Abstract The mono-azo dye, Orange II, solution was substantially degraded with cast iron particles under varied conditions of experimental variables such as pH, initial dye concentration and cast iron dosage.At all solution pH studied, the degradation efficiency achieved was > 90%. With an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L and optimum cast iron load of 28.56 g/L, the optimum degradation efficiency of 97.63% was achieved at pH 3. With same cast iron load and solution pH, more than 95% dye degradation efficiency was achieved at different initial Orange II concentrations ranging from 50-500 mg/L. The efficiency of cast iron particles in degrading Orange II dye was compared with that of pure elemental iron used in other study. Cast iron particles showed better degradation efficiencies than elemental iron that too at relatively lower dosages. Ultimately, from the results it can be inferred that cast iron fillings can be successfully applied to treat textile effluents containing high dye concentration and treatment efficiency can be enhanced by optimizing the reaction conditions. Index Terms: azo dyes, Orange II, degradation efficiency, cast iron fillings
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Removal of chromium (vi) by activated carbon derived from mangifera indicaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Adsorption Studies of an Acid Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Lagerstroemia ...IJMER
The effectiveness of adsorption for acid dye removal from wastewaters has made it an ideal alternative to other expensive treatment options. The removal of acid Violet 4BS onto seeds of Lagerstroemia indica (LIS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using parameters such as contact time, pH, temperature, adsorbent doses, and initial dye concentration. Adsorption isotherms of dyes onto LIS were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as the Langmuir and
Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm appears to fit the isotherm data better than
the Freundlich isotherm. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined using adsorption data. The maximum removal of Acid Violet 4BS by the adsorbent was obtained at pH 2. The maximum percentage of dye removal (86.67%) was obtained at an initial dye concentration of 10mg/L with adsorbent dosage of 50 mg per 50 ml of dye solution. The adsorption kinetics of acid violet 4BS could be described by the pseudo-second order reaction model. The data obtained from adsorption
isotherms at different temperatures were used to calculate several thermo-dynamic quantities such as the
Gibbs energy (ΔG0), enthalpy (ΔH0), and entropy (ΔS
0) of adsorption. The adsorption process was found
to be spontaneous, exothermic and physical in nature. Locally available adsorbent LIS was found to have
a low cost and was promising for the removal of acid violet 4BS from aqueous solutions
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Removal of chromium (vi) by activated carbon derived from mangifera indicaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Adsorption Studies of an Acid Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Lagerstroemia ...IJMER
The effectiveness of adsorption for acid dye removal from wastewaters has made it an ideal alternative to other expensive treatment options. The removal of acid Violet 4BS onto seeds of Lagerstroemia indica (LIS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using parameters such as contact time, pH, temperature, adsorbent doses, and initial dye concentration. Adsorption isotherms of dyes onto LIS were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as the Langmuir and
Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm appears to fit the isotherm data better than
the Freundlich isotherm. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined using adsorption data. The maximum removal of Acid Violet 4BS by the adsorbent was obtained at pH 2. The maximum percentage of dye removal (86.67%) was obtained at an initial dye concentration of 10mg/L with adsorbent dosage of 50 mg per 50 ml of dye solution. The adsorption kinetics of acid violet 4BS could be described by the pseudo-second order reaction model. The data obtained from adsorption
isotherms at different temperatures were used to calculate several thermo-dynamic quantities such as the
Gibbs energy (ΔG0), enthalpy (ΔH0), and entropy (ΔS
0) of adsorption. The adsorption process was found
to be spontaneous, exothermic and physical in nature. Locally available adsorbent LIS was found to have
a low cost and was promising for the removal of acid violet 4BS from aqueous solutions
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption using Low Cost ...ijsrd.com
The present study deals with removal of methylene blue (basic dye)from aqueous solution using a low cost activated carbon prepared from Delonix regia(gulmohar seed pods).Batch adsorption studies were conducted by varying the contact time adsorbent dosage and pH
Decolourisation of Nigrosine WS dye by Solar Photo-fentonAkash Tikhe
My master's dissertation thesis topic- Decolorization of Nigrosine WS dye by Homogeneous Solar Photo-Fenton Method along with Intro, Method, Result, conclusion and suggestions.
Removal of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Onto Activated Ca...IJERA Editor
This paper studied the ability of using local activated carbon (LAC) derived from olive waste cakes as an
adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution by batch operation. Various operating parameters
such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ions concentration, and equilibrium contact time have been
studied. The results indicated that the adsorption of Cu(II) increased with the increasing pH, and the optimum
solution pH for the adsorption of Cu(II) was found to be 5. The adsorption process increases with increasing
dosage of LAC, also the amount of Cu(II) removed changes with Cu(II) initial concentration and contact time.
Adsorption was rapid and occurred within 25 min. for Cu(II) concentration range from 60 to 120 mg/l
isothermally at 30±1 oC. Maximum adsorption occurs at Cu(II) initial concentration lesser than 100 mg/l by
using adsorbent dosage (1.2 g/l). The equilibrium adsorption data for Cu(II) were fitted well with the Langmuir
and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of LAC was found to be 106.383
mg/g. So, the results indicated the suitability use of the activated carbon derived from olive waste cakes (LAC)
as low cost and natural material for reliable removal of Cu(II) from water and wastewater effluents.
Equilibrium Studies of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Corn Cob a...IJERD Editor
The objective of this work is the study of adsorption of dye solution which is a dye malachite green
using corn cob. Removal of this dye from aqueous solution using corn cob has been investigated. Liquid phase
adsorption experiments were conducted. Batch adsorption studies are Carried out by observing the effect of
experimental parameters, namely, pH, and amount of adsorbents, contact time and initial concentration.
Optimum conditions for dye removal are studied like pH value, contact time required, amount of adsorbent,
initial concentration, etc. The results generated by this work can be used for determination of optimum
conditions for adsorption of dye in aqueous solutions. Dye is present in mixture form in various Industrial
effluents like Textile Industries, Sewage water, Water treatment plants. This work can have use in Design of
adsorption columns for dyes removal. The Freundlich adsorption model assumes that adsorption takes place on
heterogeneous surfaces. Adsorption increases with increase in pH. The adsorption of cationic dye is mainly
influenced by the amount of negative charges in the solution which is actually influenced by the solution pH. At
pH=2 there is net positive charge in the solution so adsorption is less whereas at pH=12there is increase in
negative charges increasing adsorption of malachite green. Maximum adsorption was found to take place at
pH=12. Adsorption tends to increase with contact time. At first the increase in adsorption is very rapid as there
are lots of free sites for the adsorption to take place. Adsorption decreases at later stages till saturation is reached
due to saturation of active sites. The optimum contact time for equilibrium was found to be 100 min.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Removal of heavy metal lead (pb) from electrochemical industry waste water us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Electrochemical industries generates a wastewater that has a potential hazard for our environment as it contains various heavy metals such as Lead, Cadmium, Nickel etc. If this wastewater left untreated, will pollute soil and water resources. Out of the above heavy metals, in this project work, only removal of Lead (Pb) from electrochemical industrial wastewater has been investigated by using low cost adsorbent such as charcoal along with coconut shell powder as a natural adsorbent. The project is a bench scale experimental type i.e. Batch mode technique and analyses have performed by using different amounts of adsorbent in solutions with different concentrations of Lead metal. Beside the effect of various amounts of adsorbent used in adsorption efficiency experiments has been investigated. Result indicates that the maximum removal efficiency for Lead is about 94% by using 0.25 gm/L amount of activated coconut shell carbon powder (ACSCP) and charcoal powder (ACP) mixed in equal amount for particular pH and contact time. Keywords: Adsorption, batch mode technique, battery industry waste water, Coconut shell powder, Charcoal carbon powder, Economic, Heavy Metal.
Multiple adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution using activated c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) in aqueous solution using
activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was studied. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 3000C -
4500C, and activated at 8000C using nitric acid. The bulk density, iodine number, Benzene adsorption, methylene adsorption, and
ash content of the activated carbon produced compared well with commercial carbons. Multiple adsorption of these metals in
same aqueous solution using bamboo carbon showed that adsorption capacity is in the order Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr which
showed that these metal ions can be adsorbed selectively by Nigerian bamboo activated carbon. The order of adsorption is related
to the maximum adsorption of lead, cadmium, copper on bamboo was found to be in the order of ionic radius of the heavy metals
used. Therefore this study demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple metal ions –
removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their
use. However, it will also contribute to the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for the
elimination of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water.
Key Words: multiple adsorption, heavy metals, Nigerian bamboo, Activated Carbon,
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption using Low Cost ...ijsrd.com
The present study deals with removal of methylene blue (basic dye)from aqueous solution using a low cost activated carbon prepared from Delonix regia(gulmohar seed pods).Batch adsorption studies were conducted by varying the contact time adsorbent dosage and pH
Decolourisation of Nigrosine WS dye by Solar Photo-fentonAkash Tikhe
My master's dissertation thesis topic- Decolorization of Nigrosine WS dye by Homogeneous Solar Photo-Fenton Method along with Intro, Method, Result, conclusion and suggestions.
Removal of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Onto Activated Ca...IJERA Editor
This paper studied the ability of using local activated carbon (LAC) derived from olive waste cakes as an
adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution by batch operation. Various operating parameters
such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ions concentration, and equilibrium contact time have been
studied. The results indicated that the adsorption of Cu(II) increased with the increasing pH, and the optimum
solution pH for the adsorption of Cu(II) was found to be 5. The adsorption process increases with increasing
dosage of LAC, also the amount of Cu(II) removed changes with Cu(II) initial concentration and contact time.
Adsorption was rapid and occurred within 25 min. for Cu(II) concentration range from 60 to 120 mg/l
isothermally at 30±1 oC. Maximum adsorption occurs at Cu(II) initial concentration lesser than 100 mg/l by
using adsorbent dosage (1.2 g/l). The equilibrium adsorption data for Cu(II) were fitted well with the Langmuir
and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of LAC was found to be 106.383
mg/g. So, the results indicated the suitability use of the activated carbon derived from olive waste cakes (LAC)
as low cost and natural material for reliable removal of Cu(II) from water and wastewater effluents.
Equilibrium Studies of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Corn Cob a...IJERD Editor
The objective of this work is the study of adsorption of dye solution which is a dye malachite green
using corn cob. Removal of this dye from aqueous solution using corn cob has been investigated. Liquid phase
adsorption experiments were conducted. Batch adsorption studies are Carried out by observing the effect of
experimental parameters, namely, pH, and amount of adsorbents, contact time and initial concentration.
Optimum conditions for dye removal are studied like pH value, contact time required, amount of adsorbent,
initial concentration, etc. The results generated by this work can be used for determination of optimum
conditions for adsorption of dye in aqueous solutions. Dye is present in mixture form in various Industrial
effluents like Textile Industries, Sewage water, Water treatment plants. This work can have use in Design of
adsorption columns for dyes removal. The Freundlich adsorption model assumes that adsorption takes place on
heterogeneous surfaces. Adsorption increases with increase in pH. The adsorption of cationic dye is mainly
influenced by the amount of negative charges in the solution which is actually influenced by the solution pH. At
pH=2 there is net positive charge in the solution so adsorption is less whereas at pH=12there is increase in
negative charges increasing adsorption of malachite green. Maximum adsorption was found to take place at
pH=12. Adsorption tends to increase with contact time. At first the increase in adsorption is very rapid as there
are lots of free sites for the adsorption to take place. Adsorption decreases at later stages till saturation is reached
due to saturation of active sites. The optimum contact time for equilibrium was found to be 100 min.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Removal of heavy metal lead (pb) from electrochemical industry waste water us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Electrochemical industries generates a wastewater that has a potential hazard for our environment as it contains various heavy metals such as Lead, Cadmium, Nickel etc. If this wastewater left untreated, will pollute soil and water resources. Out of the above heavy metals, in this project work, only removal of Lead (Pb) from electrochemical industrial wastewater has been investigated by using low cost adsorbent such as charcoal along with coconut shell powder as a natural adsorbent. The project is a bench scale experimental type i.e. Batch mode technique and analyses have performed by using different amounts of adsorbent in solutions with different concentrations of Lead metal. Beside the effect of various amounts of adsorbent used in adsorption efficiency experiments has been investigated. Result indicates that the maximum removal efficiency for Lead is about 94% by using 0.25 gm/L amount of activated coconut shell carbon powder (ACSCP) and charcoal powder (ACP) mixed in equal amount for particular pH and contact time. Keywords: Adsorption, batch mode technique, battery industry waste water, Coconut shell powder, Charcoal carbon powder, Economic, Heavy Metal.
Multiple adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution using activated c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) in aqueous solution using
activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was studied. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 3000C -
4500C, and activated at 8000C using nitric acid. The bulk density, iodine number, Benzene adsorption, methylene adsorption, and
ash content of the activated carbon produced compared well with commercial carbons. Multiple adsorption of these metals in
same aqueous solution using bamboo carbon showed that adsorption capacity is in the order Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr which
showed that these metal ions can be adsorbed selectively by Nigerian bamboo activated carbon. The order of adsorption is related
to the maximum adsorption of lead, cadmium, copper on bamboo was found to be in the order of ionic radius of the heavy metals
used. Therefore this study demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple metal ions –
removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their
use. However, it will also contribute to the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for the
elimination of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water.
Key Words: multiple adsorption, heavy metals, Nigerian bamboo, Activated Carbon,
The menace of wastewater pollution in the 21st century is becoming alarming. Application of the low-cost adsorbents for wastewater treatment has received more attention this moment in environmental history than never. Therefore, remediating stale foundry wastewater with Activated Carbon, AC-250 is the focus of this study. Wastewater samples were collected from Lamina Foundry, Nitte, Karnataka State, India and were subjected to Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) analysis. The analysis identified the prominent heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mg, and Pb) present in the stale foundry effluent, determined their respective concentrations and treated them using the commercially sourced activated charcoal, AC-250. Effects of four (4) factors viz: adsorbent dosage, contact time, stirring speed and pH on the adsorption process during the wastewater treatment were studied. Optimum conditions required for the most efficient treatment of the wastewater and the treatment cost estimates were determined. The AC-250 is found as efficient in adsorption of the heavy metals from foundry wastewater. In some of the cases a 100% removal is possible, especially with Pb. The analysis of the major experiments on effects of adsorbent dosage, contact time rotating speed and pH on the adsorption process, gave the optimum conditions for removal under which the most efficient treatment of the wastewater containing studied heavy metals was possible. For the optimum treatment conditions, an adsorbent dosage of 1 g, a contact time of 120 minutes, a rotating/agitation speed of 350 rpm and a pH value of 6 are established. An average cost of treating 1 litre of stale foundry wastewater is Rs 23 or 0.4 USD. This study therefore recommends AC-250 as an efficient adsorbent at the given optimum conditions for stale foundry wastewater. The reuse of AC-250 via the process of thermal reactivation at 8000C is encouraged as a means of waste management.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Removal of Pb II from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from ...ijtsrd
The recent study explains about the removal of Pb II ions from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from Garlic waste. Garlic peels have been used for the production of Carbon by treating with conc.H2SO4 for metal ions removal. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Boehm titration have been used for various physicochemical characterization of the outcome of activated carbon which proclaimed the presence of oxygen containing surface functional groups like phenolic, lactonic and carboxylic in the carbons. In a batch adsorption process the effect of pH and initial metal ion concentration was calculated. The optimum pH for lead adsorption is found to be equal to 6.The resultant activated carbon showed maximum adsorption capacity of Pb II was 210 mg g 1. The waste material which is used in this work is cost effective and easily available for the production of activated carbon. Hence the removal of Pb II from water using the carbons prepared from Garlic peels can act as possible low cost adsorbents for the removal of Pb II from water. R. Mary Nancy Flora | Ashok | Ramanathan ""Removal of Pb (II) from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from Garlic Waste"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23365.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/23365/removal-of-pb-ii-from-aqueous-solutions-using-activated-carbon-prepared-from-garlic-waste/r-mary-nancy-flora
Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Zinc (II) Ion Adsorption from Aqueous Solu...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Water used in industries creates a wastewater that has potential hazards for our environment, because of introducing various contaminates such as heavy metals in to soil and water resources. In this study, a modification method was adopted to enhance metal ion adsorption on soybean hulls using NaOH and citric acid. The batch experiments were carried out to optimize parameters like pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and contact time. Equilibrium data were best represented by Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption kinetic data were adequately fitted to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. At optimum conditions of the parameters investigated, 99% removal of Zn (II) was achieved. On the basis of experimental results MSH was found to be an excellent adsorbent for the Zn (II) removal from wastewater.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdf
Degradation of mono azo dye in aqueous solution using cast iron filings
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 227
DEGRADATION OF MONO-AZO DYE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING
CAST IRON FILINGS
Raja Kumar1
, Alok Sinha2
1
Research Scholar, 2
Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian School of
Mines,Dhaanbad,aloksinha11@yahoo.com
Abstract
The mono-azo dye, Orange II, solution was substantially degraded with cast iron particles under varied conditions of experimental
variables such as pH, initial dye concentration and cast iron dosage.At all solution pH studied, the degradation efficiency achieved
was > 90%. With an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L and optimum cast iron load of 28.56 g/L, the optimum degradation
efficiency of 97.63% was achieved at pH 3. With same cast iron load and solution pH, more than 95% dye degradation efficiency was
achieved at different initial Orange II concentrations ranging from 50-500 mg/L. The efficiency of cast iron particles in degrading
Orange II dye was compared with that of pure elemental iron used in other study. Cast iron particles showed better degradation
efficiencies than elemental iron that too at relatively lower dosages. Ultimately, from the results it can be inferred that cast iron
fillings can be successfully applied to treat textile effluents containing high dye concentration and treatment efficiency can be
enhanced by optimizing the reaction conditions.
Index Terms: azo dyes, Orange II, degradation efficiency, cast iron fillings
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Textile dyeing industries have long been one of the most
important industries in the world. According to an estimate,
around 0.7 million tons of dye are used every year of which
50% are azo dyes [1]. Of the total dye produced, 15% is lost
during the dyeing process [2]. Dyes being tinctorially stronger
are visible in water at concentrations as low as 1 ppm [3].
Available literatures points that dye containing effluent are
more mutagenic and toxic when compared to other industrial
discharges [4]. Researchers have shown that azo dyes released
into ground and surface waters from textile discharges
contribute to mutagenic activity [5,6]. Besides, the release of
coloured wastewater in the ecosystem is a remarkable source
of aesthetic pollution, eutrophication, and perturbations in
aquatic life [2].Several chemicals found in dye-bath effluent
are toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic to various
life forms. The human health impact of dyes, especially azo
dyes and their degradation products have caused concern for a
number of years, with legislation controlling their use, being
developed in a variety of countries [7]. Increasingly, the
environment and subsequent health effects of azo dyes
released in textile industry wastewater are becoming subject to
scientific scrutiny. It is hence not surprising that removal of
these compounds has now-a-days become a major
environmental concern.
Many physical and chemical treatment processes have been
developed in scientific laboratory but their practical
applicability is restricted either by cost or efficiency and
cannot be adopted as an exclusive method.Conventional
biological treatment methods alone generally are ineffective
insofar as complete azo dye degradation is concerned[8].
Since biological treatment methods are still the cheapest
option available, efforts should be made to develop an
effective pretreatment technology that could transform the azo
dyes into easily bio-decomposable compounds.
Reductive transformation of pollutants using cast iron filings
is widely gaining attention for environmental remediation.
Cast iron filings are cheap and easily available strong reducing
agent. The literature substantially reports the applicability of
cast iron filings in treating wastewater contaminated with
chlorinated compounds [9], nitroaromatic compounds [10],
heavy metals [11], explosives[12] and dyes[13], etc. Among
these pollutants azo dyes are considered as most susceptible to
metallic reduction [14], thus, if the treatment conditions are
optimized cast iron filings can serve as an effective
pretreatment alternative. In this study, treatment of synthetic
wastewater containing mono-azo dye Orange II has been
carried out using cast iron filings. This study intends to
optimize the key reaction parameters that could affect the
applicability of cast iron filings for treating azo dye-containing
wastewater in large scale.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Dye
Commercially available mono-azo dye Orange II (M.W.-
350.32)which is a widely used anionic monoazo-dye [15] was
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 228
chosen as a model of the hydro soluble phenylazonaphthol
dyes due to its resistance to biological degradation.AO7 was
purchased from Atul Ltd. (India) and was used as received.
The dye solutions in a 1cm quartz cuvette were scanned over
the wavelength range 200–800nm using a UV–visible
spectrophotometer (UV-1800 series, Shimadzu, Japan) for
determination of the wavelength of maximum absorbance (λ
max).
2.2 Preparation of Cast Iron Fillings
Commercially available cast iron rod was chipped on a lathe
machine and then ground into iron filings in a dough-size ball
mill. The filings were sieved and those between 40 (425 μm)
and 80 (212 μm) mesh sizes were retained for use. Cast iron
fillings, thus produced, was washed 5-6 times with N2-sparged
1N HCl with periodic shaking. Then it was rinsed 10-12 times
with N2-sparged deionised (Milli Q) water. The washed
fillings were rinsed twice with acetone to remove moisture.
Again it was rinsed twice with 95% pure ethanol and dried for
1 hour. This treatment yielded black metallic filings with no
visible rust on the surface. Fillings were stored in a vacuum
desiccator until use in various experiments.Surface area of the
treated filings was determined by BET (N2) analysis using a
BET surface area analyzer (NOVA 4000e, Quanta chrome
Instruments, USA) to be 1.4 m2/ g.
2.3 Experimental Procedure
Time series batch experiments were carried out in 35 ml
capacity glass vials with screw caps (Borosil, India). All dye
solutions were prepared using deionized (Milli Q) water and
all reagents utilized were of analytical purity. The solution pH
was adjusted to the desired levels using HCl (0.5M) or NaOH
(0.1 M) with a pH meter (Digital pH meter 111, EI, India). For
proper mixing, the vials were placed on a test tube rotator
(Rotospin, Tarsons, India), at 30 rpm, keeping the axis of vials
horizontal. Temperature was 25 ± 2○C for all experiments.
Vials were removed from the rotator in duplicate (along with a
control) at specified times for sampling and analysis and were
put on a magnet to allow iron particles to settle down quickly.
Supernatant samples were taken out from vials and filtered
through GF/C filter paper (1.2 µm nominal pore size, What
man, Springfield Mill, England).
2.4 Analytical Procedure
Efficiency of cast iron fillings for the degradation of Orange II
was assessed in terms of decolorization efficiency (%) as
follows:
Degradation efficiency (%) = [1 − At A0]×100% (1)
Where At = absorbance of solution at time‘t’ of treatment,
A0 = absorbance of untreated solution.
3.0 RESULTS & DISCUSSION
3.1 UV-Vis Scan
The UV-vis spectra of Orange II scanned over wavelength
range of 200 to 800 nm is shown in Fig.1. Different
absorbance peaks exhibit different structural units and groups
of the dye molecule.Orange II is characterized by one main
band in visible region, with its maximum absorption at 484
nm, and two bands in ultraviolet region located at 229 nm
and 310.5 nm. These observed peaks correspond to
chromophore containing azo linkage, benzene ring and
naphthalene ring, respectively [16].
Fig.1: UV-Vis spectra of Orange II azo dye
3.2 Effect of Solution pH
Solution pH has been considered as one of the important
factors in governing the reduction of contaminants by
elemental iron, therefore the effect of initial solution pH on the
decolorization of Orange II was studied, and the results are
shown in Fig.2. The degradation efficiency crossed more than
90% within 5 min of treatment.Final Orange II degradation
efficiency after 60 min of treatment was 97.63%,97.11%,
96.97%, 95.14%, 93.95%,for pH 3, pH 4, pH 5, pH 6 and pH
7, respectively. As the solution pH increased decolorization
efficiency decreased.When dye molecule collides with
elemental iron, elemental iron, as an electron donor, loses
electrons, the dye molecule, as an electron acceptor, accepts
electrons, and combines with H+to form a transitional product.
This product receives electrons from elemental iron and
combines with H+ again, finally turning into terminal
products. With more H+ in acid solution than that in alkaline
solution, the reaction in acid solution is easier [17].
nm.
200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00
Abs.
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
229 nm
310.5 nm
484 nm
Wavelength
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 229
pH
3 4 5 6 7
Degradationefficiency(%)
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
5 min
40 min
60 min
Fig.2: Effect of different pH values on degradation of Orange
II dye solution (Initial conditions:cast iron dose=
28.56g/Ll;Orange II conc.=100 mg/L; mixing speed-30 rpm)
3.3 Effect of Initial Dye Concentration
The effect of initial concentrations of Orange II on its
degradation efficiency were evaluated at a concentration range
of 50 mg/L to 500 mg/L using 28.56 mg/L cast iron dosage at
pH 3. As shown in Fig. 3, the degradation efficiencies
achieved after 5 min was decreasing with increasing initial
Orange II concentration, i.e., 97.21, 94.81, 92.48,75.18, 57.07
and 47.63% for initial dye concentrations of 50 mg/L, 100
mg/L, 200 mg/L, 300 mg/L, 400 mg/L and 500 mg/L,
respectively. This suggests that the decolorization is
adsorption controlled process [18]. The final efficiencies were
greater than 95% after 60 min of treatment for all
concentrations of Orange II studied.
Initial dye conc. (mg/L)
0 100 200 300 400 500
Degradationefficiency(%)
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
5 min
40 min
60 min
Fig. 3: Effect of different initial dye concentration on
degradation of Orange II dye solution (Initial conditions: cast
iron dose= 28.56g/L; pH- 3.00; mixing speed-30 rpm)
3.4 Effect of Cast Iron Load
The effect of the cast iron dosage on on Orange II removal
efficiency,shown in Fig. 4, indicates that Orange II
degradation efficiency increased with the increase of the cast
iron load. From the experimental data 54.93%, 75.13%,
96.25%, 96.79% and 96.91% degradation efficiencies within
first 5 min, and96.36, 97.63, 99.42, 99.21 and 99.21%after 60
min by cast iron doses of 7.14g/l, 14.28g/l, 28.56g/l, 42.84g/l
and 57.12g/l, respectively. Increasing the load of cast iron
provided substantially more active surface sites to accelerate
the initial reaction, resulting in more iron surface collision
with more azo dye molecules to enhance Orange II
degradation. However, highest degradation efficiency was
achieved at cast iron dosage of 28.56 g/L. This unusual
precept can be attributed to the fact that the presence of
excessive iron in the acidic solution system could be
detrimental since the final pH of the system could reach higher
values thereby decreasing the degradation rate [19].
Cast iron dose (g/L)
7.14 14.28 21.42 28.56 35.70 42.84 49.98 57.12
Degradationefficiency(%)
50
60
70
80
90
100
5 min
40 min
60 min
Fig. 4: Effect of different cast iron dosage on degradation of
Orange II dye solution (Initial conditions: solution pH -3;
Orange II conc.= 100 mg/L; mixing speed-30 rpm)
3.5 Comparison of Efficiencies of Cast Iron Fillings
and Pure Iron
Table 1 shows the comparative degradation efficiencies of
Orange II using pure elemental iron as reported by Mu et
al.[18], and cast iron fillings reported in this work. Mu et
al.[18] have reported highest degradation efficiency of 90-95%
for 101.5 mg/L Orange II adding 66.6g/L of pure iron after 80
min of reaction time. Whereas in this study greater than 99%
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 230
degradation efficiency could be achieved for 100mg/L Orange
II using fairly low cast iron loading of 28.56 g/L within 60
min of reaction time. Also, the mixing speed was kept 4 times
lower at 30 rpm in this study compared to 120 rpm reported by
Mu et al.[18]. In addition, cast iron fillings showed
significantly higher degradation efficiencies at all pH ranges
studied. This greater ability of cast iron to degrade Orange II
could be attributed to the presence of graphite inclusions
embedded in the iron matrix which serves as anon-reactive
adsorption site[9,20,21]. Thus, adsorption and reduction takes
place simultaneously on cast iron surface.
Table 1: Comparison of degradation efficiency of cast iron and zero valent iron studies
Author Iron type
Dosage
(g/L)
Dye
Mixing
rate
(rpm)
Temp (◦
C)
Reaction
time
(min)
Conc.
(mg/L)
pH Efficiency (%)
Mu et
al.[18]
Micro-ZVI 66.6 Orange II 120 30 80
49
101.5
199.5
101.5
101.5
101.5
101.5
4
4
4
3
5
6
7
< 90
~75
75
90-95
70
60-70
60
This
work
Micron
sized Cast
Iron
28.56
Orange II 30 25±2 60
50
100
200
100
100
100
100
3
3
3
4
5
6
7
>99
>99
>99
97
~97
95
~94
CONCLUSIONS
In this work, the parameters affecting the reductive
degradation of Orange II dye were investigated. Although cast
iron particles were found to be capable of degrading more than
90 % of Orange II at all pH examined within 5 min of
treatment time, optimum degradation efficiency of 97.63%
was achieved at pH 3 after 60 min. More than 50% dye
degradation was achieved at all cast iron dosages within 5 min
and the efficiencies exceeded 90% at all dosages after 40 min.
At all the initial Orange II dye concentration studied, more
than 95% degradation efficiencies could be achieved using
cast iron dosage of 28.56 g/L. This indicates that cast iron can
be effective even at the wide range of dye concentration in
textile effluent. Comparative assessment of degradation
efficiencies of cast iron and pure elemental iron reveals greater
capability of cast iron to treat dye containing wastewater.Apart
from the experimental results, the fact that cast iron is
available at a fraction of the cost of the high purity iron makes
it a more ideal cost effective alternative for practical treatment
applications.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors heartily acknowledge Technical Education
Quality Improvement Programme Phase II (TEQIP II), ISM,
Dhanbad, for providing all necessary assistance for completion
of this research work.
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