorption or chemisorptions. The removal of Cr(VI) using
CFP and SSP as adsorbents with varying temperatures is shown in
Fig. 8. The maximum adsorption of Cr(VI) was 92% at 50o
C using
CFP and 63% at 60o
C using SSP. The adsorption percentage in-
creased with an increase in temperature in case of SSP, whereas, in
case of CFP, the adsorption percentage did not significantly change
with increasing temperature.
In general, preferable binding can be expected at higher tem-
peratures for endothermic reactions. Hence, in the present study, it
indicates that the enthalpy change ΔH is positive (endothermic) due
to increase in adsorption on successive increase in temperature.
Further, negative ΔG values show that thermodynamically feasi-
ble and spontaneous nature of the adsorption process and positive
value of ΔS reveals the increased randomness at the solid-solution
interface during the adsorption of the Cr(VI) on the adsorbent
Fig.8.Effect of temperature on Cr(VI) sorption by 5gL−1
CFP at pH
3, 20mgL−1
Cr(VI) and 200rpm.
Fig.7.Effect of pH on Cr(VI) sorption, at 30o
C, 20mgL−1
Cr(VI)
and 200rpm.
7. 2380 M. R. Prasanthi et al.
August, 2016
material active sites. A similar observation of maximum adsorp-
tion of Cr(VI) by waste pomace was found at 333K, which was
endothermic but spontaneous under studied conditions [46]. Also,
the rise in sorption capacity with temperature is because of rise in
the kinetic energy of sorbent particles, which is due to increased
collision frequency between sorbent and sorbate with increase in
temperature and results in enhanced sorption on to the surface of
the sorbent. Additionally, at high temperature, there may be an
increase in number of active sorption sites due to bond rupture of
functional groups on adsorbent surface, leading to enhanced sorp-
tion with the rise in temperature [72]. However, in case of CFP as
adsorbent, the modest increase in Cr(VI) removal with change in
temperature can be explained by the competitive dissolution of
functional groups like tannins and other phenol/alcohol compounds
in sorbing solution at high temperatures [73]. Thermodynamic
parameters (ΔG, ΔH and ΔS) were calculated [46] and were given
in Table 3.
6. Effect of Agitation
In earlier studies, removal of Cr(VI) increased with an increase
in agitation speed and reached an optimum value like 120 rpm
using the husk of Bengal gram (Cicer arientinum) [16] and Rhizo-
pus nigricans [74], whereas, in the case of Rhizopus arrhizus [75] it
was 100rpm. Those observations were justified based on the fact
that agitation facilitates proper contact between the metal ions in
solution and the biomass binding sites and thereby promotes effec-
tive transfer of sorbate ions to the sorbent sites. In the present
study also the effect of agitation was of same pattern that is the
removal of Cr(VI) was increased with stirring rate and reached
equilibrium at 250rpm using CFP and SSP as adsorbents when
studied in the range of 50 to 300rpm. The effect of speed of rota-
tion on adsorption capacity of SSP and CFP towards removal of
Cr(VI) is shown in Fig. 9.
7. Effect of Initial Concentration of Metal Ion
The driving force to overcome all the mass transfer resistances
of the metal between aqueous and solid phase is the initial metal
concentration of the solution [76]. Incompletion of adsorption sites
during adsorption reaction and the aggregation of adsorbent par-
ticles at higher concentration are the important factors which con-
tribute to the adsorbate concentration effect. Fig. 10 shows the effect
of metal ion concentration on its removal from the aqueous solu-
tion for adsorbent materials, CFP and SSP. A continuous decline
of percentage removal with increase in metal ion concentration
was observed. This appears to be due to the increase in the num-
ber of ions competing for the available binding sites in the bio-
mass and also due to the lack of binding sites for the complexation
of Cr ions at higher concentration levels.
8. Adsorption Isotherms
Adsorption isotherms are significant in describing the mecha-
nism of adsorption for analyzing the interaction of metal ion on
the surface of adsorbent. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption
isotherm equation were employed to evaluate the adsorption effi-
ciency of each adsorbent. The values of characteristic parameters
qm and KL are calculated from the slope and intercept of linear
dependencies and the correlation coefficient R2
associated to each
model are given in Table 4.
Linear plots obtained for both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorp-
tion isotherms indicate best fitness of experimental data to corre-
sponding models. The observed increase in uptake capacity of
CFP and SSP with the increase of Cr(VI) ion concentration is due
to higher availability of Cr(VI) ions in the solution, for the adsorp-
tion. Moreover, higher initial Cr(VI) concentration increased driv-
ing force to overcome all mass transfer resistance of metal ions
Table3.Thermodynamic parameters at different temperatures for sorption of Cr(VI) on CFP and SSP
T (K)
SSP CFP
ΔG (Jmol−1
) ΔH (Jmol−1
) ΔS (JK−1
mol−1
) ΔG (Jmol−1
) ΔH (Jmol−1
) ΔS (JK−1
mol−1
)
303 0−342.4 11182.3 38.7 −5942.3 4472.9 34.4
313 −1250.3 −6240.0
323 −1371.8 −6717.4
333 −1562.9 −6925.4
Fig.9.Effect of agitation on Cr(VI) sorption by 5gL−1
CFP/SSP at
pH 1, 20mgL−1
Cr(VI) and 200rpm.
Fig.10.Effect of initial Cr(VI) concentration on biosorption using
5gL−1
CFP/SSP at pH 1, 30o
C and 200rpm.
8. Removal of hexavalent chromium using agro-waste biomaterials 2381
Korean J. Chem. Eng.(Vol. 33, No. 8)
between the aqueous and solid phases, resulting in higher proba-
bility of collision between Cr(VI) ions and sorbents. This also results
in higher metal uptake [72].
The adsorption isotherms were studied by varying the initial
concentration of chromium ion. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R
models were evaluated for description of metal sorption isotherms
(Table 4). Both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm
models were found to be applicable to this adsorption system, in
terms of relatively high regression values compared to that of D-R
model. A similar observation of fitting well the adsorption data
with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models was observed
in adsorption studies on the removal of hexavalent chromium from
aqueous solution using a low cost fertilizer industry waste material
[18], husk of Bengal gram (Cicer arientinum [16], whereas, Lang-
muir isotherm model fitted the results quite well, suggesting that
(a) the surface of the sorbent is homogeneous, (b) all sites are ener-
getically equivalent and each binding site accepts only one Cr(VI)
molecule, (c) the sorbed molecules are organized as a monolayer
and (d) no interaction occurs between sorbed molecules in the
Cr(VI) removal by waste pomace of olive oil factory [46] and chi-
tosan [65].
The essential characteristics of the Langmuir isotherms can be
expressed in terms of a dimensionless constant separation factor
or equilibrium parameter, RL, which is defined as 1/(1+KLCo), where
KL is the Langmuir constant and Co is the initial concentration of
Cr(VI). The RL value indicates the shape of isotherm as given in
Table 5. The separation factor (RL) values give information about
characteristics of adsorption isotherms (Langmuir). Unfavorable,
linear, favorable and irreversible adsorptions can be expected when
RL>1, RL=1. 0<RL<1 and RL=0, respectively [77].
Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm (Table 1) is an empirical
model which is generally applied to express the adsorption mech-
anism with a Gaussian energy distribution onto a heterogeneous
surface [41]. Sorption energy (BD) is a constant related to the mean
free energy of adsorption per mole of the adsorbate as it is trans-
ferred to the surface of the solid from infinite distance in solution.
Sorption energy value for CFP is lower compared to that of SSP
(Table 4), which is in parallel to their enthalpy values (Table 2).
Hence, higher amount of metal is removed by CFP compared to
SSP under similar conditions.
A comparison of the chromium ions uptake capacities of CFP
and SSP with other biomaterial based sorbents is presented in
Table 6. A direct comparison is not possible because the differ-
ences in metal uptake capacities are due to a variety of parameters
and conditions employed in each referenced work.
CONCLUSION
Biosorption observations on the ability of two agricultural waste
materials, CFP and SSP to remove Cr(VI) indicate them as the bio-
mass having potential application to sequester heavy metals from
low concentration waste waters. Crude fiber composed of cellulose,
hemicelluloses, lignin etc. in SSP, and α-pinene, benzaldehyde, 1,8
cineole, furanoid, α-campholenal, 4-terpineol, α-terpineol etc. in
CFP indicates the presence of functional groups like acid, alcohol
and amine, which facilitates them as capable adsorbents for partic-
ipation in ion exchange. As these CFP and SSP are agro-wastes,
they have negligible cost and have also proved to be an efficient
biosorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) ions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are highly thankful to Acharya Nagarjuna Univer-
sity for providing the support for conducting the research work.
Authors are also wish to thank SAIF, IIT, Madras for providing
Table4.Adsorption isotherm model parameters for the sorption of Cr(VI) on CFP and SSP
Langmuir isotherm Freundlich isotherm D-R isotherm
Parameter SSP CFP Parameter SSP CFP Parameter SSP CFP
KL (Lmg−1
) 0.055 0.097 n 1.704 1.845 qD (mol g−1
) 3.669 6.110
qm (mgg−1
) 5.780 9.901 KF ((mgg−1
)(Lmg−1
)1/n
) 0.490 1.260 BD (mol2
J−2
) 5.9×10−6
1.5×10−6
R2
0.959 0.976 R2
0.920 0.948 R2
0.914 0.896
Table6.Comparison of adsorption capacities of CFP and SSP with
different sorbents for Cr(VI) removal
Adsorbent
Maximum adsorption
capacity (mgg−1
)
Reference
Cactus leaves 07.08 [14]
Almond 10.62 [14]
Carbon slurry 15.24 [18]
Maize corn cob 00.28 [42]
Jatropha oil cake 00.82 [42]
Sugarcane bagasse 00.63 [42]
Rice straw 03.15 [78]
Bagasse fly ash 04.35 [79]
Sorghum stem powder 05.78 This study
Casuarinas fruit powder 09.90 This study
Table5.Langmuir adsorption equilibrium parameter at different
initial Cr(VI) concentrations
Co (mgL−1
)
RL
SSP CFP
10 0.645 0.508
20 0.476 0.340
30 0.377 0.256
40 0.313 0.205
50 0.267 0.171
60 0.233 0.147
70 0.206 0.128
9. 2382 M. R. Prasanthi et al.
August, 2016
SEM-EDX instrumentation facility and Chemistry Research Cen-
tre, Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bengaluru for providing BET
surface area and pore distribution analysis facility.
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