In this paper, new thermal techniques for silicon-based thermoelectric materials were revealed as well as the characterisation processes involved in the manufacturing of silicon-based thermoelectric (TE) materials. The functionality of the silicon-based thermoelectric materials was emphasized in the course of writing this paper. The background, improvement & the physics of thermoelectric materials were examined.
The Effects of Heat on Electronic ComponentsIJERA Editor
Regardless of the cause of overheating, the general and primary effect of overheating on an electronic component is damage. In this paper, the effects of excessive levels heat on different types of electronic components are explored and discussed. Take note that included in this discussion are the causes of overheating to better understand and appreciate the overheating phenomenon as it applies to electronic components, as well as electronic assemblies and electronic devices. Through a review of literature, especially studies and engineering reference materials, this paper found out that at the micro-level, overheating causes material degradation on or in a specific electronic component. This degradation is further caused by cracks, expansion, and other structural deformation. Note that this degradation is also caused by different changes in the physical and chemical properties of a specific material due to exposure to high levels of heat. At macro-level, the effects of overheating center on systems failure due to degradation of different constituents and components, causeeffect loop, and neighboring-effect. Both micro-level and macro-level effects of overheating on electronic components increase the health and safety risk of an entire electronic assembly and electronic device. Hence, through a review of literature, this paper also discusses the techniques or processes for preventing overheating or reducing the negative effects of excessive levels of heat.
This document provides instructions for creating a battery that generates electricity from air and saltwater. The battery uses an iron electrode, a magnesium electrode placed on opposite sides of a container filled with saltwater. Oxygen in the air and saltwater facilitates the oxidation of iron, producing enough electricity to light a small bulb. Following the procedure carefully and using larger electrodes and containers can increase the amount of light produced. Creating batteries from common materials like air and saltwater demonstrates producing electricity from freely available resources.
Analyzing the deformation of copper conductor from a fire impactTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Fire is an oxidation reaction of the three elements (fuel, oxygen, heat) that can result in loss of property, injury, even death. Electricity potential that may results on fire is the short circuit current that occurs on the equipments and electrical installation cables. The remaining wires at the first fire location are subject to fire damage and can cause electrical short circuit. The purpose of this study is to analyze the short-circuit electrical deformation of copper cable using SEM EDS and MICRO XRF instrument. Based on the study result, there is a dominant change of oxygen elements in single cable and fiber sample causing fire that is 35.96% and 21.24%, those values are higher than Oxygen on a burned short-circuited cable that is 19.54% and 12.1%. The microstructure of the cable that causes fire looks like irregular clumps whereas the burned cable looks like a clump of clumps.
This Application Note illustrates the use and advantages of dielectric heating, which as the name implies, is used for materials that are non-conducting. The essential advantage of dielectric heating is that the heat is generated within the material to be heated. In comparison with more conventional heating techniques (hot air, infrared, et cetera) in which the material is heated via the outer surface, dielectric heating is much more rapid. This is because electrical insulating materials, i.e. the domain of dielectric heating, are usually also poor conductors of heat.
Other interesting characteristics of radio frequency and microwave heating are the high power density and the potential for selectively heating materials. However, dielectric heating is a very expensive technique that cannot usually compete in cost terms with techniques such as resistance or infrared heating.
This document discusses waste heat recovery using thermoelectric generators. It begins by introducing the Seebeck effect which allows heat to be directly converted to electricity via a temperature gradient across conductors. The key factors for good thermoelectric materials - high Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity and low thermal conductivity - are discussed. Lead telluride is identified as a suitable high performance material for recovering waste heat between 200-600°C. A thermoelectric couple model is analyzed using ANSYS software, showing a voltage of 0.074806V, current of 19.083A and power of 1.4275W can be generated. The summary concludes the analysis demonstrates the potential of thermoelectric generation to recover low grade waste heat as
Space heating involves raising interior temperatures through centralized or localized heating systems. Central heating uses a single heat source and distribution system to efficiently heat an entire building. Proper insulation, ventilation, and heat loss calculations are required to control heat flow and minimize energy needs. Common central heating systems use boilers to heat water or air that is circulated through pipes and ducts to radiators, convectors, or underfloor heating for interior warmth.
This document discusses electrolysis, the process of using electricity to break down water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. Electrolysis involves passing an electric current through water, causing the water molecules to break apart at the electrodes. Hydrogen forms at the cathode and oxygen at the anode. If the electricity comes from solar panels, the hydrogen can be produced cleanly as an energy storage fuel. The document provides instructions on how to perform a simple electrolysis experiment using pencils, water, and a battery or solar panel.
The author and his students have investigated anomalous heat generation during carbon arcing done under saline water solutions using carbon electrodes. Energy balance calculations, indicate a marginal excess energy of up to 50 % with MS electrodes while with carbon electrodes output to input energy ratios are found to be as high as a factor of eight indicating excess heat up to 700%. We think that the anomalous excess energy could be due to some type of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) but the nature of these reactions have not been studied by us so far. The carbon-electrode arc results on heat-accounting corroborate the mass-spectroscopic findings reported by BARC, Texas A & M University and other groups.
The Effects of Heat on Electronic ComponentsIJERA Editor
Regardless of the cause of overheating, the general and primary effect of overheating on an electronic component is damage. In this paper, the effects of excessive levels heat on different types of electronic components are explored and discussed. Take note that included in this discussion are the causes of overheating to better understand and appreciate the overheating phenomenon as it applies to electronic components, as well as electronic assemblies and electronic devices. Through a review of literature, especially studies and engineering reference materials, this paper found out that at the micro-level, overheating causes material degradation on or in a specific electronic component. This degradation is further caused by cracks, expansion, and other structural deformation. Note that this degradation is also caused by different changes in the physical and chemical properties of a specific material due to exposure to high levels of heat. At macro-level, the effects of overheating center on systems failure due to degradation of different constituents and components, causeeffect loop, and neighboring-effect. Both micro-level and macro-level effects of overheating on electronic components increase the health and safety risk of an entire electronic assembly and electronic device. Hence, through a review of literature, this paper also discusses the techniques or processes for preventing overheating or reducing the negative effects of excessive levels of heat.
This document provides instructions for creating a battery that generates electricity from air and saltwater. The battery uses an iron electrode, a magnesium electrode placed on opposite sides of a container filled with saltwater. Oxygen in the air and saltwater facilitates the oxidation of iron, producing enough electricity to light a small bulb. Following the procedure carefully and using larger electrodes and containers can increase the amount of light produced. Creating batteries from common materials like air and saltwater demonstrates producing electricity from freely available resources.
Analyzing the deformation of copper conductor from a fire impactTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Fire is an oxidation reaction of the three elements (fuel, oxygen, heat) that can result in loss of property, injury, even death. Electricity potential that may results on fire is the short circuit current that occurs on the equipments and electrical installation cables. The remaining wires at the first fire location are subject to fire damage and can cause electrical short circuit. The purpose of this study is to analyze the short-circuit electrical deformation of copper cable using SEM EDS and MICRO XRF instrument. Based on the study result, there is a dominant change of oxygen elements in single cable and fiber sample causing fire that is 35.96% and 21.24%, those values are higher than Oxygen on a burned short-circuited cable that is 19.54% and 12.1%. The microstructure of the cable that causes fire looks like irregular clumps whereas the burned cable looks like a clump of clumps.
This Application Note illustrates the use and advantages of dielectric heating, which as the name implies, is used for materials that are non-conducting. The essential advantage of dielectric heating is that the heat is generated within the material to be heated. In comparison with more conventional heating techniques (hot air, infrared, et cetera) in which the material is heated via the outer surface, dielectric heating is much more rapid. This is because electrical insulating materials, i.e. the domain of dielectric heating, are usually also poor conductors of heat.
Other interesting characteristics of radio frequency and microwave heating are the high power density and the potential for selectively heating materials. However, dielectric heating is a very expensive technique that cannot usually compete in cost terms with techniques such as resistance or infrared heating.
This document discusses waste heat recovery using thermoelectric generators. It begins by introducing the Seebeck effect which allows heat to be directly converted to electricity via a temperature gradient across conductors. The key factors for good thermoelectric materials - high Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity and low thermal conductivity - are discussed. Lead telluride is identified as a suitable high performance material for recovering waste heat between 200-600°C. A thermoelectric couple model is analyzed using ANSYS software, showing a voltage of 0.074806V, current of 19.083A and power of 1.4275W can be generated. The summary concludes the analysis demonstrates the potential of thermoelectric generation to recover low grade waste heat as
Space heating involves raising interior temperatures through centralized or localized heating systems. Central heating uses a single heat source and distribution system to efficiently heat an entire building. Proper insulation, ventilation, and heat loss calculations are required to control heat flow and minimize energy needs. Common central heating systems use boilers to heat water or air that is circulated through pipes and ducts to radiators, convectors, or underfloor heating for interior warmth.
This document discusses electrolysis, the process of using electricity to break down water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. Electrolysis involves passing an electric current through water, causing the water molecules to break apart at the electrodes. Hydrogen forms at the cathode and oxygen at the anode. If the electricity comes from solar panels, the hydrogen can be produced cleanly as an energy storage fuel. The document provides instructions on how to perform a simple electrolysis experiment using pencils, water, and a battery or solar panel.
The author and his students have investigated anomalous heat generation during carbon arcing done under saline water solutions using carbon electrodes. Energy balance calculations, indicate a marginal excess energy of up to 50 % with MS electrodes while with carbon electrodes output to input energy ratios are found to be as high as a factor of eight indicating excess heat up to 700%. We think that the anomalous excess energy could be due to some type of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) but the nature of these reactions have not been studied by us so far. The carbon-electrode arc results on heat-accounting corroborate the mass-spectroscopic findings reported by BARC, Texas A & M University and other groups.
The document discusses the "Oxhydroelectric Effect", a new experimental phenomenon where an electric current can be extracted from bi-distilled water using two platinum electrodes powered solely by environmental heat mediated by oxygen molecules. Recent advancements have led to a cheap, strongly hydrophilic polymer replacing Nafion and electric current extraction lasting for months. The document proposes this effect could enable new photovoltaic systems that generate electricity from infrared radiation in the environment, higher efficiency fuel cells, and optimization of industrial chemical reactions. It prioritizes focusing on developing new photovoltaic systems that could harness ubiquitous infrared radiation for electricity generation.
Electric heating is any process that converts electrical energy to heat. Common applications include space heating, cooking, water heating, and industrial processes. The document discusses various electric heating methods like resistance heating, arc heating, induction heating, and dielectric heating. It also covers applications of electric heating in domestic uses like cooking and water heating as well as industrial uses like melting metals and heat treatment processes. The advantages of electric heating are its cleanliness, ease of control, uniform heating, and ability to heat non-conductive materials.
This document discusses thermoelectric generators, which convert temperature differences directly into electrical energy using the Seebeck effect. Thermoelectric generators use semiconductor p-n junctions made of materials like bismuth telluride and have efficiencies around 5-10%. They have no moving parts and can be used in applications where heat engines are not practical, like providing power for spacecraft. Waste heat from combustion engines and automobiles can also be recovered using thermoelectric generators. The document explores using thermoelectric modules to increase solar energy conversion efficiency and recover otherwise wasted heat.
boosting energy of solar panel using heat pipesIJCMESJOURNAL
A novel micro heat pipe array was used in solar panel cooling system, both under air-cooled and water cooled mediums, under natural convection. As compared with a ordinary solar panel (without heat pipe arrangement). The result had considerable variation in the efficiency of the energy output, it improved with the help of heat pipe installation. Therefore using a heat pipe gradually improved the efficiency by reducing the heat by cooling the system.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Air Breathing Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and its ...IRJET Journal
1) Researchers at St. Joseph's Institute of Technology designed and tested an air-breathing solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) that uses hydrogen gas as fuel.
2) The SOFC was fabricated using nickel oxide and yttria-stabilized zirconia for the anode, yttria-stabilized zirconia for the electrolyte, and lanthanum strontium manganite for the cathode.
3) Testing of the SOFC involved supplying it with hydrogen gas at 800°C and measuring its voltage, current, current density, and power density output under varying loads. The SOFC achieved a maximum current density of 44 mA/cm2 and open circuit
Organic electronics deals with conductive polymers and small molecules for carbon-based electronics. It includes laminar electronics like transparent and paper-based devices. Conductive organic materials can be polymers or small molecules and exhibit electrical conductivity between insulators and metals. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have an organic semiconductor layer between electrodes that emits light in response to electric current. Organic electronics have advantages like lower cost fabrication compared to inorganic materials.
Organic electronics is a branch of electronics dealing with conductive polymers and small molecules. Conductive polymers are lighter, more flexible, and less expensive than inorganic conductors, making them desirable for many applications. Significant developments include the discovery that doping polyacetylene with iodine increases its conductivity by 12 orders of magnitude, and the invention of the organic light-emitting diode and organic photovoltaic cell. Organic electronics utilize carbon-based materials and offer advantages over traditional silicon-based electronics such as lower cost, mechanical flexibility, and lower processing temperatures.
This document summarizes an experimental study of earth batteries as an alternative energy source. Various metal combinations were tested as electrodes, with zinc-copper cells providing around 0.9 volts. Small electronic devices were successfully powered by individual cells. Increasing the number of cells in series increased the voltage output linearly, while connecting cells in parallel increased the current output. Further testing aimed to optimize electrode materials and configurations to increase power levels for potential applications in remote areas lacking electricity access.
Combined Efficiency Calculation of Bismuth Telluride and Lead Telluride in Th...IJMERJOURNAL
Abstract:- The heat rejected from an internal combustion engine is dumped into the atmosphere as waste heat. If this waste heat energy is tapped and converted into usable energy, the overall efficiency of an engine can be improved. The percentage of energy rejected to the environment through exhaust gas is approximately 30-40%.The thermoelectric generators are used for power generation . Thermoelectric modules which are used in thermoelectric generators are solid state devices that are used to convert thermal energy from a temperature gradient to electrical energy and it works on basic principle of Seebeck effect. The objective of this project is to include fin effect to increase cooling rate , to reduce the temperature by increasing the temperature difference and to use long fin and avoid accumulation of heat in between fins . The TEG system is directly connected to the exhaust pipe and the amount of electricity generated by the thermoelectric material is directly proportional to their heated area . The materials used in TEG are Bi2Te3 - Bismuth Telluride and PbTe - Lead Telluride . Bi2Te3 module TEG is highly efficient in room temperature , but heat withstanding capacity of Bi2Te3 is less than PbTe.The combination of these thermoelectric materials are used for better efficiency . The testing is done for above conditions and experimental results with this setup are performed and presented.
This document provides an overview of electronics and semiconductors, and introduces the field of polytronics which uses plastics and conjugated polymers in electronic applications. It discusses the history and properties of semiconductors and their role in electronics miniaturization. The document then introduces polymers and conjugated polymers that can conduct electricity when doped. Applications of polytronics discussed include inkjet printing of circuits, flexible rubber circuits, electronic paper, plastic batteries, and organic LEDs. Advantages of polytronics are listed as low cost, flexibility, portability, and environmental friendliness. The conclusion discusses the potential disruptive impact and decentralized future of plastic electronics manufacturing.
The heat is off: UCLA engineers develop world’s most efficient semiconductor ...Steve Scansaroli
UCLA engineers have developed a new semiconductor material called defect-free boron arsenide that is more effective at dissipating heat from computer chips than current materials. This new material has a thermal conductivity over three times faster, which could help address "hotspots" on chips that degrade performance. By improving heat transfer, this material may allow computer processors to run faster and more efficiently while using less energy for cooling. The researchers believe this material could significantly improve electronics performance and energy efficiency across many technologies.
The document discusses a new nanotechnology-based cooling method for computer chips. It works by generating ions using electrodes placed on a computer chip. The ions ionize air molecules, creating tiny wind currents via a corona wind effect. This pumps air over the chips without requiring an external fan. The method could provide liquid-level cooling while using only air. It would integrate the cooling directly onto chips at the nanoscale.
Electrical treeing and partial discharge characteristics of silicone rubber f...IJECEIAES
This article presents a study on electrical treeing performances with its associated partial discharge (PD) and the influence of filler concentration in silicone rubber (SiR) samples which are filled with silicon dioxide (SiO2) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) as nanofillers for electrical tree growth suppression. There are many researches on electrical treeing in SiR with SiO2 nanofillers but none of the publication have reported on Si3N4 nanofillers for suppression of the electrical tree growth. In this study, the treeing experiments were conducted by applying a fixed AC voltage of 10 kV and 12 kV at power frequency of 50 Hz on unfilled SiR, SiR/SiO2, and SiR/Si3N4 nanocomposites with different filler concentrations by 1, 3, and 5 weight percentage (wt%) and the treeing parameters were observed with its correlated PD patterns. The outcome from this study found that the SiR/Si3N4 nanocomposites were able to withstand the electrical treeing better than the pure SiR or SiR/SiO2 nanocomposites. Furthermore, the increase in filler concentration improved the electrical tree performances of the nanocomposites. This finding suggests the Si3N4 can be used as filler in polymeric insulating materials for electrical tree inhibition. Meanwhile, the PD activity shows increment when the tree progresses thereby indicating correlation in both parameters which can be as key parameter for monitoring unseen treeing in non-transparent samples.
The document describes a paper thin film battery that is self-rechargeable. It discusses the manufacturing of carbon nanotubes and the development of paper batteries. Experimental details are provided on testing the dependence of discharge capacity on temperature and the typical series connection method. Results show the battery output is independent of electrode thickness but depends strongly on relative humidity. Applications of paper batteries in cosmetics are discussed.
This document discusses five learning outcomes related to electrical heating: 1) heat and temperature, heat capacity and heat transfer, 2) methods for controlling heating in different situations, 3) processes and techniques for water, space, and industrial heating, 4) AS3000:2007 wiring rules requirements, and 5) potential causes of malfunction in electric heating equipment and tests for diagnosing faults.
The document describes a paper battery, which is an ultra-thin, flexible energy storage device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with cellulose-based paper. It acts as both a high-energy battery and supercapacitor. The construction of a paper battery involves applying carbon ink to paper, laminating a lithium film, and connecting the film electrodes to electrolytes. When dipped in an ion-based liquid, a chemical reaction occurs between the electrodes and liquid to generate electricity as electrons move from cathode to anode. Paper batteries have advantages of being long-lasting, non-toxic, flexible, light weight, and able to be recharged. Potential applications include low-power devices like calculators and watches.
The impact of energy-saving installations in European homes on the life cycle...Leonardo ENERGY
The energy-saving measures most often applied in homes relate to better insulation of the outer shell. Nevertheless, other technologies and installations can drastically drive down the energy consumption of a home. These include, amongst others, the solar boiler, heat pump, and integrated home system. Some of these less well-known techniques do even better than additional insulation, depending, of course, on the climate, the type of building (apartment or house), and the age of the building (new construction or renovation). Nevertheless, in these cases the additional investment has a short payback period and results in a lower home life cycle cost (LCC). That is the conclusion of a study carried out by PB calc & consult bvba for the European Copper Institute.
This report gives a summary of four cases from that study. For the solar boiler, we see an energy reduction of 10 to 15%. The LCC increases by 1% or falls by 4% over a period of thirty years, depending on the particular circumstances. A geothermal heat pump in northern Europe does very well, consuming 43% less energy and providing an LCC reduction of 17%. We also see that different configurations of integrated home systems to control the heating, cooling, and sun blinds always reduce energy consumption by between 5% and 21%. With controlled sun blinds, the LCC sometimes falls by 5% or rises by 13%, depending on the situation. Finally, automated standalone sun blinds are also examined. Here we see energy reductions of 3% to 15%. The LCC however is always higher (4% to 18%) compared to the reference building.
Subsidy schemes generally include incentives for insulating the outer shell even though this is not always the best—and certainly not the only—investment able to reduce energy consumption and the LCC. Other energy-saving installations and techniques deserve a place alongside the better known measures.
Extensive efforts have been made to harvest energy f from water in the form of raindrops, river and ocean wave, tidal and others. However, achieving a high-density of electrical power generation is challenging. Traditional hydraulic power generation mainly uses electromagnetic generators that are heavy, bulky, and become inefficient with water supply. Alternative, the water droplet or solid-based electric nano-generator, has so far generated peak power densities for less than one watt per square meter, owing to the limit at ions imposed by interfacial effects as seen in characterization of the charge generation and transfer that occur at solid-liquid or liquid-solid interfaces. Here we develop a device to harvest energy from impinging water droplet s by using an architecture that compromises a polytetrafluoroethylene film on an indium oxide substrate plus an aluminium electrode. We show that spreading of an impinged water droplet on the device bridges, the originally disconnect ed component s into a closed-loop electrical system, transforming the conventional interfacial effect into bulk effect, and so enhancing device that is limited by interfacial effects.
UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND TRACTION. process of electro-deposition-...Jobin Abraham
UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND TRACTION. process of electro-deposition-clearing, operation, deposition of metals, polishing and buffing. PREPARED BY: JOBIN ABRAHAM.
Development of a Thermoelectric Micro generation based on Seebeck EffectIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Fabrication of Thermo Electric Solar Fridgeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document describes the fabrication of a thermoelectric solar fridge. It contains the following key points:
1. A thermoelectric module uses the Seebeck and Peltier effects to generate electrical power from a temperature gradient or convert electrical energy into a temperature gradient for cooling. A solar panel charges a battery through photovoltaic effect, and the battery powers the thermoelectric module.
2. The thermoelectric module is composed of P-type and N-type semiconductors, usually bismuth telluride, between ceramic substrates. When current passes through, it absorbs heat on one side and releases heat on the other, allowing one side to be used for cooling.
The document discusses the "Oxhydroelectric Effect", a new experimental phenomenon where an electric current can be extracted from bi-distilled water using two platinum electrodes powered solely by environmental heat mediated by oxygen molecules. Recent advancements have led to a cheap, strongly hydrophilic polymer replacing Nafion and electric current extraction lasting for months. The document proposes this effect could enable new photovoltaic systems that generate electricity from infrared radiation in the environment, higher efficiency fuel cells, and optimization of industrial chemical reactions. It prioritizes focusing on developing new photovoltaic systems that could harness ubiquitous infrared radiation for electricity generation.
Electric heating is any process that converts electrical energy to heat. Common applications include space heating, cooking, water heating, and industrial processes. The document discusses various electric heating methods like resistance heating, arc heating, induction heating, and dielectric heating. It also covers applications of electric heating in domestic uses like cooking and water heating as well as industrial uses like melting metals and heat treatment processes. The advantages of electric heating are its cleanliness, ease of control, uniform heating, and ability to heat non-conductive materials.
This document discusses thermoelectric generators, which convert temperature differences directly into electrical energy using the Seebeck effect. Thermoelectric generators use semiconductor p-n junctions made of materials like bismuth telluride and have efficiencies around 5-10%. They have no moving parts and can be used in applications where heat engines are not practical, like providing power for spacecraft. Waste heat from combustion engines and automobiles can also be recovered using thermoelectric generators. The document explores using thermoelectric modules to increase solar energy conversion efficiency and recover otherwise wasted heat.
boosting energy of solar panel using heat pipesIJCMESJOURNAL
A novel micro heat pipe array was used in solar panel cooling system, both under air-cooled and water cooled mediums, under natural convection. As compared with a ordinary solar panel (without heat pipe arrangement). The result had considerable variation in the efficiency of the energy output, it improved with the help of heat pipe installation. Therefore using a heat pipe gradually improved the efficiency by reducing the heat by cooling the system.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Air Breathing Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and its ...IRJET Journal
1) Researchers at St. Joseph's Institute of Technology designed and tested an air-breathing solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) that uses hydrogen gas as fuel.
2) The SOFC was fabricated using nickel oxide and yttria-stabilized zirconia for the anode, yttria-stabilized zirconia for the electrolyte, and lanthanum strontium manganite for the cathode.
3) Testing of the SOFC involved supplying it with hydrogen gas at 800°C and measuring its voltage, current, current density, and power density output under varying loads. The SOFC achieved a maximum current density of 44 mA/cm2 and open circuit
Organic electronics deals with conductive polymers and small molecules for carbon-based electronics. It includes laminar electronics like transparent and paper-based devices. Conductive organic materials can be polymers or small molecules and exhibit electrical conductivity between insulators and metals. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have an organic semiconductor layer between electrodes that emits light in response to electric current. Organic electronics have advantages like lower cost fabrication compared to inorganic materials.
Organic electronics is a branch of electronics dealing with conductive polymers and small molecules. Conductive polymers are lighter, more flexible, and less expensive than inorganic conductors, making them desirable for many applications. Significant developments include the discovery that doping polyacetylene with iodine increases its conductivity by 12 orders of magnitude, and the invention of the organic light-emitting diode and organic photovoltaic cell. Organic electronics utilize carbon-based materials and offer advantages over traditional silicon-based electronics such as lower cost, mechanical flexibility, and lower processing temperatures.
This document summarizes an experimental study of earth batteries as an alternative energy source. Various metal combinations were tested as electrodes, with zinc-copper cells providing around 0.9 volts. Small electronic devices were successfully powered by individual cells. Increasing the number of cells in series increased the voltage output linearly, while connecting cells in parallel increased the current output. Further testing aimed to optimize electrode materials and configurations to increase power levels for potential applications in remote areas lacking electricity access.
Combined Efficiency Calculation of Bismuth Telluride and Lead Telluride in Th...IJMERJOURNAL
Abstract:- The heat rejected from an internal combustion engine is dumped into the atmosphere as waste heat. If this waste heat energy is tapped and converted into usable energy, the overall efficiency of an engine can be improved. The percentage of energy rejected to the environment through exhaust gas is approximately 30-40%.The thermoelectric generators are used for power generation . Thermoelectric modules which are used in thermoelectric generators are solid state devices that are used to convert thermal energy from a temperature gradient to electrical energy and it works on basic principle of Seebeck effect. The objective of this project is to include fin effect to increase cooling rate , to reduce the temperature by increasing the temperature difference and to use long fin and avoid accumulation of heat in between fins . The TEG system is directly connected to the exhaust pipe and the amount of electricity generated by the thermoelectric material is directly proportional to their heated area . The materials used in TEG are Bi2Te3 - Bismuth Telluride and PbTe - Lead Telluride . Bi2Te3 module TEG is highly efficient in room temperature , but heat withstanding capacity of Bi2Te3 is less than PbTe.The combination of these thermoelectric materials are used for better efficiency . The testing is done for above conditions and experimental results with this setup are performed and presented.
This document provides an overview of electronics and semiconductors, and introduces the field of polytronics which uses plastics and conjugated polymers in electronic applications. It discusses the history and properties of semiconductors and their role in electronics miniaturization. The document then introduces polymers and conjugated polymers that can conduct electricity when doped. Applications of polytronics discussed include inkjet printing of circuits, flexible rubber circuits, electronic paper, plastic batteries, and organic LEDs. Advantages of polytronics are listed as low cost, flexibility, portability, and environmental friendliness. The conclusion discusses the potential disruptive impact and decentralized future of plastic electronics manufacturing.
The heat is off: UCLA engineers develop world’s most efficient semiconductor ...Steve Scansaroli
UCLA engineers have developed a new semiconductor material called defect-free boron arsenide that is more effective at dissipating heat from computer chips than current materials. This new material has a thermal conductivity over three times faster, which could help address "hotspots" on chips that degrade performance. By improving heat transfer, this material may allow computer processors to run faster and more efficiently while using less energy for cooling. The researchers believe this material could significantly improve electronics performance and energy efficiency across many technologies.
The document discusses a new nanotechnology-based cooling method for computer chips. It works by generating ions using electrodes placed on a computer chip. The ions ionize air molecules, creating tiny wind currents via a corona wind effect. This pumps air over the chips without requiring an external fan. The method could provide liquid-level cooling while using only air. It would integrate the cooling directly onto chips at the nanoscale.
Electrical treeing and partial discharge characteristics of silicone rubber f...IJECEIAES
This article presents a study on electrical treeing performances with its associated partial discharge (PD) and the influence of filler concentration in silicone rubber (SiR) samples which are filled with silicon dioxide (SiO2) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) as nanofillers for electrical tree growth suppression. There are many researches on electrical treeing in SiR with SiO2 nanofillers but none of the publication have reported on Si3N4 nanofillers for suppression of the electrical tree growth. In this study, the treeing experiments were conducted by applying a fixed AC voltage of 10 kV and 12 kV at power frequency of 50 Hz on unfilled SiR, SiR/SiO2, and SiR/Si3N4 nanocomposites with different filler concentrations by 1, 3, and 5 weight percentage (wt%) and the treeing parameters were observed with its correlated PD patterns. The outcome from this study found that the SiR/Si3N4 nanocomposites were able to withstand the electrical treeing better than the pure SiR or SiR/SiO2 nanocomposites. Furthermore, the increase in filler concentration improved the electrical tree performances of the nanocomposites. This finding suggests the Si3N4 can be used as filler in polymeric insulating materials for electrical tree inhibition. Meanwhile, the PD activity shows increment when the tree progresses thereby indicating correlation in both parameters which can be as key parameter for monitoring unseen treeing in non-transparent samples.
The document describes a paper thin film battery that is self-rechargeable. It discusses the manufacturing of carbon nanotubes and the development of paper batteries. Experimental details are provided on testing the dependence of discharge capacity on temperature and the typical series connection method. Results show the battery output is independent of electrode thickness but depends strongly on relative humidity. Applications of paper batteries in cosmetics are discussed.
This document discusses five learning outcomes related to electrical heating: 1) heat and temperature, heat capacity and heat transfer, 2) methods for controlling heating in different situations, 3) processes and techniques for water, space, and industrial heating, 4) AS3000:2007 wiring rules requirements, and 5) potential causes of malfunction in electric heating equipment and tests for diagnosing faults.
The document describes a paper battery, which is an ultra-thin, flexible energy storage device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with cellulose-based paper. It acts as both a high-energy battery and supercapacitor. The construction of a paper battery involves applying carbon ink to paper, laminating a lithium film, and connecting the film electrodes to electrolytes. When dipped in an ion-based liquid, a chemical reaction occurs between the electrodes and liquid to generate electricity as electrons move from cathode to anode. Paper batteries have advantages of being long-lasting, non-toxic, flexible, light weight, and able to be recharged. Potential applications include low-power devices like calculators and watches.
The impact of energy-saving installations in European homes on the life cycle...Leonardo ENERGY
The energy-saving measures most often applied in homes relate to better insulation of the outer shell. Nevertheless, other technologies and installations can drastically drive down the energy consumption of a home. These include, amongst others, the solar boiler, heat pump, and integrated home system. Some of these less well-known techniques do even better than additional insulation, depending, of course, on the climate, the type of building (apartment or house), and the age of the building (new construction or renovation). Nevertheless, in these cases the additional investment has a short payback period and results in a lower home life cycle cost (LCC). That is the conclusion of a study carried out by PB calc & consult bvba for the European Copper Institute.
This report gives a summary of four cases from that study. For the solar boiler, we see an energy reduction of 10 to 15%. The LCC increases by 1% or falls by 4% over a period of thirty years, depending on the particular circumstances. A geothermal heat pump in northern Europe does very well, consuming 43% less energy and providing an LCC reduction of 17%. We also see that different configurations of integrated home systems to control the heating, cooling, and sun blinds always reduce energy consumption by between 5% and 21%. With controlled sun blinds, the LCC sometimes falls by 5% or rises by 13%, depending on the situation. Finally, automated standalone sun blinds are also examined. Here we see energy reductions of 3% to 15%. The LCC however is always higher (4% to 18%) compared to the reference building.
Subsidy schemes generally include incentives for insulating the outer shell even though this is not always the best—and certainly not the only—investment able to reduce energy consumption and the LCC. Other energy-saving installations and techniques deserve a place alongside the better known measures.
Extensive efforts have been made to harvest energy f from water in the form of raindrops, river and ocean wave, tidal and others. However, achieving a high-density of electrical power generation is challenging. Traditional hydraulic power generation mainly uses electromagnetic generators that are heavy, bulky, and become inefficient with water supply. Alternative, the water droplet or solid-based electric nano-generator, has so far generated peak power densities for less than one watt per square meter, owing to the limit at ions imposed by interfacial effects as seen in characterization of the charge generation and transfer that occur at solid-liquid or liquid-solid interfaces. Here we develop a device to harvest energy from impinging water droplet s by using an architecture that compromises a polytetrafluoroethylene film on an indium oxide substrate plus an aluminium electrode. We show that spreading of an impinged water droplet on the device bridges, the originally disconnect ed component s into a closed-loop electrical system, transforming the conventional interfacial effect into bulk effect, and so enhancing device that is limited by interfacial effects.
UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND TRACTION. process of electro-deposition-...Jobin Abraham
UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND TRACTION. process of electro-deposition-clearing, operation, deposition of metals, polishing and buffing. PREPARED BY: JOBIN ABRAHAM.
Development of a Thermoelectric Micro generation based on Seebeck EffectIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Fabrication of Thermo Electric Solar Fridgeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document describes the fabrication of a thermoelectric solar fridge. It contains the following key points:
1. A thermoelectric module uses the Seebeck and Peltier effects to generate electrical power from a temperature gradient or convert electrical energy into a temperature gradient for cooling. A solar panel charges a battery through photovoltaic effect, and the battery powers the thermoelectric module.
2. The thermoelectric module is composed of P-type and N-type semiconductors, usually bismuth telluride, between ceramic substrates. When current passes through, it absorbs heat on one side and releases heat on the other, allowing one side to be used for cooling.
This document describes the fabrication of a thermoelectric solar fridge. It contains the following key points:
1. A thermoelectric module uses the Seebeck and Peltier effects to generate electrical power from a temperature gradient or convert electrical energy into a temperature gradient for cooling. A solar panel charges a battery through photovoltaic effect, and the battery powers the thermoelectric module.
2. The thermoelectric module is composed of P-type and N-type semiconductors, usually bismuth telluride, between ceramic substrates. When current passes through, it absorbs heat on one side and releases heat on the other, allowing one side to be used for cooling.
The document discusses thermoelectric generators and their working principles. Thermoelectric generators can directly convert temperature differences into electricity through the Seebeck effect and vice versa through the Peltier effect. They have applications in waste heat recovery from vehicles, industry, and solar power generation due to their solid-state operation without moving parts. However, their efficiency is still relatively low. The document also discusses thermoelectric materials and provides examples of applications of thermoelectric generators in Egypt.
Review on Thermoelectric materials and applicationsijsrd.com
In this paper thermoelectric materials are theoretically analyzed. The thermoelectric cooler device proposed here uses semiconductor material and uses current to transport energy (i.e., heat) from a cold source to a hot source via n- and p-type carriers. This device is fabricated by combining the standard n- and p-channel solid-state thermoelectric cooler with a two-element device inserted into each of the two channels to eliminate the solid-state thermal conductivity. The heat removed from the cold source is the energy difference, because of field emitted electrons from the n-type and p-type semiconductors. The cooling efficiency is operationally defined as where V is the anode bias voltage The cooling device here is shown to have an energy transport (i.e., heat) per electron of about500 me V depending on concentration and field while, in good thermoelectric coolers, it is about 50-60 me V at room temperature.
Thermoelectric Refrigeration System Running On Solar Energypaperpublications3
Abstract: The global increasing demand for refrigeration in field of refrigeration, food preservation, storages, medical services, and cooling of electronic devices, led to production of more electricity and consequently more release of CO2 all over the world which it is contributing factor of global warming on climate change. With the increase awareness towards environmental degradation due to the production, use and disposal of Chloro Fluoro Carbons (CFCs) and Hydro Chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) as heat carrier fluids in conventional refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Thermoelectric refrigeration is new alternative because it can convert waste electricity into useful cooling, is expected to play an important role in today's energy challenges. It does not require working fluids or any moving parts, which is friendly to the environment and it simply uses electrons rather than refrigerants as a heat carrier. Continuous efforts are given by researchers for development of thermo electric materials with increase figure of merit may provide a potential commercial use of thermoelectric refrigeration system.
In this work it has been identified that there is enormous scope to develop TER system running on solar energy and its performance evaluation along with mathematical modeling. Mathematical results can be correlate by performing experimental test set up. Present paper especially focuses on evaluation of numbers of thermoelectric cooling module; heat sink fan assembly for each module which is used to increase heat dissipation rate and time required for attaining the cooling of heat sink fan assembly after a solar power is applied.
Solar Energy based Refrigeration System using Peltier Device 18 ABHISHEK.pdfkeshavkumar403723
This document summarizes a research paper on a solar energy-based refrigeration system using Peltier devices. The system utilizes solar energy to power thermoelectric modules that provide refrigeration without the need for refrigerants or mechanical devices like compressors. The system is intended to provide refrigeration to remote areas without reliable power sources. It describes the construction of the refrigeration system, including the thermoelectric module, refrigeration chamber, battery, solar cells, and frame. It also provides background on thermoelectric effects like the Peltier effect that allow the system to operate.
Peltier Module As Thermo Electric Application Suraj Naik
In cooling mode, the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the Peltier cell is equivalent to the all out heat moved through the Thermoelectric cooler (TEC) partitioned by the electric info power, COP = Qc/Pin. The first subplot shows the COP as a component of current for a few temperature contrasts.
Review on Design and Theoretical Model of Thermoelectricijsrd.com
This paper presents the theoretical development of the equations that allow to evaluate the performance of an air conditioning system based on the thermoelectric effect. The cooling system is based on a phenomena discovered by Jean Charles Athanase Peltier, in 1834. According to this when electricity runs through a junction between two semiconductors with different properties, heat is dissipated or absorbed. Thus, thermoelectric modules are made by semiconductors materials sealed between two plates through which a continuous current flows and keeps one plate hot and the other cold. The most important parameters to evaluate the performance of the device thermoelectric refrigeration are the coefficient of performance, the heat pumping rate and the maximum temperature difference between the hot side and the cold side of the thermoelectric module.
Testing and Validation of Thermoelectric CoolersIJERA Editor
The first Air conditioners and refrigerators employed toxic or flammable gases such as Chloro Fluoro Carbons (CFC’s), Hydro Chloro Fluorocarbons (HCFC’s), Hydro Fluoro Carbons (HFC’s) and ammonia that could result in fatal accidents when they leaked into the atmosphere. In an automobile, the AC system increases fuel consumption of the vehicle, which uses around 4HP (i.e. 3 kW) of the engine's power. Most refrigerants used for AC system contribute to global warming, and may also destroy the ozone layer. CFC’s, HCFC’s, and HFC’s are poisonous greenhouse gases when they are leaked to the atmosphere and 100 gm of HFC’s destroy 0.5 tons of O3 molecules. In recent years, demand for small size active cooling equipment has increased which includes TEC and water cooled heat sink. While on the other hand the passive cooling system includes heat sink and fan which is not effective enough to cope with task of cooling various electronic components. The active cooling system using TEC can be used where precise control of temperature is required. The energy conversion process which is carried out by active cooling system to absorb the heat from the surface to be cooled and reject that heat to the surrounding. Our project objective is testing and validation of TEC1-12706 and evaluating its capacity, limitations and performance to be used to produce cooling effect in R&AC system. Authors are presenting performance curve enabling the user to design the optimum number of thermoelectric module (TEM) for any required cooling system. In order to find out the capacity of single TEC we have made a prototype in which the existing refrigerants are replaced by newly emerging TEC which works on Peltier effect in AC system. TEC can be used as a generator to generate electricity by applying reverse engineering.
ANALYSIS OF THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS USED FOR COOLING OF SOLAR PV MODULEIRJET Journal
This document analyzes thermoelectric materials used for cooling solar photovoltaic (PV) modules. It compares bismuth telluride, a commonly used thermoelectric material, to graphene. Bismuth telluride has a Seebeck coefficient of around -149μV/°C but has a thermal conductivity of 1.3 W/mK. Graphene has a higher thermal conductivity of around 50.4 W/mK, but can have its thermal conductivity reduced through phonon scattering. A model is developed and simulated in ANSYS to compare the current density and temperature performance of bismuth telluride and graphene-based thermoelectric generators and coolers attached to solar PV modules.
In this article, we studied the past and existing research in nanowire (NW) especially based on SiGe NWs. The basic Thermoelectric (TE) principles and theories are introduced and the factors that may influence the TE performance of SiGe NWs are discussed. The superiority of the group IV material-based NWs as TE materials are detailed with feasible structures while their fabrication methods and TE measurements are also reviewed. The existing SiGe NW are discussed for their potential applications and the feasible applications are illustrated. Finally, the variation of parameter TE on Temperature and carrier concentration is discussed and compare theoretically with the available experimental data.
The document discusses thermoelectric generators (TEGs), which convert temperature differences directly into electrical power via the Seebeck effect. TEGs have various applications such as powering low-power electronics by harvesting waste heat from sources like the human body, car exhaust, and industrial machinery. While TEGs have advantages like solid-state operation and maintenance-free use, their efficiency is still relatively low compared to other power generation methods. Research continues on improving TEG materials and designs to increase their performance and viability.
Potential enhancement of thermoelectric energy conversion in cobaltite superl...Anastasios Englezos
This document is a master's thesis submitted by Tasos Englezos investigating the potential enhancement of thermoelectric energy conversion in cobaltite oxide superlattices. The thesis aims to grow superlattices composed of alternating layers of NaxCoO3 and Ca3Co4O9 using pulsed laser deposition, as both materials show promise for thermoelectric applications but also have limitations. Characterization of the superlattices shows the structures maintain crystalline coherence while electrical and thermal properties are preserved at a good level. Further measurements of thermal conductivity are needed to determine if the superlattice approach reduces thermal conductivity and thereby improves thermoelectric efficiency in these cobaltite oxides.
This application note illustrates the use and advantages of dielectric heating, which as the name implies, is used for materials that are non-conducting. The essential advantage of dielectric heating is that the heat is generated within the material to be heated. In comparison with more conventional heating techniques (hot air, infrared, et cetera) in which the material is heated via the outer surface, dielectric heating is much more rapid. This is because electrical insulating materials, i.e. the domain of dielectric heating, are usually also poor conductors of heat.
Other interesting characteristics of radio frequency and microwave heating are the high power density and the potential for selectively heating materials. However, dielectric heating is an expensive technique and its application is generally limited to the heating of products with high added value, or to products that cannot be heated by other means.
The field of thermoelectrics has been growing steadily due to its ability to convert heat directly into electricity and to develop cost
effective, pollution free forms of energy conversion, aiming at efficiencies as high as possible. Low-dimensional structures have proved to be promising candidates for enhancing the thermoelectric properties of semiconductors. Here, we discuss the idea of implementation of dense arrays of armchair graphene nanoribbons in microfabricated structures to develop planar unileg thermoelectric microgenerators to convert heat fl ow into electrical energy. This paper is a discussion on energy scavenging to provide power autonomy to devices on a human body i.e., thermoelectric conversion of human heat and thereby summarizes the advantages of this material for commercial use because of its extra ordinary thermo electric performance.
1. The document is a project report on thermoelectric refrigeration written by Debasis Ray for his degree examination in physics.
2. It provides background on the historical discoveries of the Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson effects that form the basis of thermoelectric cooling.
3. Thermoelectric coolers have no moving parts, provide precise temperature control, and can operate in any orientation, making them suitable for applications in electronics, medical, aerospace, and other industries.
1. NAME: STEPHEN UDOCHUKWU CHUKWUEMEKA
I.D NO: 14210334
LECTURER: PAUL AHERN & DR. STEPHEN DANIELS
MODULE: EE541, NANO & MICROELECTRONIC DEVICE MANUFACTURING
PAPER TITLE: Characterisation Techniques for Silicon-based thermoelectric materials.
I hereby declare that the attached submission is all my own work, that it has not previously been
submitted for assessment, and that I have not knowingly allowed it to be used by another student.
I understand that deceiving or attempting to deceive examiners by passing off the work of another
as one's own is not permitted. I also understand that using another's student’s work or knowingly
allowing another student to use my work is against the University regulations and that doing so
will result in loss of marks and possible disciplinary proceedings.
Signed: STEPHEN
Date: 25th
November, 2015
2.
Abstract — In the course of the operations of some
engineering systems – like engines, unwanted heat is
generated. Thoughts to ameliorate this phenomenon
were taken into cognizance, and it led to the
introduction of several means of utilizing this
unwanted heat. A thermoelectric effect is one of the
ways through which this unwanted heat is effectively
used. Hence, thermoelectric (TE) materials play vital
roles in electric generation devices which are
designed to convert unwanted heat energy to
electrical energy. Conversion of heat energy to
electrical energy will help to reduce our dependency
on fossil fuels and emissions of greenhouse gas.
In this paper, new thermal techniques for silicon-
based thermoelectric materials are revealed. Micro-
fabrication and flip-chip processes are used in the
fabrication of silicon-based TE materials. In this
paper, there will be an illustration of the cooling
functionality of the silicon-based TE materials with
thermal images taken by an infrared camera and
how these silicon-based thermoelectric materials can
reduce the thermal resistance of high voltage
electronic chips – like diodes.
Keywords – energy, thermoelectric materials, silicon-based
TE- materials.
I. INTRODUCTION
Universal economic development has brought about
a progressively high request for energy, with the
main energy being fossil fuels, the population and
economic growth are expected to triple the energy
consumption rate by the end of the century, and this
would require an increase in the supply of energy.
Regardless of fossil fuels being the significant
energy supplier, the outflow of greenhouse gasses
from fossil fuels is a significant difficulty for it.
Lately, the demand for alternative energy
technology is at rise due to the greenhouse effects of
the highly-relied-on fossil fuels, the idea is to
develop clean and renewable energy sources.
Innovative work sectors of science and engineering are
the essential drivers in the improvement of alternative
energy sources. What's more, there has being a
developed enthusiasm for the utilization of
Thermoelectric (TE) effect as an alternative source of
energy 3
.
The immediate change of the temperature contrasts in a
material into electric voltages is illustrated through TE
effect 1
. In reality, the TE idea can be just examined as a
reusing procedure of turning a waste product (HEAT)
into helpful assets as electrical energy 1-8
. The materials
that are esteemed pertinent for the uses of the
thermoelectric effect are alluded to as the thermoelectric
materials. For a material to be viewed as a TE material,
it needs to have some unquestionable components that
backing the executions of the TE effect 2
.
The common accessibility of the TE materials is to a
great degree restricted, so this hence brings about the
requirement for the simulated advancement of execution
- enhanced TE materials. TE materials are utilized to
change over heat produced from different sources into
electrical voltage. These sources incorporate car fumes,
bright sun powered radiation and other modern
procedures 4, 5
. Car industry are constantly giving a ton
of assets into the exploration of energy generation
applications with a specific end goal to create electrical
energy from waste engine heats from the radiator
Characterisation Techniques for Silicon-based
thermoelectric materials.
Stephen Chukwuemeka, School of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
stephen.chukwuemeka2@mail.dcu.ie
3. Stephen Chukwuemeka [14210334] EE541 Nano & Microelectronic Device Manufacturing Review Paper 1
cooling systems, the fumes system and breaking system
and so forth 7, 8 and 9
.
Additionally there are different uses of TE materials,
similar to the TE coolers which are utilized as a part of
the manufacturing refrigerators and some other cooling
systems 4, 5, 11 and 12
. TE cooling uses the PELTIER
thermoelectric effect to produce a heat flux between the
intersections of two material sorts 11, 12
. At the point
when two conduits are in contact through an electric
contact, electrons will normally spill out of the
conductor that has less bound inside of it electrons into
the channel with more bound inside of it electrons 12
,
this is as a consequence of the distinction in the Fermi
level of the two conductors.
Fermi level alludes to the aggregate chemical capability
of electrons 12, 13
. So when two conductors with notable
contrast in their Fermi levels are in contact, there would
be stream of electrons from the conductor with the
higher Fermi level into the conductor with the lower
Fermi level until the Fermi levels turns into the same as
an aftereffect of the change in electrostatic potential
(contact potential) 11, 12 and 13
. The Peltier TE effect is a
developing use of the TE idea.
TE materials gives a great state of dependability with
their applications, and this along these lines results in
their wide applications that ranges from the
improvement of PC chips, infrared sensors and so forth
1, 2, 7, 8, 11, 12
. Regardless of the various uses of TE
materials, a few restrictions upset it improvements, these
constraints incorporate expense and productivity. The
connection with the operations of TE materials are low
effective, thus, an enhanced productivity in TE materials
will bring about more significant headways in the TE
fields 4 - 10
.
The regular TE gadget utilizes two earthenware plates to
conduct heat and protects electrical current 14
. The
thermal conductivity of the most common earthenware
plate, for example, aluminum oxide (Al2 O 3) is around
27.21 Wm-1
K-1
at 300K. At the point when earthenware-
bases TE gadget is touched with a heat source made of
silicon wafer, for instance the silicon submount of a
diode or heating chip of flip-chip bundle, the coefficient
of thermal expansion (CTE) confound may happens.
Utilizing silicon substrate as the substrates of TE
material can be an optional answer for decrease CTE
bungle issue.
In addition, the thermal conductivity of silicon is three
times bigger than aluminum oxide. The cooling
execution of TE gadget can likewise be progressed. In
addition, the manufacture of silicon-based TE gadget is
good for microelectronics what's more, micro-fabrication
procedure. There is significant opportunity to
incorporate silicon-based TE gadget into diode or flip-
chip bundle for thermal administration.
This paper exhibits another thermal administration use
of silicon-based TE gadget with respect to high voltage
diode. Cooling elements of 12-and 16-sets silicon-based
TE gadget are shown by infrared camera. The most
extreme temperature contrasts in the middle of
surrounding and cool side of 12- also, 16-sets TE gadget
are 11.5ºC and 24.9ºC, individually.
The cooling execution of silicon-based TE gadget with
respect to high voltage diode is measured by an
electrical-thermal change strategy. The diode thermal
resistance from connection to surrounding can be
decreased fundamentally.
II. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF
THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS
The original advancements of the TE effects is credited
to Thomas Johann Seebeck, between the years 1821-
1823, Seebeck found that circuit made from two unique
metals and with diverse temperatures at the intersections
would avoid a compass magnet 15
.
Seebeck at first expected the magnetism was a
consequence of the temperature distinction between the
two materials and the world's attractive field. Then
again, from further examination of the magnetism
through the researches he carried out, which is called
“The magnetic polarization of ores produced by
temperature differences”, Seebeck identified that when
the ends of two metals joined together under different
4. Stephen Chukwuemeka [14210334] EE541 Nano & Microelectronic Device Manufacturing Review Paper 2
temperatures and locked, and a needle with magnetic
properties is set close to their contact intersection, the
needle would turn like it was set near a magnet and the
revolution edge relates to the temperature distinction at
the intersection of the two materials 16
.
After this revelation, Seebeck kept on exploring
distinctive material mixes for the TE effect including
Zinc Antimonide, PbS and Cobalt Arsenide 17, 18
. The
TE effect is also indicated as the Seebeck’s effect.
The improvement takes a shot at the Seebeck's TE
innovations kept on happening after his first trial. What's
more, in 1834, another TE effect was found by a French
watchmaker and Physicist Jean Charles Athanase Peltier,
Peltier figured out that at whatever point current is gone
through two unique metals that are joined together, it
would bring about a warming or cooling impact at the
intersection where both metals meet 20
.
Like Seebeck, Peltier doesn't completely comprehend
the understanding of his revelation and in 1838, Russian
researcher Emily Lenz outlined a pragmatic execution of
the Peltier effect by demonstrating that heat could be
expelled from the intersection of two unique materials
for freeze water contingent upon the bearing of stream of
ebb and flow, and by turning around the ebb and flow
stream, heat can be discharged at the contact intersection
20, 21
.
This TE effect is known as the Peltier's effect.
An expansive clarification and comprehension of both
Seebeck's and Peltier's effects was later created by
William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) in 1854, he found
himself able to utilize the interrelationship among the
Seebeck's coefficient (SC) and the Peltier's coefficient
(PC) to create another TE effect known as the Thomson
effect. Thomson found that the SC and the PC are
connected through thermodynamics 21
.
Thomson suggested that heat is consumed or transmitted
when electrical current stream in material with
temperature slope 21
. The heat consumed or discharged
compares to both the present coursing through the
material and the temperature inclination of the material
and the Thomas coefficient (TC) alludes to the
proportionality constant 21
.
The Seebeck's effect is credited with the TE power
generators while the Peltier's effect is ascribed with the
TE cooling systems, and the Thompson effect is a
thermodynamic mix of both the Seebeck's and the
Peltier's effect. There are different analysts connected
with the improvement of the TE effects, a case is the
Russian researcher Abram Ioffe who was credited in the
advancement of exceptionally effective TE materials,
manufacturing of cooling systems and power systems
based on the Peltier's effect 19, 20 and 23
. There is a steady
development in TE applications and it is assumed there
is much space for improvements 19
.
III. PHYSICS OF THERMOELECTRIC
EFFECT
This area of the review paper would concentrate on
exploring the physics of the TE effect. The investigation
of the physics behind the TE effect would be basically
centered on the three important TE effects, the Seebeck's
effect, the Peltier's effect and the Thomson's effect.
A. THE SEEBECK’S EFFECT
Figure 1: schematic presentation of the Seebeck’s
thermoelectric effect.
As examined before, Seebeck found that when two
distinct materials (material A and B) are joined together
and their contact intersections are held at diverse
temperature (T and T+∆T), an electrical voltage (V)
5. Stephen Chukwuemeka [14210334] EE541 Nano & Microelectronic Device Manufacturing Review Paper 3
which is corresponding to the temperature contrast (∆T)
is produced 1, 19, 20, 27 and 28
.
So that:
V ∝ ∆T
The coefficient of proportionality is equal to the ratio of
the created voltage (V) and the temperature contrast
(∆T). α is known as the Seebeck's coefficient 27 - 30
.
α= V/∆T
Why the Seebeck's effect happens; the Seebeck's effect
forms when thermal diffusion results in a net flux of
electrons towards a temperature contrast and
consequently bringing about a voltage distinction.
During equilibrium, the net flux of charge carriers as a
result of electrostatic forces balances the net flux of
electrons due to the thermal diffusion 27, 28
.
B. THE PELTIER’S EFFECT
Figure 2: schematic depicting the Peltier’s
thermoelectric effect with an n-class and a p-class
thermoelectric material (image courtesy of
http://www.caister.com/supplementary/pcr-
troubleshooting/c6f1.html / under Creative Commons License)
The Peltier's effect is viewed as the inverse of the
Seebeck's effect. In the utilization of the Peltier's effect,
temperature distinction (∆T) is affected by the electrical
voltage at the contact intersection as a consequence of
the electrical current connected to the materials 24, 31
.
The Peltier's effect is as an aftereffect of the way that
electrical energy of the charge carrier constituting of a
current is material dependent 24
.
Numerical portrayal:
Q = I (α2 - α1) T
Q is the rate of heat assimilation; α1 and α2 are the
Seebeck coefficient of the materials, with current
spilling out of material with α1 into the material with α2.
The current flows toward the positive charge carrier 29
.
C. THE THOMSON’S EFFECT
The Thomson effect relates the electric field and the
reversible thermal angle in homogenous conductor
materials. Fundamentally, the ingestion of heat as
current flow through a conductor material subjected to
temperature angle 19
. The Thomson's effect is a
consequence of the relationship between the temperature
of materials and the electrical energy of charge carriers.
Electrical energy of charge carrier is an element of
temperature 19
.
Scientific depiction:
𝑑𝑄
𝑑𝑥
= 𝐼𝑇
𝑑𝛼
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥
The Thomson's effect is viewed as a bulk effect. At the
point when TE materials work under the Peltier's effect,
the Thomson's effect may be dismissed however when
TE materials are working under the Seebeck's effect, the
Thomson's effect is regularly represented 19
.
6. Stephen Chukwuemeka [14210334] EE541 Nano & Microelectronic Device Manufacturing Review Paper 4
IV. FABRICATION PROCESSES OF SILICON-
BASED THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS
The silicon-based TE gadget is created by micro-
fabrication and flip-chip gathering process and is
appeared in Figure 3. The procedure begins with an n-
class <100> silicon wafer. The initial step is to develop
the silicon dioxide of 1200A by warm oxidation as an
electrical protection.
Also, Ti what's more, Cu is individually sputtered on the
protection layer and at that point designed by substance
drawing for electrical interconnection. Next, a partner
divider is characterized by a standard SU-8 process with
a specific end goal to restrict the situation of
thermoelectric legs and decrease the moving issue of TE
legs from the accompanying reflow process 45
.
The bind glue is spread on the electrical interconnection
by surface mount innovation (SMT). The n and p-class
TE wafers made of Bi2Te3 are cut into cubic
measurement of 0.125mm3 by dicing machine. The
figure-of-value of TE wafer is about Z=3.0× 10- 3 (1/K).
At that point, the TE legs are put on the silicon wafer by
pick and place procedure of flip-chip bundle, and the
two silicon bases are adjusted by flip-chip bonder. At
long last, the conductive wires are set on the silicon
substrate and the gadget is finished through the reflow
process by hot plate.
Figure 3: Process flow for the silicon-based TE device
(Jen-Hau Cheng et al, 2005).
Figure 4 shows the structure of silicon-based TE device
and the appearances of 12- and 16-pair devices. The
thickness of SU-8 is about 50um. And the TE legs are
surrounded by SU-8 structure. The dimensions L×W×H
of 12 and 16-pair devices are approximately 9× 10×
1.5mm and 9× 11× 1.5mm, respectively.
7. Stephen Chukwuemeka [14210334] EE541 Nano & Microelectronic Device Manufacturing Review Paper 5
Figure 4: SEM picture and appearance of 12- and 16-pair
silicon-based TE devices (Jen-Hau Cheng et al, 2005).
V. SILICON-BASED TE MATERIALS AND THEIR
COOLING CHARACTERISTICS
Keeping in mind the end goal to exhibit the cooling
capacity of 12 and 16- pair silicon-based TE gadgets,
thermal pictures are shot by infrared camera. Figure 3a
and 3b demonstrate the cooling capacity of 12-and 16-
sets gadgets at encompassing temperature of 24.4ºC,
individually. The cooling capacity test of 12-sets gadget
starts with no input power, which the cold side
temperature is 24.6ºC.
With the slow increments of input current, the gadget
begins to chill off and brings about a temperature
diminish at the cold side. At the point when the gadget is
stacked with the input current of 0.34A, the cold side
temperature achieves the minimum point of 12.9ºC and
accomplishes the highest temperature contrast in the
middle of surrounding and cold side of 11.5ºC. In the
wake of coming to the most minimal point, the cold side
temperature begins to go up on the grounds that the vast
majority of information current starts exchanging to
joule heating. At last, the cold side temperature very
nearly ascends to its unique temperature of 24.6ºC at
0.67A.
Input 0.67A Input 1.44A
(a) 12-pairs (b) 16-pairs
Figure 5: Thermal images of 12-pair (a) and 16-pair (b)
silicon-based TE gadgets functioning as a cooler
(Jen-Hau Cheng et al, 2005).
The cooling capacity test of 16-sets gadget additionally
takes after the same steps and technique for 12-sets
gadget. The highest temperature distinction of 16-sets
gadget is 24.9ºC at the data current of 0.75A and is
higher than that of 12-sets gadget due to the extra 4 sets
of TE legs. Figure 6 outlines the trial consequences of
the highest temperature contrast in the middle of ambient
8. Stephen Chukwuemeka [14210334] EE541 Nano & Microelectronic Device Manufacturing Review Paper 6
and cold side versus electric current power of 12-sets
and 16-sets silicon-based TE gadget.
Figure 6: The cooling characteristic of 12-pair and 16-
pair silicon-based TE gadget (Jen-Hau Cheng et al, 2005).
VI. THERMOELECTRIC MODULE
The usefulness rule of refrigeration frameworks is based
the usage of the Peltier's TE effect. The Peltier's effect is
executed in the improvement of TE modules that
delivers a temperature distinction when electrical current
moves through TE material.
TE modules are viewed as strong state energy
converters, ordinarily TE modules comprise of a cluster
game plan of many p-class and n-class thermocouples
joined together in arrangement electrically and they are
likewise associated thermally in parallel course of action
30, 32 - 34
. The components of a TE module are typically
inserted in electrical protecting material keeping in mind
the end goal to keep up the separating in the module
furthermore shield it from unsatisfactory working
environment 32, 33
.
Figure 7: A cross-sectional view of a TE module
revealing the module elements arrangement of the p/n
class materials. (Image courtesy of
http://edge.rit.edu/content/P09451/public/Home under
Creative Commons License)
TE modules can be utilized for heating, cooling and
energy generation purposes, in this way the coefficient
of thermal extension of the module material ought to be
considered amid the configuration of the module due to
conceivable disappointments that may happen because
of created burdens amid gathering and heat impacts amid
use 34 - 36
.
Amid the operation of a TE module, there are 5
important physical procedures occurring.
1. Thermal Convection: Refers to the exchange of
warmth through the P-class module components and the
n-class module components 34, 35
.
2. Joule Heating: Describes the warmth scattering
procedure on the resistive components 36
.
3. Peltier Heating/cooling impact: Describes the
ingestion/scattering of warmth at the intersection of two
unique material sorts (p/n) when current moves through
the intersection 24
.
9. Stephen Chukwuemeka [14210334] EE541 Nano & Microelectronic Device Manufacturing Review Paper 7
4. Seebeck Power Generation: Describes how the
procedure of warming/cooling of the intersection of two
disparate material sorts (p/n) creates an electrical
potential at the intersection 19, 20
.
5. Thomson Effect: Describes the thermodynamic
relationship between the Peltier effects and the Seebeck
effect amid operation of the module 32, 34
.
TE modules can likewise be interconnected in a blend of
parallel or series formation or a mix of both parallel and
series formation to make bigger module gatherings with
a specific end goal to accomplish bigger TE results. TE
modules are normally interfaced with hot side and cold
side heat exchangers 30
, the interface game plan of a TE
module is pivotal in the configuration, as the interface is
required to effectively move heat energy all through the
module, an ill-advised interface outline will restrain the
interface warm exchange and subsequently bringing
about performance limitations of TE systems 30
.
VII. TRENDS AND IMPROVEMENTS IN
THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS
This area of the review paper would concentrate on the
examination of significant patterns and advancements in
the applications of the TE effects, recent improvements
in TE applications include:
A. THERMOELECTRIC OXIDES
One of the developing trends in TE applications is
implementation of oxides in the improvement of
thermoelectric materials, there are a few points of
interest included in the utilization of metal oxides in the
advancement of TE material for vitality era, the metal
oxide TE materials would be more rough and more less
demanding to be prepared than traditional TE materials
and conceivably have a high scope of working
environment. An illustration of TE oxides is the class of
NaxCo2O4; these compounds have viable TE properties
that make them very suitable for TE applications 37
.
These materials are a member from an extensive class of
layered metal bronze that structures edge shared
octahedral oxide layers in the transition metals 37, 38
.
Furthermore they contain combined valence CO ions
with vagrant electrons inside the layers and a
nonstoichiometric measure of Na ions between the
layers 38
. There are numerous focal points of these
material structures in TE applications.
B. SKUTTERUDITES
Another prominent developing trend in the utilization of
TE effect is the utilization of Skutterudites in TE
applications, Skutterudites are hydrothermal mineral
gem materials that contain nickel, they have a high p-
class portability values and a substantial n-class TE
values. These are great TE material attributes that
endorses low thermal conductivity in TE materials 39
.
Skutterudites additionally has a substantial number of
ISO-structural materials 39
.
The thermal conductivity of Skutterudites can be shifted
by filling the voids inside of the structure with vast
materials of little breadth, for example, trivalent rare
earth ions 39
. The warm conductivity decrease compares
to the measure of particles consolidated inside of the
Skutterudites 39
.
Figure 8: Crystal structure of a filled skutterudite
SmRu4P12. (image courtesy of
http://www.spring8.or.jp/en/news_publications/press_release/
2008/080310-1/ under Creative Commons License)
10. Stephen Chukwuemeka [14210334] EE541 Nano & Microelectronic Device Manufacturing Review Paper 8
C. CLATHRATES
Another trending material that is producing interests in
TE frameworks is Clathrates. Clathrates are chemical
substances that comprise of grids that trap or contain
atoms 40
. Like Skutterudites, Clathrates additionally
have confine like structures which take into account the
rattling system that permits the change of their thermal
conductivity property.
The specific Clathrates class which is for the most part
successful for TE application is the class-i and class-ii
Clathrate hydrates, there are different material
organizations that contained these two classes, these
materials of interest from both bonding and physical
properties point of view 40
. The bonding class in
Clathrate hydrates is somewhat like the ones found in
diamond-structure group 14 components and their
unmistakable thermal conductivity properties makes
them a decent material choice for TE applications 40, 41
.
D. THIN FILM THERMOELECTRIC
MATERIALS
In the Engineering field of semiconductor, there is an
on-going routine of system scaling down, and with TE
applications like TE coolers being one of the significant
segments in semiconductor systems, size lessening of TE
materials is such a vital issue 42, 44
. By and large
business energy utilizations of the TE effect does not
exploit the huge possibilities offered by low dimensional
structures, it has being tentatively demonstrated that low
dimensional TE materials display an expanded Figure of
Merit (ZT) contrasted with other cumbersome materials
43
, these low-dimensional materials are alluded to as the
thin- film TE materials. There is a generating trend in the
examination of these thin films TE materials, and the
purpose behind this latest improvement is the
hypothetically anticipated increment in their figure of
benefits estimation of their super-grids as a consequence
of a few effects 42, 43
.
There are two main ways to deal with the improvement
of thin film TE gadgets, viz: IN-PLANE LEGS and
CROSS –PLANE LEGS. The IN-PLANE legs
methodology produces a high number of thermocouples
which actually implies high voltages, and a
diminishment in their thermal conductivity properties,
and along these lines the subsequent in a low
temperature angle over the slender layers 44
. The
CROSS PLANE legs methodology has control of low
electrical resistance and limited parasitic heat flow
through the substrate, the thin film TE materials are
gotten through the utilization of MEMS 44
Figure 9: sample of a thin film TE material developed by
FUJIFILM. (Image courtesy of http://phys.org/news/2013-
02-fujifilm-thermoelectric-material.html/ under Creative
Commons License)
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, new thermal techniques for silicon-based
thermoelectric materials were revealed as well as the
characterization processes involved in the manufacturing
of silicon-based thermoelectric (TE) materials. The
functionality of silicon-based thermoelectric materials
was highlighted in the course of the writing of this
paper. Thermal Images depicting the cooling
functionality of silicon-based thermoelectric materials
were taken and discussed in this paper as seen above.
The initial paragraphs were highlights on the
background/ history, improvement and the physics
behind thermoelectric materials.
11. Stephen Chukwuemeka [14210334] EE541 Nano & Microelectronic Device Manufacturing Review Paper 9
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