Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
Definition
History
Chemistry
Properties
Classification & its Generation
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of action
Indication
Contraindication
Therapeutic use
Adverse effect
Resistance
Comparison with penicillin
Market preparation
Pharmacology of Penicllins (Beta lactam antibiotics), description of their mechanism of action, mechanism of resistance, classification, indications and adverse effects
Definition
History
Chemistry
Properties
Classification & its Generation
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of action
Indication
Contraindication
Therapeutic use
Adverse effect
Resistance
Comparison with penicillin
Market preparation
Pharmacology of Penicllins (Beta lactam antibiotics), description of their mechanism of action, mechanism of resistance, classification, indications and adverse effects
TUBERCULOSIS AND ANTI-TUBERCULAR AGENTSN J V S Pavan
This presentation include every data related to TB and anti-TB drugs with neat and understandable picturization and tables..... pharma students are beneficial mostly
Drugs used in protozoal infections with antiprotozoal drugskhangloo1110
This file includes diseases caused by protozoa like amebiasis, Giardiasis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis with drugs acting on the diseases like Emetine, Metronidazole, clioquinol and iodoquinol with their mechanism of action and their pharmacology.
INTRODUCTION
Erythromycin is the first member of group, and was isolated from a strain of Streptomyces erythreus in 1952.
Rest drugs are semi-synthetic derivatives of erythromycin known as newer macrolides
Some other drugs are dirithromycin, oleandomycin and troleandomycin.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Macrolide antibiotics are bacteriostatic agents and inhibit the protein synthesis by binding reversibly to 50s ribosomal subunit of sensitive microorganism and interfere with translocation step in the protein synthesis.
Gram positive bacteria's are 100 times more sensitive than gram negative bacteria's by these drugs.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
It is bacteriostatic at low concentration & bactericidal at high concentration
Bactericidal property depends on the concentration, organism concerned and its rate of multiplication
ANTI MICROBIAL SPECTRUM
It is narrow spectrum antibiotic. These antibiotics are more active against gram positive cocci and inactive against most of the aerobic and enteric gram negative bacilli.
In addition, Campylobacter, Legionella, Branhamella catarrhalis, G. vaginalis and Mycoplasma (which are not affected by pencillin are also highly susceptible to erythromycin)
ANTI MICROBIAL SPECTRUM
Moderately sensitive to H. influenza, B. pertussis, C. trachomatis, N. meningitidis and Rickettsiae
Ineffective against Enterobacteriaceae, other gram negative bacilli.
ERYTHROMYCIN
This drug is acid labile, given as enteric coated tablets. Poorly absorbed when given empty stomach and has poor tissue penetration.
DOSE: 250-500mg QID with half life of 1.5 hrs
Indications: a drug of choice in atypical pneumonia, whooping cough and cancroids and as an alternative to penicillin in streptococcal pharyngitis, tonsillitis, mastoiditis.
SIDE EFFECTS: Epigastric distress causing nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Allergic reactions such as fever and skin eruption.
CLARITHROMYCIN
These drugs are acid stable, good absorption occurs when given empty stomach and has good tissue penetration.
Dose: 250-500mg BD with half life of 3-6 hrs at low dose and 3-9 hrs at high dose.
Indications: upper and lower RTI, sinusitis, otitis media, atypical pneumonia, skin infections. And H. pylori infection and first line drug in combination regimens in AIDS infection
Side effects: same as erythromycin but better gastric tolerance, reversible hearing loss at high doses.
AZYTHROMYCIN
These drugs are acid stable, good absorption occurs when given empty stomach and has good tissue penetration
Dose: 500mg OD with half life >50 hrs.
Indications: pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, otitis media pneumonias, chronic bronchitis. In the prophylaxis and treatment of AIDS infections.
Side effects: nausea vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain.
ROXITHROMYCIN
These drugs are acid stable, good absorption occurs when given empty stomach and has good tissue penetration
DOSE: 150mg BD with half life of 12 hrs.
Indications: alternative to erythromycin for respiratory, skin
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
insect taxonomy importance systematics and classification
Azithromycin
1. Product Info Mode of Action Indication Dose & Selling Points
Presentation On
Azithromycin
2. Azithromycin is a broad spectrum macrolide antibiotic. Azithromycin is an azalide, derived from
erythromycin, and a member of a subclass of macrolide antibiotics with bacteriocidal and
bacteriostatic activities.
Product Information Chemical Structure
Generic Name : Azithromycin
Specification : USP
Dosage Form : Tablet (3×4s) & Powder for Suspension
(15, 35 & 50 ml)
Composition : 500 mg per Tablet and
200 mg per 5 ml suspension.
Routes : Oral
Pregnancy Category : B
Suffix : -thromycin
3. Why Bacteria needs
protein?
For Bacteria survive it
requires protein for-
A. Reproduction
B. Growth
C. Repair and
D. Regulation of metabolism.
Which are coded by unique
genetic code present in DNA.
Bacterial Protein Synthesis-
There are two major steps in protein synthesis-
Transcription Translation
Bacterial
Protein
Synthesis
4. Firstly, the double stranded DNA molecule
must ‘unwind’ and ‘separate’ in the region
which will code the specific protein.
Transcription
Secondly, RNA polymerase selects only
one strand of the DNA.
Finally, mRNA is produced which is the
exact copy of the DNA segment.
5. Translation
Complete mRNA detaches from DNA
template and Ribosomes gets attached
to the mRNA.
Along the mRNA an alignment of tRNA
molecules occur in sequence. Each
tRNA carries an unique amino acid.
These amino acids joints together to
form a polypeptide chain which will
release finished protein molecule.
6. Mechanism of Action at a glance (Transcription & Translation)-
mRNA is produced from Nucleus DNA
molecule through the interference of RNA
polymerase (Transcription).
This mRNA act as a template and goes
out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
Ribosomes present in cytoplasm binds
with mRNA molecule.
A series of tRNA which individually carries
a certain amino acids binds with the
complex and creates a chain of amino
acids which is termed as “Protein”
(Translation).
7. How Azithromycin works
Azithromycin binds with the 50s
Ribosomal subunit during
Translation process.
Leading to inhibition of-
A.Transpeptidation
B. Translation
C. Chain elongation
And ultimately “Bacterial Protein
Synthesis”.
8. Mechanism of Action at a glance
Azithromycin
Binds with 50s ribosomal subunits of bacteria
Blocking the attachment of the transfer RNA-amino acid to the ribosome
Blocking of Bacterial Peptide elongation
Bacterial Protein synthesis is inhibited
Bacterial growth inhibited (Bacteriostatic Action)
9. Azithromycin Erythromycin
Topic
Cardiac & GI
side effects Less More
Drug-Drug
Interactions
Less More
Half Life 11-14 hr single dose, 68 hr
multiple dose
1.5-2 hr
Administration Orally better & can be taken with
or without food.
Orally less & should be taken
without food.
Activity in case of
Gram(-) Bacteria Higher Lower
Azithromycin VS Erythromycin
10. Clinical Study Efficacy Against Pathogens
A.Gram Positive Aerobes :
1. Step. Pneumoniae
2. MSSA (methicillin-
susceptible Staphylococcus
aureus)
3. Diphtheria (caused by
Corynebacterium)
*Except Enterococcus
B. Gram Negative Aerobes :
1. M.catarrhalis
2. H. influenzae
3. B. pertussis
4. N.Gonorrhea
5. Campylobacter
6. Salmonella typhi
7. H.pylori
*Not useful against
Enterobacteriacae
11. Indications
A. Enteric Fever : Typhoid Fever
Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is
a disease caused by Salmonella serotype
Typhi bacteria. Symptoms may vary from
mild to severe, and usually begin 6 to 30
days after exposure. Often there is a
gradual onset of a high fever over several
days.
This is commonly accompanied by-
Weakness,
Abdominal pain,
Constipation,
Headaches and
Mild vomiting.
Fig : Salmonella typhi
12. B. RTI :
Respiratory tract infection (RTI) is defined as
any infectious disease of the upper or lower
respiratory tract.
1. Bronchitis : Bronchitis is an inflammation
of the lining of your bronchial tubes, which
carry air to and from your lungs.
2. Pneumonia : Pneumonia is an
inflammatory condition of the lung primarily
affecting the small air sacs known as alveoli.
13. 3. Sinusitis :
Sinusitis is an inflammation or
swelling of the tissue lining the
sinuses. Sinuses become blocked and
filled with fluid.
4. Pharyngitis :
Pharyngitis is inflammation of the pharynx,
which is in the back of the throat. It’s most
often referred to simply as “sore throat.”
14. 5. Tonsillitis :
Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, two
oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the
throat — one tonsil on each side.
C. Acute Otitis Media :
Acute otitis media is an inflammatory disease
which creates an infection of rapid onset that
usually presents with pain in the middle ear..
D. Other Complications may include :
SSTI (Skin & Soft Tissue Infection),
Dental Pain,
STD : Syphilis, Gonorrhea etc.
15. • Adult : 500 mg orally once daily for 7 days or more
depending on the indication.
: 1 gm orally as a single dose.
• Child : 10mg/kg body wt. orally in a single dose once
daily for 5 to 7 days.
Azithromycin should be taken at least 1 hour before or 2 hours
after meal.
17. Never skip azithromycin as it
may increase the risk of
further infection or resistance
to it.
Full
Course
Do not take antacids within 2 hours
before or after taking azithromycin
because antacids reduces the
effectiveness of azithromycin.
Antacids
Precautions
20. Drug Interaction
Antacids (E.g. Aluminium or Magnesium)
Digoxin
Warfarin
Ciclosporin
Tacrolimus
Colchicine
Ergot Alkaloids (E.g. Ergotamine or
Dihydroergotamine)
Nelfinavir
Cholesterol Lowering Agent (E.g. Simvastatin
or Atorvastatin)
Rifabutin
Amiodarone
Sotalol
Can be given with following drugs :
Ambroxol
Cefixime
Ceftriaxone
Fluconazole
Ornidazole
Secnidazole
Zinc
Lactobacillus
21. Pregnancy Category B
Azithromycin USP
500 mg Tab,
(15 ml,
35 ml, 50 ml)DS
Animal reproduction
studies have failed to
demonstrate a risk to
the fetus and there are
no adequate and well-
controlled studies
in pregnant women.
22. Target Doctors :
For Tablet :
•Chest specialists
•Skin & VD specialist
•Medicine specialists
•ENT specialists
•Potential GPs
Product positioning :
It’s a drug of choice in…
•RTIs
•Typhoid fever
For dry suspension :
•Pediatricians
•Potential GPs
23. Lower
Treatment
Cost
Supply microb free
DM water with
mango flavor which
is highly palatable
Short Duration of
Therapy (5-7 d)
Highly
Effective
and Safe
Once Daily
Dose
Schedule
01 03 04 05
02
Selling Points
$