- The document experimentally investigates and optimizes welding parameters for TIG welding of 7005 aluminium alloy. TIG welding was used to weld 5mm thick 7005 aluminium alloy plates while varying the welding parameters.
- Welding current, gas flow rate, welding speed, and electrode gap were selected as input parameters to study their effect on the tensile strength and hardness of the welded joints, which were selected as output responses.
- An L9 orthogonal array based on Taguchi methods was used to design the welding experiments. The experiments analyzed the effect of parameters on tensile strength and hardness using signal-to-noise ratios. Welding current was found to have the greatest influence on tensile
DEVELOPMENT AND TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DUAL PARTICLE AND TRIPLE PAR...ijmech
The this work the study on hardness and wear behaviour of dual particle and triple particle size Alumina (Al2O3) reinforced aluminium alloy based metal matrix composite (Al2O3-Al MMC) was carried out. AlMMCs were prepared using 10 vol% Al2O3 reinforcement into aluminium metal matrix and developed using stir casting process. Stir casting is a most suitable process for the production of particulate MMC in which the reinforcement is introduced in to the molten matrix material with simultaneous stirring. The reinforcement in the range of particle size with Dual particle and Triple particle at 10% olume fraction with range from coarse to fine size were used (210µ, 180µ, 80µ & 10µ).The hardness of the composite was
determined by Vickers hardness tester and Brinell Hardness Tester. Tensile strength was determined by Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The wear rate was found by pin-on-disc type wear testing machine with steel disc of 60HRC hardness in dry sliding condition. Wear test was conducted on all the samples
at speeds of 300,600 and 900 rpm by varying the load (2kg, 4kg, 6kg & 8kg) at a constant sliding distance of 55mm. The wear track studies were carried out by optical microscope .The test results showed that Dual particle composite and triple particle composite exhibited better hardness compared to as cast AL- 7075. Strength of Triple particle reinforced MMC was found to be higher than that of dual particle reinforced composite material. The wear resistance properties of dual particle MMC was higher compared to triple particle reinforced MMC. The secondary process will further enhances the wear resistance of the composite and also that heat treatment will promote the wear resistance.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash and Alumina Reinforced Aluminium ...IOSR Journals
The results of an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of fly ash and Alumina
reinforced aluminium alloy (LM25) composites samples, processed by stir casting route are reported in this
paper. Three sets of composites with constant weight fraction of fly ash (particle size of 3-100 μm) and
Al2O3(particle size of 150 μm) with different wt% were used. Composite samples have the reinforcement weight
fractions of constant 3% fly Ash and varying %wt of 5, 10 and 15% Al2O3 . The main mechanical properties
studied were the tensile strength,ductilityimpact strength & hardness. Unreinforced LM25 samples were also
tested for the same properties. It was found that the tensile strength & hardness of the aluminium alloy (Lm25)
composites increases with the increase in %wt of Al2O3 upto certain limit. in addition of more amount of
reinforcement the Tensile strength decrease due to poor wettability of the reinforced material with metal
aluminium matrix .And the charpy test shows decrease in impact load absorption with increase in %weight
reinforcement.The Microstructure study of the samples indicated near uniform distribution of the fly ash and
Al2O3 particles in the matrix. LM25 alloy is mainly used where good mechanical properties are required in
castings of a shape or dimensions requiring an alloy of excellent castability in order to achieve the desired
standard of soundness.The alloy is also used where resistance to corrosion is an important consideration
particularly where highstrength is also required.
DEVELOPMENT AND TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DUAL PARTICLE AND TRIPLE PAR...ijmech
The this work the study on hardness and wear behaviour of dual particle and triple particle size Alumina (Al2O3) reinforced aluminium alloy based metal matrix composite (Al2O3-Al MMC) was carried out. AlMMCs were prepared using 10 vol% Al2O3 reinforcement into aluminium metal matrix and developed using stir casting process. Stir casting is a most suitable process for the production of particulate MMC in which the reinforcement is introduced in to the molten matrix material with simultaneous stirring. The reinforcement in the range of particle size with Dual particle and Triple particle at 10% olume fraction with range from coarse to fine size were used (210µ, 180µ, 80µ & 10µ).The hardness of the composite was
determined by Vickers hardness tester and Brinell Hardness Tester. Tensile strength was determined by Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The wear rate was found by pin-on-disc type wear testing machine with steel disc of 60HRC hardness in dry sliding condition. Wear test was conducted on all the samples
at speeds of 300,600 and 900 rpm by varying the load (2kg, 4kg, 6kg & 8kg) at a constant sliding distance of 55mm. The wear track studies were carried out by optical microscope .The test results showed that Dual particle composite and triple particle composite exhibited better hardness compared to as cast AL- 7075. Strength of Triple particle reinforced MMC was found to be higher than that of dual particle reinforced composite material. The wear resistance properties of dual particle MMC was higher compared to triple particle reinforced MMC. The secondary process will further enhances the wear resistance of the composite and also that heat treatment will promote the wear resistance.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash and Alumina Reinforced Aluminium ...IOSR Journals
The results of an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of fly ash and Alumina
reinforced aluminium alloy (LM25) composites samples, processed by stir casting route are reported in this
paper. Three sets of composites with constant weight fraction of fly ash (particle size of 3-100 μm) and
Al2O3(particle size of 150 μm) with different wt% were used. Composite samples have the reinforcement weight
fractions of constant 3% fly Ash and varying %wt of 5, 10 and 15% Al2O3 . The main mechanical properties
studied were the tensile strength,ductilityimpact strength & hardness. Unreinforced LM25 samples were also
tested for the same properties. It was found that the tensile strength & hardness of the aluminium alloy (Lm25)
composites increases with the increase in %wt of Al2O3 upto certain limit. in addition of more amount of
reinforcement the Tensile strength decrease due to poor wettability of the reinforced material with metal
aluminium matrix .And the charpy test shows decrease in impact load absorption with increase in %weight
reinforcement.The Microstructure study of the samples indicated near uniform distribution of the fly ash and
Al2O3 particles in the matrix. LM25 alloy is mainly used where good mechanical properties are required in
castings of a shape or dimensions requiring an alloy of excellent castability in order to achieve the desired
standard of soundness.The alloy is also used where resistance to corrosion is an important consideration
particularly where highstrength is also required.
FRACTOGRAPHY OF CRYOGENIC CHILL CASTED ASTM A 494 M GRADE NICKEL ALLOY METAL ...IAEME Publication
ASTM A 494 M grade Ni–Garnet composites containing four different weight percentages 3%, 6%,9% and 12% of Garnet samples have been fabricated by using cryogenically cooled copper chill stir
casting method. Effects of volume percent of Garnet particles on tensile strength, and fracture surfacesof Nickel Garnet composites have been investigated. The highest tensile strength was achieved in the specimen containing 9 Wt. % garnet produced with 25 mm chill thickness which shows an increase of14% in comparison to the no chill cast reinforced alloy. Microscopic investigations of fracture surfacesrevealed that fracture in a brittle manner with little or no necking happening. By increasing garnetcontent and chill thickness, the composites fracture goes in a more severely brittle manner. The fracturebehavior of the composites was altered significantly by the presence of garnet particles and the crack
propagation through the matrix and the reinforcing particle clusters resulted in the final fracture.
Surface hybrid nanocomposites via friction stir processingmohammed noor
Friction stir Processing (FSP) is a new innovative technology developed based on the principle of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) technique.
In FSP, the ceramic particulates are reinforced into the base metal by adding it into the groove and Friction Stir Processing (FSP) is performed.
In this study, the aluminum alloy 6061 is chosen as the base metal, alumina and graphite Nano powder as reinforcement.
The process parameters such traverse speed of 64 mm/min and the tool rotational speed of 1060 rpm and tilt angle of 2deg were selected, The Friction Powder Processing was carried out on vertical milling machine.
New parameters such as powder type and number of passes were involved and we also study the effect of heat treatment.
The influence of FSP was checked using some tests such as the microstructure analysis that was carried out using optical microscope (OM) and the mechanical characteristics were analyzed using tensile test and hardness test.
The micrograph results revealed that powder particulates were evenly distributed in the stir zone and reduction in grain size also observed; the reason for the grain size reduction was stirring action of the FPP tool’s pin.
The tensile strength results showed a significant improvement in strength by a percent of
50% compared to base metal but when T6 heat treatment is applied, the tensile strength decreased.
Experimental Investigations on Tribiological Properties of 6061-T6 Al Alloy b...IJAEMSJORNAL
Microstructure and tribological properties of Al-TiB2 nano surface composite fabricated by Friction Stir Processing (FSP) were evaluated. To vary the percentage of TiB2 three different slot thickness viz. 1mm, 1.5 mm and 2mm were considered. Microstructural evaluations showed a nearly uniform distribution of TiB2 in the aluminium matrix after FSP with the addition of composite powder. Microhardness test results shoes FSW of Al6061-T6 alloy with 2mm groove width has more hardness. tribological properties were evaluated at two different sliding velocities 0.314m/s and 0.48m/s and results shows that at lower loads there is no much difference in wear rate of surface composite made with different slot sizes but with increase in load and sliding velocity wear rate was increased , however, larger slot Al6061-TiB2 Surface composites show better wear resistance.
Studies on Al8081-B4C Metal Matrix Composites Fabricated by Stir Casting MethodIJMER
Aluminium MMCs are preferred in the fields of aerospace, military, automotive, marine and
in many other domestic applications. In the present work, an attempt has been made to develop and
study the, Mechanical properties of Al-8081/B4C reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites. The
composite was prepared by using Liquid Metallurgy Route (Stir Casting Technique). Liquid state has
some important advantages such as better matrix particle bonding, easier control of matrix structure,
simplicity, low cost of processing, nearer to net shape and wide selection of material. Al-8081 alloy
was taken as the base matrix to which B4C particulates are used as reinforcements. Al8081-B4C
composites were prepared by varying weight percentage of B4C i.e 0 to 6 %, in steps of two. The
objective is to study the effect of B4C particulates on mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile
strength, yield strength and hardness of Al8081 alloy composites. The results of this study revealed
that, as the B4C content was increased, there were significant increases in the ultimate tensile strength,
yield strength and hardness in the composites as compared to the base matrix
Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Rheocat Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg AlloyDr. Manal Abdullatif
In this study, the effect of improved microstructure of Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg alloys by using semisolid process on hardness and dry sliding wear behaviour were investigated. The microstructures of conventional cast alloy were totally dendritic, while in rheocasting the dendrit-ic transfer to fine globular microstructures after using cooling slope casting. Tribological tests were carried out by using a pin-on-disc apparatus in dry sliding conditions. Wear tests were at low sliding speed 1ms-1 ,applied load at 50N and three different sliding distance (i.e., 1.8Km, 5.4Km and 9Km) respectively. An optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope were used to examine the micro-structure and to understand the wear mechanism on the worn surface of both samples. The results showed that, the wear resistance of rheocast alloy was improved and higher than that those produce by conventional casting. The volume loss of rheocast alloy show reduc-tion more than 18% at 1.8Km and 10% at 9Km compared to as-cast alloy. Moderate wear regimes were appeared in both alloys, accord-ing to the range of wear rate. The friction coefficient had increased due to increase in the contact point between pin and disc materials. The dominant wear mechanism for conventional and rheocasting alloys was adhesion wear and abrasive wear respectively.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A356 BASED COMPO...sathish sak
Recently friction stir processing (FSP) has emerged as an effective tool for enhancing sheet metal properties through microstructure modification. Significant grain refinement and homogenization can be achieved in a single FSP pass leading to improved formability, especially at elevated temperatures.
FSP is a solid-state process where the material within the processed zone undergoes intense plastic deformation resulting in dynamically recrystallized grain structure.
Most of the research conducted on FSP focuses on aluminum alloys. Despite the potential weight reduction that can be achieved using Titanium dioxide(B4C) alloys.
In this work, we examine the possibility of using FSP to modify the microstructure and properties of commercial A356-B4C alloy particles. The effect of various process parameters on thermal histories, resulting microstructure and properties to be investigated.
Agglomeration of Ferroalloy Fines for use in Bulk Steelmaking ProcessesPRABHASH GOKARN
International Paper Published in STEEL TECH (ISSN 0976-4232) Vol:7 No:3 in April 2013
Ferroalloys are added as deoxidizing agents and additives to increase strength, elasticity and abrasion & corrosion resistance of steel. The preferred size of ferroalloy lumps for steel making is 10mm – 80 mm to optimize the operational efficiency. Ferroalloy lumps are produced by manual breaking of casted alloy cakes which generates 5-10% fines which cannot be used in bulk steel making process (like the commonly used LD process) because of handing and operational difficulties. Therefore, we at Tata Steel developed an agglomeration process for ferroalloy fines and used the briquettes thus produced for making steel. The developed process described in the paper is an economic, environment friendly and efficient way to utilize the ferroalloy fines in steel making.
Manufacturing of Surface Composite Al6351/SIC Using Friction Stir ProcessingIJSRD
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a relatively new solid-state joining process. This joining technique is energy efficient, environment friendly, and versatile. In particular, it can be used to join high-strength aerospace aluminum alloys and other metallic alloys that are hard to weld by conventional fusion welding. FSW is considered to be the most significant development in metal joining in a decade. Recently, friction stir processing (FSP) was developed for microstructural modification of metallic materials. In this study, SiC particles and Methanol paste were incorporated by using Friction Stir Processing (FSP) into the 6351 aluminum alloy to form particulate composite materials. Samples were subjected to traverse speeds of the FSP tool with and without Paste (SiC+ Methanol). Microstructural observations were carried out by employing optical microscopy of the modified surfaces. For the 100% overlapping, No. of passes caused grain modification in the processed zone.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
FRACTOGRAPHY OF CRYOGENIC CHILL CASTED ASTM A 494 M GRADE NICKEL ALLOY METAL ...IAEME Publication
ASTM A 494 M grade Ni–Garnet composites containing four different weight percentages 3%, 6%,9% and 12% of Garnet samples have been fabricated by using cryogenically cooled copper chill stir
casting method. Effects of volume percent of Garnet particles on tensile strength, and fracture surfacesof Nickel Garnet composites have been investigated. The highest tensile strength was achieved in the specimen containing 9 Wt. % garnet produced with 25 mm chill thickness which shows an increase of14% in comparison to the no chill cast reinforced alloy. Microscopic investigations of fracture surfacesrevealed that fracture in a brittle manner with little or no necking happening. By increasing garnetcontent and chill thickness, the composites fracture goes in a more severely brittle manner. The fracturebehavior of the composites was altered significantly by the presence of garnet particles and the crack
propagation through the matrix and the reinforcing particle clusters resulted in the final fracture.
Surface hybrid nanocomposites via friction stir processingmohammed noor
Friction stir Processing (FSP) is a new innovative technology developed based on the principle of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) technique.
In FSP, the ceramic particulates are reinforced into the base metal by adding it into the groove and Friction Stir Processing (FSP) is performed.
In this study, the aluminum alloy 6061 is chosen as the base metal, alumina and graphite Nano powder as reinforcement.
The process parameters such traverse speed of 64 mm/min and the tool rotational speed of 1060 rpm and tilt angle of 2deg were selected, The Friction Powder Processing was carried out on vertical milling machine.
New parameters such as powder type and number of passes were involved and we also study the effect of heat treatment.
The influence of FSP was checked using some tests such as the microstructure analysis that was carried out using optical microscope (OM) and the mechanical characteristics were analyzed using tensile test and hardness test.
The micrograph results revealed that powder particulates were evenly distributed in the stir zone and reduction in grain size also observed; the reason for the grain size reduction was stirring action of the FPP tool’s pin.
The tensile strength results showed a significant improvement in strength by a percent of
50% compared to base metal but when T6 heat treatment is applied, the tensile strength decreased.
Experimental Investigations on Tribiological Properties of 6061-T6 Al Alloy b...IJAEMSJORNAL
Microstructure and tribological properties of Al-TiB2 nano surface composite fabricated by Friction Stir Processing (FSP) were evaluated. To vary the percentage of TiB2 three different slot thickness viz. 1mm, 1.5 mm and 2mm were considered. Microstructural evaluations showed a nearly uniform distribution of TiB2 in the aluminium matrix after FSP with the addition of composite powder. Microhardness test results shoes FSW of Al6061-T6 alloy with 2mm groove width has more hardness. tribological properties were evaluated at two different sliding velocities 0.314m/s and 0.48m/s and results shows that at lower loads there is no much difference in wear rate of surface composite made with different slot sizes but with increase in load and sliding velocity wear rate was increased , however, larger slot Al6061-TiB2 Surface composites show better wear resistance.
Studies on Al8081-B4C Metal Matrix Composites Fabricated by Stir Casting MethodIJMER
Aluminium MMCs are preferred in the fields of aerospace, military, automotive, marine and
in many other domestic applications. In the present work, an attempt has been made to develop and
study the, Mechanical properties of Al-8081/B4C reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites. The
composite was prepared by using Liquid Metallurgy Route (Stir Casting Technique). Liquid state has
some important advantages such as better matrix particle bonding, easier control of matrix structure,
simplicity, low cost of processing, nearer to net shape and wide selection of material. Al-8081 alloy
was taken as the base matrix to which B4C particulates are used as reinforcements. Al8081-B4C
composites were prepared by varying weight percentage of B4C i.e 0 to 6 %, in steps of two. The
objective is to study the effect of B4C particulates on mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile
strength, yield strength and hardness of Al8081 alloy composites. The results of this study revealed
that, as the B4C content was increased, there were significant increases in the ultimate tensile strength,
yield strength and hardness in the composites as compared to the base matrix
Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Rheocat Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg AlloyDr. Manal Abdullatif
In this study, the effect of improved microstructure of Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg alloys by using semisolid process on hardness and dry sliding wear behaviour were investigated. The microstructures of conventional cast alloy were totally dendritic, while in rheocasting the dendrit-ic transfer to fine globular microstructures after using cooling slope casting. Tribological tests were carried out by using a pin-on-disc apparatus in dry sliding conditions. Wear tests were at low sliding speed 1ms-1 ,applied load at 50N and three different sliding distance (i.e., 1.8Km, 5.4Km and 9Km) respectively. An optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope were used to examine the micro-structure and to understand the wear mechanism on the worn surface of both samples. The results showed that, the wear resistance of rheocast alloy was improved and higher than that those produce by conventional casting. The volume loss of rheocast alloy show reduc-tion more than 18% at 1.8Km and 10% at 9Km compared to as-cast alloy. Moderate wear regimes were appeared in both alloys, accord-ing to the range of wear rate. The friction coefficient had increased due to increase in the contact point between pin and disc materials. The dominant wear mechanism for conventional and rheocasting alloys was adhesion wear and abrasive wear respectively.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A356 BASED COMPO...sathish sak
Recently friction stir processing (FSP) has emerged as an effective tool for enhancing sheet metal properties through microstructure modification. Significant grain refinement and homogenization can be achieved in a single FSP pass leading to improved formability, especially at elevated temperatures.
FSP is a solid-state process where the material within the processed zone undergoes intense plastic deformation resulting in dynamically recrystallized grain structure.
Most of the research conducted on FSP focuses on aluminum alloys. Despite the potential weight reduction that can be achieved using Titanium dioxide(B4C) alloys.
In this work, we examine the possibility of using FSP to modify the microstructure and properties of commercial A356-B4C alloy particles. The effect of various process parameters on thermal histories, resulting microstructure and properties to be investigated.
Agglomeration of Ferroalloy Fines for use in Bulk Steelmaking ProcessesPRABHASH GOKARN
International Paper Published in STEEL TECH (ISSN 0976-4232) Vol:7 No:3 in April 2013
Ferroalloys are added as deoxidizing agents and additives to increase strength, elasticity and abrasion & corrosion resistance of steel. The preferred size of ferroalloy lumps for steel making is 10mm – 80 mm to optimize the operational efficiency. Ferroalloy lumps are produced by manual breaking of casted alloy cakes which generates 5-10% fines which cannot be used in bulk steel making process (like the commonly used LD process) because of handing and operational difficulties. Therefore, we at Tata Steel developed an agglomeration process for ferroalloy fines and used the briquettes thus produced for making steel. The developed process described in the paper is an economic, environment friendly and efficient way to utilize the ferroalloy fines in steel making.
Manufacturing of Surface Composite Al6351/SIC Using Friction Stir ProcessingIJSRD
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a relatively new solid-state joining process. This joining technique is energy efficient, environment friendly, and versatile. In particular, it can be used to join high-strength aerospace aluminum alloys and other metallic alloys that are hard to weld by conventional fusion welding. FSW is considered to be the most significant development in metal joining in a decade. Recently, friction stir processing (FSP) was developed for microstructural modification of metallic materials. In this study, SiC particles and Methanol paste were incorporated by using Friction Stir Processing (FSP) into the 6351 aluminum alloy to form particulate composite materials. Samples were subjected to traverse speeds of the FSP tool with and without Paste (SiC+ Methanol). Microstructural observations were carried out by employing optical microscopy of the modified surfaces. For the 100% overlapping, No. of passes caused grain modification in the processed zone.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Interfacing of Java 3D objects for Virtual Physics Lab (VPLab) Setup for enco...IOSR Journals
During this paper we target the combination of web accessible physics experiments (VPLabs) combined with the Sun’s toolkit for making cooperative 3D virtual worlds. Among such a cooperative setting these tools give the chance for academics and students to figure along as avatars as they control actual instrumentation, visualize natural phenomenon generated by the experiment, and discuss the results. Especially we'll define the steps of integration, future goals, yet because the price of a collaboration area in Wonderland's virtual world.
Fluorescence quenching of 5-methyl-2-phenylindole (MPI) by carbon tetrachlori...IOSR Journals
The fluorescence quenching of 5-methyl-2-phenylindole (MPI) by carbon tetrachloride by steady state in different solvents, and by transient method in benzene has been carried out at room temperature. The Stern–Volmer (SV) plot has been found to be non-linear with a positive deviation for all the solvents studied. In order to interpret these results we have invoked the ground state complex and sphere of action static quenching models. Using these models various rate parameters have been determined. The magnitudes of these parameters imply that sphere of action static quenching model agrees well with the experimental results. Hence the positive deviation in the SV plots is attributed to the static and dynamic quenching. Further, from the studies of temperature dependence of rate parameters and lifetime measurements, it could be explained that the positive deviation is due to the presence of a small static quenching component in the overall dynamic quenching. With the use of finite sink approximation model, it was possible to check whether these bimolecular reactions as diffusion limited and to estimate independently distance parameter R′ and mutual diffusion coefficient D. Finally an effort has been made to correlate the values of R′ and D with the values of the encounter distance R and the mutual diffusion coefficient D determined using the Edward's empirical relation and Stokes–Einstein relation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Parametric Optimization on MIG Welded EN8 Material Joints by using Taguchi Me...ijsrd.com
Welding is a manufacturing process, which is carried out for joining of metals. By MIG Welding it is possible to weld in all positions. Optimization of the parameter will be carried out by Taguchi method. We will use EN-8 material which is more use in Automobile parts. EN8 plate with dimensions 250mm x 125mm x 6mm with V- Groove 650.Where the input parameters are welding current, Wire feed and gas flow rate and output parameters are tensile strength and Hardness.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Determination of Significant Process Parameter in Metal Inert Gas Welding of ...IJERA Editor
The aim of present study is to determine the most significant input parameter such as welding current, arc
voltage and root gap during the Metal Inert Gas Welding (MIG) of Mild Steel 1018 grade by Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA). The hardness and tensile strength of weld specimen are investigated in this study. The
selected three input parameters were varied at three levels. On the analogy, nine experiments were performed
based on L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi’s methodology, which consist three input parameters. Root gap has
greatest effect on tensile strength followed by welding current and arc voltage. Arc voltage has greatest effect on
hardness followed by root gap and welding current. Weld metal consists of fine grains of ferrite and pearlite.
Optimization of tungsten inert gas welding on 6063 aluminum alloy on taguchi ...RSIS International
In this paper, the Taguchi method is used for the
Optimization of Tungsten Inert Gas Welding on 6063
Aluminum Alloy. The Taguchi method L27 is used to
optimize the pulsed TIG welding process parameters of 6063
aluminum alloy weldments for maximizing the mechanical
properties. Analysis of Variance is used to find the impact of
individual factors. Then the optimal parameters of the TIG
welding process is determined and the experimental results
illustrate the proposed approach.
Study of mechanical properties in mild steel using metal inert gas weldingeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The selection of optimal cutting parameters in turning operation is very important to
achieve high cutting performance. This paper deals with the optimization of performance
characteristics of turning EN-16 steel alloy using tungsten carbide inserts by Taguchi approach. The
experiments were performed on the basis of an L-18 orthogonal array given by Taguchi’s parameter
design approach. The performance characteristics such as thrust force and Material Removal Rate
(MRR) are optimized with the optimal combination of cutting parameters such as nose radius,
cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is applied to identify the
most significant factor using MINITAB-16 software. The cutting parameters are varied to observe
the effects on performance characteristics and find the optimal results. Finally, confirmation tests are
performed to verify the experimental results. The results from the confirmation tests proved that the
performance characteristics such as thrust force and MRR are improved simultaneously through
optimal combination of process parameters obtained from Taguchi approach
Effect of Process Parameters of Friction Stir Welded Joint for Similar Alumin...IJERA Editor
In this paper the effect of process parameters of friction stir welded joint for similar aluminium alloys H30 was studied. Taper cylindrical with three flutes all made of High speed steel was used for the friction stir welding (FSW) aluminium alloy H30 and the tensile test of the welded joint were tested by universal testing method. The optimization done using detailed mathematical model is simulated by Minitab17. In this investigation, an effective approach based on Taguchi method, has been developed to determine the optimum conditions leading to higher tensile strength. Experiments were conducted on varying rotational speed, transverse speed, and axial force using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi method. The present study aims at optimizing process parameters to achieve high tensile strength.
Effect of Process Parameters of Friction Stir Welded Joint for Similar Alumin...IJERA Editor
In this paper the effect of process parameters of friction stir welded joint for similar aluminium alloys H30 was studied. Taper cylindrical with three flutes all made of High speed steel was used for the friction stir welding (FSW) aluminium alloy H30 and the tensile test of the welded joint were tested by universal testing method. The optimization done using detailed mathematical model is simulated by Minitab17. In this investigation, an effective approach based on Taguchi method, has been developed to determine the optimum conditions leading to higher tensile strength. Experiments were conducted on varying rotational speed, transverse speed, and axial force using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi method. The present study aims at optimizing process parameters to achieve high tensile strength.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
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J1302024854
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 13, Issue 2 Ver. II (Mar. - Apr. 2016), PP 48-54
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1302024854 www.iosrjournals.org 48 | Page
‘Experimental Investigation And Optimization Of Welding
Parameters On Tig Welding Of 7005 Aluminium Alloy’.
Pankaj C. Patil1
, Mr. Rahul D. Shelke2
1
(Mechanical Engineering, ECE & T, Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India)
2
(Principal, Mechanical Engineering, ECE & T, Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India)
Abstract: Aluminium alloys are alloys in which aluminium is the predominant metal. TIG welding process is
used to analyzed the data and evaluate the influence of input parameters on tensile strength and hardness of
aluminium specimen .Welding current, gas flow rate and welding speed are the input parameters which affect
output responses of aluminium welded joints .7005 AL alloy are alloy are alloyed with zinc and have highest
strength of any easy weldable aluminium alloy. 7005 aluminium alloy is relatively soft, easily machined,
durable, recycle, light weight, ductile and malleable metal with appearance silvery. It is non magnetic and does
not easily ignite. In this work to perform welding of 5 mm thickness 7005 aluminium alloy plate, TIG welding
setup will use. Welding of the 7005 AA plate will do by changing the welding parameters. Effect of welding
parameters on the tensile strength and hardness of weld joint will analyze.
Keywords: Aluminium alloy 7005, hardness, Minitab 14 software.TIG welding, Taguchi method, tensile
strength.
I. Introduction
Welding is a permanent joining process used to join different materials like metals, alloys or plastics,
together at their contacting surfaces by application of heat and or pressure. During welding, the work-pieces to
be joined are melted at the interface and after solidification a permanent joint can be achieved. Sometimes a
filler material is added to form a weld pool of molten material which after solidification gives a strong bond
between the materials. Weld ability of a material depends on different factors like the metallurgical changes that
occur during welding, changes in hardness in weld zone due to rapid solidification, extent of oxidation due to
reaction of materials with atmospheric oxygen and tendency of crack formation in the joint position.
TIG welding was, like MIG/MAG developed during 1940 at the start of the Second World War. TIG’s
development came about to help in the welding of difficult types of material, eg aluminium and magnesium. The
use of TIG today has spread to a variety of metals like stainless mild and high tensile steels. GTAW is most
commonly called TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas). The properties of 5356 AA and 7005 aluminium alloy are as
follow:
Table 1. Chemical properties of 7005 aluminium alloy
Alloy Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ti Zr Al
7005 ≤0.35 ≤0.40 ≤0.10 0.20-
0.70
1.0-
1.8
0.06-
0.20
4.0-
5.0
0.010-
0.060
0.080-
0.20
Remainder
Table 2. Physical properties of 7005 aluminium alloy
Alloy Phase Atomic
Number
Standard atomic
weight of Al
Appear-
ance
Melting
point
Boiling
point
Density Specific mass
7005 Solid 13 26.9815 Silvery 532o
C -
635o
C
2470o
C 2.375
gm/cm3
960 J/Kg-K
Table 3. Chemical properties of 5356 aluminium alloy
Alloy Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ti Al
5356 0.25 0.40 0.10 0.050-
0.20
4.50-5.50 0.050-0.20 0.1 0.060-
0.20
Remaind
er
The mechanical properties of 7005 aluminium alloys are as follow:
I Lightness, II Corrosion resistance, III Suitability for surface treatments, IV Ease of use, V Recycling
2. Experimental Investigation And Optimization Of Welding Parameters On Tig Welding Of 7005...
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1302024854 www.iosrjournals.org 49 | Page
Fig.1 Specimen with double V groove joint
II. Taguchi Method For Optimization Of Process Parameters
Taguchi method is a systematic application of design and analysis of experiments for the purpose of
designing. Optimization of process parameters is key step in Taguchi method to achieving high quality without
increasing cost. The Taguchi method uses a special orthogonal array to study all the designed factors to
minimum experiment levels. In orthogonal array each factor is independently evaluated and the effect of one
factor does not interface with another factor.
Table 4. Steps of Taguchi method
1 Identify the important process parameters.
2 Finding the levels of process control parameters.
3 Selection of experimental design matrix.
4 Conducting experiment as per design.
5 Recording responses and evaluating the signal to noise ratio.
6 Analysis of variance (ANOVA).
7 Selection of the optimum level of the factors
8 Confirming experiment
The orthogonal array experimental design method with L9 (34
) is used to determine experimental plan.
The L9 (34
) means that to investigate 4 factors on a qualitative index with 3 levels of each factor. Totally nine
experiments were conducted. For this most influencing four different process parameters welding current, arc
gap, travel speed and gas flow rate are selected. Taguchi method recommends the signal to noise ratio (S/N)
ratio, which is a performance characteristic, instead of average value. S/N ratio is used to determine optimal
conditions of experimental results. There rate three S/N ratios commonly used for optimization of statistical
problems i.e. nominal is better (NB), higher is better (HB) & lower is better (LB). The larger S/N ratio
represents the better performance characteristic. The mean S/N ratio at each level of experiments for various
factors was calculated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicates which process parameter is statistically
significant.
III. Experimental Work
The metal used in this experimental study is 7005 aluminium alloy plate of 5 mm thickness. The plate
is cut into eighteen specimens of size 130×30×5 mm and cleaned to remove dust, dirt etc. The welded joint
selection and preparation plays very important role in welding process, in this double V welded groove of butt
joint preferred. The following welding specifications are used for the welding of specimens.
Shielding gas Argon
Electrode diameter 3/32”
Joint design Butt joint
Root gap 0 mm
Filler material 5356 AA
Filler material diameter 1.5-2.4 mm
Welding voltage 50-100 volts
Power source AC power source
Electrode angle 70° from welding bead axis to welding torch axis
Welding groove Double V welded groove
Oxide flux powder SiO2 along with acetone
Fig.2 Filler rod
3. Experimental Investigation And Optimization Of Welding Parameters On Tig Welding Of 7005...
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1302024854 www.iosrjournals.org 50 | Page
Fig.3 Aluminium alloy 7005 specimens
3.1 Taguchi design of experiment
As per Taguchi design of experiment four process parameters each having three different levels was
selected for welding.
Table 5. Levels of process parameters
Process Parameters
Original Level Coded Level
Low Medium High Low Medium High
Electrode Gap (mm) 1 2 3 1 2 3
Welding Speed (mm/sec) 4 5 6 1 2 3
Welding Current (amp) 130 140 150 1 2 3
Gas flow rate(lit/min) 8 9 10 1 2 3
In this study, an L9 (34
) orthogonal array with 4 columns and 9 rows was used. This array can handle
three level process parameters. Nine experiments were necessary using this orthogonal array. In order to
evaluate the influence of each selected parameter on the responses, the S/N ratios and means. The experiments
were conducted by using process parameters given in table 6 of design of experiment
.
Table 6. Taguchi design of experiment
Trial
No.
Parameters/Factors
Electrode gap (mm) Welding speed (mm/sec) Welding current (amp) Gas flow rate (lit/min)
Original
value
Coded
value
Original
value
Coded
value
Original
value
Coded
value
Original
value
Coded
value
1 1 1 4 1 130 1 8 1
2 1 1 5 2 140 2 9 2
3 1 1 6 3 150 3 10 3
4 2 2 5 1 130 2 10 3
5 2 2 6 2 140 3 8 1
6 2 2 4 3 150 1 9 2
7 3 3 6 1 130 3 9 2
8 3 3 4 2 140 1 10 3
9 3 3 5 3 150 2 8 1
IV. Results And Discussion (For Tensile Strength)
Fig.4 Specimen (tensile testing)
4.1 Evaluation of SN ratio
The tensile strength of specimens is calculated after testing it on servo hydraulic UTM machine having
40 Tones of capacity. All the specimens are fails at weld section because it is weaker than base metal. Signal to
noise ratio represents the desirable and undesirable values for the output characteristics, respectively. The
Taguchi method uses S/N ratio to measure the quality characteristics deviating from desired values. The S/N
ratio calculated from Minitab 15 software differs for different quality characteristics. In the present study tensile
strength of weld specimen is response value, there for higher is a better characteristic are chosen for analysis.
4. Experimental Investigation And Optimization Of Welding Parameters On Tig Welding Of 7005...
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1302024854 www.iosrjournals.org 51 | Page
Higher is better, S/N ratio = -10log10 [ ]
Where, Yi represents the experimentally observed value of the ith
experiment,
n is the number of repetition for an experimental combination.
Table7. Experimental results and SN ratio
Trial
No.
Electrode
gap (mm)
Welding speed
(mm/sec)
Welding
Current (amp)
Gas flow rate
(lit/min)
Tensile
Strength (MPa)
S/N
ratio
1 1 4 130 8 347 50.8066
2 1 5 140 9 352 50.9308
3 1 6 150 10 356 51.0289
4 2 4 140 10 344 50.7312
5 2 5 150 8 355 51.0046
6 2 6 130 9 348 50.8316
7 3 4 150 9 354 50.9800
8 3 5 130 10 340 50.6295
9 3 6 140 8 351 50.9061
MeanofSNratios
321
51.0
50.9
50.8
16013075
200170140
51.0
50.9
50.8
13107
ELECTRODE GAP TRAVEL SPEED
CURRENT GAS FLOW RATE
Main Effects Plot (data means) for SN ratios
Signal-to-noise: Larger is better
Fig.5 Main effect plot for SN ratio.
It is observed from the main effect plot data that as electrode gap increases from 1mm to 3mm, tensile
strength decreases for all level of samples. If welding torch travel speed from 4 to 6 mm/sec there is gradually
increase in S/N ratio and after that from 5 to 6 mm/sec rapidly increase in S/N ratio. The range of S/N ratio
values has maximum range for welding current. For welding current increase in value, observed incresase in
S/N ratio. Gas flow rate increases from 8 to 9 lit/min there is smoothly increase in S/N ratio and for 9 to 10
lit/min there is rapidly decrease in S/N ratio. It is due to fact that as gas flow rate increases then oxide flux
moves away from torch because of low density. It must be necessary that oxide flux will be in contact of base
metal. The optimum values of process parameters to increase the tensile strength of weld specimens are 1 mm
electrode gap; 6 mm/sec travel speed, 150 A welding current and 9 lit/min gas flow rate.
The response tables 6 shows the average of each response characteristic (S/N ratios) for each level of
each factor. The tables include ranks based on Delta statistics, which compare the relative magnitude of effects.
The Delta statistic is the highest minus the lowest average for each factor. Minitab assigns ranks based on Delta
values; rank 1 to the highest Delta value, rank 2 to the second highest, and so on. Use the level averages in the
response tables to determine which level of each factor provides the best result.
Table8. S/N response table for mean
Notation Process Parameters Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Delta Rank
A Electrode Gap (mm) 50.92 50.86 50.84 0.08 3
B Welding Speed (mm/sec) 50.84 50.85 50.92 0.08 4
C Welding Current (amp) 50.76 50.86 51.00 0.25 1
D Gas flow rate(lit/min) 50.91 50.91 50.80 0.12 2
4.2 Analysis of variance
The analysis of variance was carried out at 95% confidence level. The main purpose of ANOVA is to
investigate the influence of the designed process parameters on Tensile strength by indicating that, which
parameter is significantly affected the response. This is accomplished by separating the total variability of the
S/N Ratios, which is measured by the sum of squared deviations from the total mean of the S/N ratio, into
contributions by each welding process parameter and the error. The percentage contribution by each of the
welding process parameters in the total sum of the squared deviations can be used to evaluate the importance of
5. Experimental Investigation And Optimization Of Welding Parameters On Tig Welding Of 7005...
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1302024854 www.iosrjournals.org 52 | Page
the process parameter change on the quality characteristic. In this study, the experimental DOF is 8 (number of
trails –1), while the parameters has 2 DOF.
Table9. Results of Analysis of variance
Notation Process Parameters Degree of freedom Seq SS Adj MS Contribution % Rank
A Electrode Gap 2 0.012 0.006 8.52 3
B Welding Speed 2 0.0116 0.0058 8.09 4
C Welding Current 2 0.0938 0.0469 65.39 1
D Gas flow rate 2 0.0258 0.0129 17.99 2
Total 8 0.07175
Electrode gap
Welding speed
Welding current
Gas flow rate
Fig. 6 Pie chart showing percentage contribution
V. Results And Discussion (For Hardness)
Fig.7 Specimen (hardness testing)
5.1 Evaluation of SN ratio
The hardness of specimens is calculated after testing it on Brinell hardness testing machine. All the
welded joint of specimens are tested at 500 kg load with ball diameter 10 mm. Signal to noise ratio represents
the desirable and undesirable values for the output characteristics, respectively. The Taguchi method uses S/N
ratio to measure the quality characteristics deviating from desired values. The S/N ratio calculated from Minitab
15 software differs for different quality characteristics. In the present study hardness of weld specimen is
response value, there for higher is a better characteristic are chosen for analysis.
Higher is better, S/N ratio = -10log10 [ ]
Where, Yi represents the experimentally observed value of the ith
experiment,
n is the number of repetition for an experimental combination.
Table 10. Experimental results and SN ratio
Trial
No.
Electrode gap
(mm)
Welding speed
(mm/sec)
Welding Current
(amp)
Gas flow rate
(lit/min)
Hardness
(BHN)
S/N ratio
1 1 4 130 8 92 39.2757
2 1 5 140 9 94 39.4625
3 1 6 150 10 90 39.0848
4 2 4 140 10 96 39.6454
5 2 5 150 8 94 39.4625
6 2 6 130 9 97 39.7354
7 3 4 150 9 93 39.3696
8 3 5 130 10 98 39.8245
9 3 6 140 8 93 39.3696
6. Experimental Investigation And Optimization Of Welding Parameters On Tig Welding Of 7005...
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1302024854 www.iosrjournals.org 53 | Page
MeanofSNratios
321
39.6
39.5
39.4
39.3
16013075
200170140
39.6
39.5
39.4
39.3
13107
ELECTRODE GAP TRAVEL SPEED
CURRENT GAS FLOW RATE
Main Effects Plot (data means) for SN ratios
Signal-to-noise: Larger is better
Fig. 8 Main effect plot for means
It is observed from the main effect plot data that as electrode gap increases from 1mm to 2mm, tensile
strength increases after that there from 2 to 3 mm decrease in S/N ratio. The range of S/N ratio values has
maximum range for electrode gap. If welding torch travel speed from 4 to 5 mm/sec there is gradually increase
in S/N ratio and after that from 5 to 6 mm/sec rapidly decrease in S/N ratio. For welding current increase in
value, observed decrease in S/N ratio. Gas flow rate increases from 8 to 9 lit/min there is increase in S/N ratio
and for 9 to 10 lit/min there is smoothly decrease in S/N ratio. It is due to fact that as gas flow rate increases
then oxide flux moves away from torch because of low density. It must be necessary that oxide flux will be in
contact of base metal. The optimum values of process parameters to increase the hardness of weld specimens are
2 mm electrode gap; 5 mm/sec travel speed, 130 A welding current and 9 lit/min gas flow rate.
The response tables 6 shows the average of each response characteristic (S/N ratios) for each level of
each factor. The tables include ranks based on Delta statistics, which compare the relative magnitude of effects.
The Delta statistic is the highest minus the lowest average for each factor. Minitab assigns ranks based on Delta
values; rank 1 to the highest Delta value, rank 2 to the second highest, and so on. Use the level averages in the
response tables to determine which level of each factor provides the best result.
Table 11. S/N response table for mean
Notation Process Parameters Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Delta Rank
A Electrode Gap (mm) 39.27 39.61 39.52 0.34 1
B Welding Speed (mm/sec) 39.43 39.58 39.40 0.19 3
C Welding Current (amp) 39.61 39.49 39.31 0.31 2
D Gas flow rate(lit/min) 39.37 39.52 39.52 0.15 4
5.2 Analysis of variance
The analysis of variance was carried out at 95% confidence level. The main purpose of ANOVA is to
investigate the influence of the designed process parameters on hardness by indicating that, which parameter is
significantly affected the response.
Table 12. Results of Analysis of variance
Notation Process Parameters DOF Seq SS Adj MS Contribution % Rank
A Electrode Gap 2 0.1853 0.0927 42.77 1
B Welding Speed 2 0.0593 0.0297 13.70 3
C Welding Current 2 0.1429 0.0715 32.99 2
D Gas flow rate 2 0.0457 0.0228 10.52 4
Total 8 0.2167
Electrode gap
Welding speed
Welding current
Gas flow rate
Fig 9. Pie chart showing percentage contribution
7. Experimental Investigation And Optimization Of Welding Parameters On Tig Welding Of 7005...
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1302024854 www.iosrjournals.org 54 | Page
VI. Conclusions
In this experimental study the effect of welding process parameters on tensile strength and hardness of
7005 aluminium alloy studied. The following conclusion can be drawn.
1) It is observed that welding parameters like welding gap, welding current, welding speed and gas flow rate
greatly affect the tensile strength and hardness.
2) Good joint strength and hardness exhibited by all the joints which shows that the welding of 5 mm thick
7005 AA with TIG welding is possible with proper joint selection and welding groove preparation.
3) Taguchi design of experiment technique can be very efficiently used in optimization of process parameters.
4) For tensile strength the optimum values of process parameters for weld specimens are, 1 mm electrode gap,
6 mm/sec welding speed, 150 A welding current, 9 lit/min gas flow rate.
5) Percentage contribution of process parameters for tensile strength are, welding current 65.39%, gas flow
rate 17.99%,electrode gap 8.52% and welding speed 8.09%.
6) For hardness the optimum values of process parameters for weld specimens are, 2 mm electrode gap, 5
mm/sec welding speed, 130 A welding current, 9 lit/min gas flow rate.
7) Percentage contribution of process parameters for hardness are, electrode gap 42.77%, welding current
32.99%, welding speed 13.70% and gas flow rate 10.52%.
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