Cefuroxime axetil is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic available as 250mg and 500mg tablets. It is effective against a variety of bacterial infections. Cefuroxime has good bioavailability and is metabolized and excreted primarily through urine. It works by disrupting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Clinical trials show Cefuroxime is effective in treating UTIs during pregnancy, community-acquired pneumonia, acute pyelonephritis, acute bronchitis, gonorrhea, neonatal infections, and skin and soft tissue infections.
Levoflox (Levofloxacin Tablets) are used to treat bacterial infections of the skin, sinuses, kidneys, bladder, or prostate. Levofloxacin tablets are also used to treat bacterial infections that cause bronchitis or pneumonia, and to treat people who have been exposed to anthrax.
Levoflox (Levofloxacin Tablets) are used to treat bacterial infections of the skin, sinuses, kidneys, bladder, or prostate. Levofloxacin tablets are also used to treat bacterial infections that cause bronchitis or pneumonia, and to treat people who have been exposed to anthrax.
The thin endometrium refers to the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium, being insufficiently thick. This condition is typically characterized by a reduced thickness of the endometrial layer, which plays a crucial role in supporting the implantation and development of a fertilized egg during the menstrual cycle.
A thin endometrium is commonly associated with hormonal imbalances, such as low estrogen levels, which are vital for the growth and maintenance of the endometrial tissue. Inadequate blood flow to the uterus, chronic inflammation, or certain medical conditions can also contribute to this condition. Women with a thin endometrium may experience difficulties in achieving and maintaining pregnancy, as the thin lining may not provide an optimal environment for the embryo to implant and thrive.
Addressing the underlying causes of a thin endometrium often involves hormonal therapies to regulate estrogen levels, lifestyle modifications, and sometimes surgical interventions. Fertility treatments, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), may be considered to overcome the challenges associated with a thin endometrium.
In conclusion, a thin endometrium can pose challenges to fertility and reproductive health, requiring a comprehensive approach to address the underlying factors and improve the chances of successful conception.
The thin endometrium refers to the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium, being insufficiently thick. This condition is typically characterized by a reduced thickness of the endometrial layer, which plays a crucial role in supporting the implantation and development of a fertilized egg during the menstrual cycle.
A thin endometrium is commonly associated with hormonal imbalances, such as low estrogen levels, which are vital for the growth and maintenance of the endometrial tissue. Inadequate blood flow to the uterus, chronic inflammation, or certain medical conditions can also contribute to this condition. Women with a thin endometrium may experience difficulties in achieving and maintaining pregnancy, as the thin lining may not provide an optimal environment for the embryo to implant and thrive.
Addressing the underlying causes of a thin endometrium often involves hormonal therapies to regulate estrogen levels, lifestyle modifications, and sometimes surgical interventions. Fertility treatments, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), may be considered to overcome the challenges associated with a thin endometrium.
In conclusion, a thin endometrium can pose challenges to fertility and reproductive health, requiring a comprehensive approach to address the underlying factors and improve the chances of successful conception.
Cefdinir and its role in otitis media, clinical study, indications, dosages, advantage, role of clavunalic acid, hepatotoxicity role all the research features are includes here to be prepared for Rajshahi Medical College, Focusing ENT specialist
SINGLE DOSE treatment of URINARY TRACT INFECTION in women, Dr Sharda jain , ...Lifecare Centre
SINGLE DOSE treatment of URINARY TRACT INFECTION in women
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
UTI is the 2nd most common infectious presentation in community practices
It describes the Progesterone physiology. It describes the latest evidence as regards progesterone formulations, use of progesterone as Luteal phase support. It scrutinizes the value of serum progesterone in monitoring luteal phase
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
1. Product Brief
Brand Name : Furotil®
Generic Name : Cefuroxime Axetil
Strength : Tablet: 250 mg and 500 mg.
Dosage Form : Tablet
Therapeutic Use : For the treatment of various bacterial infections
Brand slogan : Antibiotic with difference.
2. Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 37% on empty stomach, up to 52% if taken after food
Metabolism axetil moiety is metabolized to acetaldehyde and acetic acid
Half-life 1.2 hour
Excretion Urine 66-100% Unchanged
Semi synthetic, broad-spectrum, bactericidal
2nd generation cephalosporin antibiotic.
3. Mechanism of action
Cefuroxime are bactericidal and have the same mode of action as
other beta-lactam antibiotics (such as penicillins) but is less
susceptible to Beta-lactamase. Cephalosporins disrupt the
synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The
peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity.
The final transpeptidation step in the synthesis of the
peptidoglycan is facilitated by transpeptidases known as
penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).
4. Generation of Cephalosporins
Gen Examples Specturm Pathogens
1st Cephradine
Cefalexin
Cefadroxil
Cefazolin
More:
Gram+Ve
Less:
Gram–Ve
Gram-positive
Streptococci, Staphylococci
Gram- negative
E. coli, K. pneumoniae
2nd Cefoxitin
Cefuroxime
Cefaclor
Less:
Gram+Ve
More:
Gram-Ve
Gram-positive
S. aureus, S. pneumoniae
Streptococci
Gram-negative
E. coli, Klebsiella, H. influenzae, M.
catarrhalis, Neisseria, Proteus,
Anaerobes
Bacteroides fragilis
5. Gen Example Spectrum Pathogens
3rd Ceftriaxone
Cefotaxime
Ceftazidime
Ceftibuten
Cefixime
Less:
Gram+Ve
More:
Gram-ve
Gram-negative aerobes
E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus,
H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis,
Neisseria sp, Enterobacter sp.,
Acinetobacter, Morganella morganii,
Serratia, Pseudomonas
4th Cefepime
Cefpirome
Extended:
Gram+ve
More:
Gram-ve
As first generation
Same as third generation
Generation of Cephalosporins
6. Absorption and Metabolism
After oral administration, cefuroxime axetil is absorbed
from the gastrointestinal tract and rapidly hydrolyzed by
nonspecific esterases in the intestinal mucosa and blood to
cefuroxime.
Cefuroxime is subsequently distributed throughout the
extracellular fluids. The axetil moiety is metabolized to
acetaldehyde and acetic acid.
7. Dosage & Administration
Population/Infection Dosage Duration (days)
Adolescents and Adults (13 years and older)
Throat and Tonsil
Infections
250 mg; 12 hourly 10 days
Sinus Infection 250 mg; 12 hourly 10 days
Bronchitis 250 or 500 mg; 12 hourly 5 to 10 days
Skin Infections 250 or 500 mg; 12 hourly 10 days
Urinary Tract Infection 250 mg; 12 hourly 7 to 10 days
Gonorrhea The usual Treatment is of 1g Single dose
Early Lyme disease 500 mg; 12 hourly 20 days
Pediatric Patients (Who can swallow tablets whole)
Acute Otitis Media 250 mg; 12 hourly 10 days
Acute Bacterial
Maxillary Sinusitis
250 mg; 12 hourly 10 days
Furotil Tablets
8. Dosage & Administration
Sequential therapy:
Pneumonia: 1.5 g 2-3 times daily for 48-72 hours followed by
500 mg twice daily for 7-10 days
AECB: 750 mg 2-3 times daily for 48-72 hours followed by
500 mg twice daily for 5-10 days
10. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most
common bacterial infections during pregnancy. UTIs are
associated with risks to both the fetus and the mother,
including pyelonephritis, preterm birth, low birth
weight, and increased perinatal mortality. So it is
very important to treat UTI with a safe and effective
Antibiotic as two lives are directly involved here.
UTI in pregnancy
But,
Quinolone i.e. Ciprofloxacin is not safe in pregnancy
Macrolide i.e. Azithromycin is highly resistant to urinary pathogens and only 6% of
the administered drug excreted through urine as unchanged condition
On the other hand,
Safety of Cefuroxime has been established by direct clinical trial on pregnant
woman
95% of the administered drug excreted through urine as unchanged condition
12. Cefuroxime is a safe antibiotic in all stages of pregnancy
Safety of Cefuroxime is established through direct clinical trial on pregnant women
No of patients: 78 pregnant women and their 80 infants.
● 13 women in the first trimester
● 19 women in the second trimester
● 46 women in the third trimester
18 months follow up after birth, it is found that – No abnormalities in terms of
physical and mental development were observed to any of the children and their
mothers.
13. Cefuroxime is highly effective in uncomplicated UTI
No of patients: 140 women with uncomplicated UTI
Drug used: Cefuroxime 250 mg twice daily
Results: Cefuroxime axetil may be used safely and
effectively to treat uncomplicated UTI at a dose of 250
mg bid
97%
Clinical success rate
14. Cefuroxime is effective and safe treatment option for acute
pyelonephritis during pregnancy
No of patients: 101 pregnant women with acute pyelonephritis
• 52 women in Cefuroxime group
• 49 women cefradine group
Drug used:
• Cefuroxime 750 mg inj tid for 3 days followed by
250 mg tablet bid for 11 days
• Cefradine 1 gm inj qid for 3 days followed by
500 mg tablet tid for 11 days
Cefuroxime Cefradine
96.2%
89.8%
15. Cefuroxime for the treatment of Community-acquired pneumonia
Total no of patients: 162
Cefuroxime axetil group: cefuroxime axetil 500 mg twice a day (n = 84) for 10 days.
Amoxycillin/clavulanate group: amoxycillin/clavulanate 500 mg/125 mg three times a
day (n = 78) for 10 days.
Result: Cure or improvement were achieved 100% and 96% in case of patients treated
with cefuroxime axetil or amoxycillin/clavulanate, respectively.
Cefuroxime amoxycillin/clavulanate
100%
96%
Clinical
success
rate
16. cefuroxime axetil in treatment of secondary bacterial infections of
Acute Bronchitis
Patients received 5 or 10 days of treatment (n = 177 in each group) with
Cefuroxime axetil at 250 mg twice daily. Patients in the 5 days group received
placebo on days 6 to 10.
Result: A satisfactory clinical outcome was achieved in 82% & 86% of the
clinically evaluated patients treated with 5 days & 10 days group respectively.
5 days
10 days
82% 86%
Clinical
success
rate
17. Cefuroxime for the treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Gonorrhoea
No of patients: 140 (Men:110 & Women: 30)
Drug used: Single oral doses of cefuroxime axetil (1.5
gm) with 1 gm probenecid.
Results: The cure rate was 100%.
100%
Clinical success rate
18. • Cefuroxime injection was
used to treat 28 neonates
with suspected or proved
infection.
• There was significant
clinical improvement in
27 of them after 5 days
treatment and each was
well on discharge from
hospital.
• Dose : 50mg/kg twice a
day for 5 days
Cefuroxime in the treatment of neonates
96%
Clinical success rate
19. Cefuroxime for the treatment of SSTI
A total of 330 patients were enrolled at 10 centers and were randomly assigned to
receive cefuroxime axetil 250 mg (n = 107), cephalexin 500 mg (n = 111) or cefadroxil
500 mg (n = 112), twice daily for 10 days.
Clinical and bacteriological efficacy of three oral cephalosporins were evaluated and it
was found that Cefuroxime was superior to others.
Cefuroxime
Cefadroxil
Cephalexin
Cefuroxime
Cefadroxil
Cephalexin
Clinical cure rate Bacteriological eradication
97%
94%
89%
96%
93%
85%
20. Studies shows that
cefuroxime axetil is as
effective or more
effective than of
cefaclor, amoxicillin
or amoxiclav for
Acute Otitis Media.
Cefuroxime for the treatment of ENT infection (ear infection)
96%
Clinical success rate
21. A 10 days course of
cefuroxime is highly
effective for the
treatment of
pharyngitis and
tonsillitis.
Cefuroxime for the treatment of ENT infection
(Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis)
95%
Clinical success rate
22. Cefuroxime for the treatment of
Enteric fever
98.6%
Clinical
success rate
