The document provides an overview of Ayurvedic anatomy related to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). It discusses the definition of GIT, development of GIT structures, key structures included under GIT such as the stomach and intestines. It describes the kostanga (parts of the abdomen) and asaya (receptacles) concepts. The main anatomical structures of the GIT are described including the amashaya, grahani, antra, unduka, pakwasaya and guda. Diseases related to amashaya are also mentioned.

2. AYURVEDIC ANATOMY OF GIT
PRESENTER
DR. THRIJIL KRISHNAN E M
DEPT. OF SHAREERA RACHANA
GUIDE
DR. UMA B GOPAL
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF SHAREERA RACHANA

3. Contents
•Introduction
•Definition of GIT
•Development of GIT
•Structures including under the
heading GIT
•Concept of Kostanga
•Concept of Asaya
•Conclusion
•References

4. GIT
• The human gastrointestinal tract is the
stomach and intestine, sometimes including all
the structures from the mouth to the anus.
• The "digestive system" is a broader term that
includes other structures, including the
accessory organs of digestion
• Synonym : Alimentary tract or Alimentary
canal

5. The digestive system perform
six basic functions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Ingestion
Secretion
Mixing and propulsion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation
5

6. • In an adult male human, the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract is 5
-7 metres long in a live
subject
• Up to 7-9 metres without
the effect of muscle tone,
and consists of the upper and
lower GI tracts.
6

7. HUMAN GASTRO INTESTINAL TRACT
7

8. Upper GIT
– Oral cavity
– Pharynx
– Oesophagus
Lower GIT
– Stomach
– Small intestine
– Large intestine
Accessory digestive organs
–
–
–
–
–
–
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas
8

9.  PRIMITIVE GUT – 14TH Day.
*Differentiation of primitive gut
into
Foregut,
Midgut
Hind gut
- 3RD Week
 FOREGUT
*Stomatodeum and oral membrane.
*Rupture during 4th week to
communicate with
the exterior through the oral cavity
*Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach & A
part of
Duodenum
9

10. MID GUT
*Opens into the yolk sac – 5th week
*After 5th week, yolk sac constricts, detaches
from midgut & midgut seals.
*Remaining part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum,
portion of large intestine.
HIND GUT
*Proctodaeum & Cloacal membrane– rupture &
communicate with exterior through anus.
*Remaining part of the large intestine
10

11. 11

12. • LAYERS OF THE GI TRACT
1.MUCOSA
EPITHELIUM
THE LAMINA PROPRIA
MUSCULARIS MUCOSA
2.SUBMUCOSA
3.MUSCULAR
4.SEROSA
12

13. Introduction To Ayurvedic
Anatomy
•
Su Su 3/17
•
•
Su. Sha. 5 /3
13

14. DESCRIPTIONS OF BODY PARTS
BY BHAVAMISRA
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Instead of Shadanga - Ashtanga
1.Shira
2.Greeva
3.Bahu Yugalam
4.Vaksha
5.Udaram
6. Parswadwayam
7.Prishtavamsam & Prishtam
8. 2 Sakthi
14

15. DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANS ACC. TO AYURVEDA
Su Sha 4 /23
15

16. DEVELOPMENT ACC. TO
AYURVEDA……
•
•
•
•
•
Su Sha. 4/26-30
16

17. KOSHTA AND ASAYA
17

18. Importance of koshta
• MüÉå¸ - MÑüwÉç AÉuÉUhÉå
• mÉÑÇÍxÉ MüÉå¸ÉåÅliÉeÉïPûUÇ…|
• MÑüwrÉiÉå | MÑüwÉÌlÉwMüwÉåï. AqÉUMüÉåwÉ-3/3/40
• Maha srothas
• Shareera madhya
• Mahanimna
• Amasaya
• Pakwasaya
• Abhyantara rogamarga
•
cha.soo. 11/48
Acc to Susrutha
• xjÉÉlÉÉÌlÉ AÉqÉÎalÉmÉYuÉÉlÉÉÇ qÉÔ§ÉxrÉ ÂÍkÉUxrÉ cÉ|
WØûSÒhQÒûMüÈ TÑümmÉÑxÉ¶É MüÉå· CirÉÍpÉkÉÏrÉiÉå|| su.chi
2/9
18

19. STRUCTURES MENTIONED IN CLASSICS
RELATED TO KOSTA
Mandhyamanga 117 types of Asthi –
Su Sha. 5
59 types of kostagatha asthi sandhi
explainedSu sha 5
230 types of snayu explained by
Susrutha
• 66 type of mamsa pesi in kosta
guda = 3
One among the vrana adhisthana
is kosta
19

20. Kostangas according to different
acharyas
• mÉgcÉSvÉ MüÉå·ÉXçaÉÉÌlÉ; iɱiÉÉ-lÉÉÍpɶÉ, ¾ÕûSrÉÇ cÉ, YsÉÉåqÉ cÉ,
rÉM×üccÉ, msÉÏWûÉ cÉ, uÉ×YMüÉæ cÉ,
oÉÎxiɶÉç, mÉÑUÏwÉÉkÉÉU¶É,
AÉqÉÉvÉrɶÉ, mÉYuÉÉvÉrÉ¶É E¨ÉUaÉÑSÇ
cÉ, AkÉUaÉÑSÇ cÉ, ¤ÉÑSìÉl§ÉÇ cÉ,
xjÉÔsÉÉl§ÉÇ cÉ, uÉmÉÉuÉWûlÉÇ cÉåÌiÉ ||
cÉ.vÉÉ.7/10
• MüÉå·XçaÉÉÌlÉ ÎxjÉiÉÉlrÉåwÉÑ WØûSrÉÇ
YsÉÉåqÉ TÑümmÉÑxÉqÉç|
rÉM×üimsÉÏWûÉåhQÒûMüÇ uÉÚMüÉæ
20

21. Kostangas according to different acharyas
CHARAKA
SUSRUTHA
ASTANGA
HRIDAYAM
ASTANGA
SANGRAHAM
NABHI
UTTARAGUDHA
AMASAYA
HRIDAYAM
HRIDAYA
HRIDAYA
ADHARAGUDHA
AGNI ASAYA
KLOMA
KLOMA
KLOMA
KUSHDRANTHRAM
PAKWASAYA
PHUPHUSA
PHUPPUSA
YAKRITH
STOOLANDRAM
MOOTRASAYA
YAKRITH
YAKRITH
PLEEHA
VAPAVAHANAM
RUDHIRASAYA
PLEEHA
PLEEHA
VRIKKA
HRIDAYAM
UNDUKAM
UNDUKA
VASTHI
UNDUKAM
VRIKKAs
VRIKKA
PUREESHADARA
PHUPPUSAM
NABHI
ANTHRA
AMASAYA
DIMBHA
PAKWASAYA
ANTHRA
PAYU
21

22. KOSTA BHINNA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
MOORCHA
HRIDPARSWA VEDANA
JWARA
DAHA
TRID
ADMANAM
BHAKTHASYA ANABHUNANDANAM
SWASA
SWEDA
AKSHIRAKTHATHA
ASASYA LOHAGANDHATWAM
GATRA VIGANTHADA
Su. Chi 2/13-15
22

23. KOSHTA BHEDAM
• 1. KLISHTANDRAM
• 2. CHINNANTHRAM
23

24. Concept of Ashaya in Ayurveda
• Adhistana
•
…………
24

25. Asayas acc to different Acharyas
Susrutha
Astanga sangraha
sarangadhara
1
Raktasaya
Rakthasaya
Jeevarakthasaya
2
Sleshmasaya
Kaphasaya
Sleshmasaya
3
Amasaya
Amasaya
Amasaya
4
Pittasaya
Pittasaya
Agniyasaya
5
Pakwasaya
Pakwasaya
Malasaya
6
Vatasaya
Vatasaya
Pavanasaya
7
Mootrasaya
Mootrasaya
mootrasaya
25

26. DESCRIPTION OF ORGANS RELATED TO GIT
ACCORDING TO AYURVEDA
26

27. • Mukha:
• oshta,ganda,dantha,danthamool, jihwa,talu ,gala
& sarvasyam all together constitute the Mukha,
which helps in annagrahana, charvana, kledana,
swalpa pachana
Ah. Utta. 21/65
• 2 Srikkani – charaka
Susruth measurement
• Mukha greevam – 24 anguli –
• Mukhaayamam – 12 Anguli
Su. Soo. 35
27

28. Ostha:
• The pair of lips which the muscular organs partially covered
with skin and partially by mucous layer helps in the
articulation of the speech and also securing the food
materials in the mouth during mastication by mutual
fastening.
2 oshta explained by Acharya charaka- Angapratyanga
vivarana
2 mamsa pesi present in oshta
Ganda
kapala type of Asthi is seen
2 ganda – charaka Angapratyanga vivarana
2 type Asthi present- susrutha Shareera 5
1 Asthi sandhi – Susrutha Shareera 5
2 mamsa pesi present 28

29. •
•
•
•
• Ulookhala type of Asthi sandhi – Su
• Length of Dasana 2 Angula
• 12 snayus in Uttara and adhara dantha mamsam
29

30. •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Kapha stanam jihwa
Shad rasam importance
1 sevani is present in Jihva
1 mamsa pesi present in Jihva – su
5 types of snayu – acc to AS
16 types of siras - AS . Sharee 6/8
30

31. TALU
• Talu and cloma are the moolastana of udakavaha
srothas
• Manso stanam above the thalu according to Bhela
• Kapala type of asthi seen
• 1 talu – Charaka Angapratyanga vivarana
• 2 asthi- charaka in the contest of Asthi sankhya
• 2 mamsa pesi present
GALA OR KANTA
kanta one among the Dasapranayathana
4 types of Kanta nadi explained by susrutha
1 mamsa pesi present
31

32. Asthi
Dhamani
Mamsa peshi
Asthi sandhi
mukha
Oshta
2
Ganda
2(Su)
Danta
32
32 ( hanyo
ulookhalani)
Jihva
Talu
Gala
2
32 ( danta
moola)
2
2 ( cha)
1 ( Su)
1
1
2
1
3
32

33. MAIN ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES
FORMING GIT
33

34. AMASHAYA –
Sushira type of snyau – End of pakwasaya, Amasaya and vasti
Situated inbetween nabhi and sthana.
ÌmɨÉxjÉÉlÉåvÉÑ AÉqÉÉvÉrÉ CÌiÉ AqÉÉvÉrÉÉã AkÉÉãpÉÉaÉÈ |
vsÉãwqÉxjÉÉlÉåvÉÑ AÉqÉÉvÉrÉÈ AqÉÉvÉrÉÉãkuÉïpÉÉaÉÈ || cÉ¢üÈ, cÉ
xÉÔ 20.
1.Urdhwa amashaya – kaphasthana – kledaka kapha.
2.Adhoamashaya – pittasthana- pachakapitta.
34

35. Urdhwa amashaya- kledaka kapha.
Aharakledana.
Annasanghata.
Avastha pakam- madhuree bhutham
Adhoamashaya
35

36. • Diseases in Amasaya
– Jwara & chardhi
– Atisara
– Swasa
– Kamala
36

37. Grahani
•
• Agi adistanam
• Pitta dhara kala
• Agni asayam
37

38. •
38

39. •
•
–
39

40. Summarize Grahani
•
•
•
•
•
•
Above the nabhi
Between pakwasaya and amasaya
At the gate of pakwasaya
Receptor of food
Seat of Agni
separates and digests the undigested food
40

41. Antra
• Antra’s formed by Matruja bhava
• Two types
– Kshudrantram
– Stoolandram
• Su Sha 5/9
– 3.5 vyama - male
– 3 vyama - female
– Saragadhara openion antra is lined by
Pureeshadharakala
– Antra vridhi diseases explained..
– Anthra Pravesana Explain By Acharya
– Rudrantram- ( BR)
SHOCK- PARADA VASTHI
41

42. Unduka
•
•
42

43. •
•
•
Pakwasayasta Raktam
Sasoola Gauravam
Nabhyo Adastaseetatwam
Kheda: Raktasya Agama
43

44. • mÉYuÉÉqÉÉvÉrÉÉåqÉïkrÉå ÍxÉUÉ mÉëpÉuÉÉ,
lÉÉÍpÉÈ, iɧÉÉÌmÉ xɱÉåqÉUhÉqÉç||
xÉÑ.vÉÉ.6/26
• lÉÉÍpÉ
mÉëirÉXûaÉÉÈ A.xÉÇ.vÉÉ.5/1
• iÉxrÉÉliÉUåhÉ lÉprÉåxiÉÑ erÉÉåÌiÉÈ x lÉÇ
kÉëÑuÉÇ xqÉ×iÉqÉç
• lÉÉÍpÉÈ xÉuÉïÍxÉUÉhÉÉÇ xrÉÉSÉkÉÉUÈ |
AÂhÉS¨É-A.WØû.vÉÉ 3/12
• lÉÉÍpÉxjÉÉ: mÉëÉÍhÉlÉÉqÉç mÉëÉhÉÉ:
44

45. Guda
•
•
aÉÑSè Ì¢üQûÉrÉÉqÉç iÉ aÉÑ qÉsÉÉåixÉaÉåï || zÉoS MüsmÉSìÓqÉç
aÉÑS + iÉ + aÉÑ - aÉÑS
• The place for accommodation and elimination of the faeces.
•
According to Ayurveda Guda has been explained in many aspects like
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pranayatana
sadhya pranahara marma
Kostanga
mula sthana of purishavaha srothas
martuja avayava
bahirmukha srothas
sthana of apana vata
karmendriya
45

46. •
46

47. •
47

48. • According to sarangadhara
• Total length of gudavali = 41/2 angula
•
•
•
•
Pravahini – 1 ½ angula
Visargini - 1 ½ angula
Grahika - 1 angula
Guda mukham – ½ angula
48

49. Charaka divided the Guda
into two parts i,e
Uttaraguda
Adhara Guda
According to Chakrapani
Uttaraguda is the place where
purisha is temporarily stored.
Adharaguda is the place which
helps in passing the purisha.
49

50. • According to Harita the situated apana vayu in
its normal place does vishodhana of
maladvara. This resided vayu creates opening
in different directions, and the navadvaras are
formed in the body and the guda is one
among them.
50

51. Importance of guda marma
•
•
•
•
Dasa pranayathana
Mamsa marma / dhamani marma
Sadyapranahara
4 angulam paramana
Diseases
Arsa
Parikarthika
Bhagandhara
Guda Bramsam
51

52. ADDITIONAL ANATOMICAL
STRUCTURES RELATED TO GIT
52

53. Concept of kala
• MüsÉÉ ZÉsuÉÌmÉ xÉmiÉxÉÇpÉuÉÇÌiÉ
kÉÉiuÉÉvÉrÉÉliÉUqÉrÉÉïSÉÈ | xÉÑ.vÉÉ. 4/4
• iuÉcÉÈ xÉmiÉÈ MüsÉÉÈ xÉmiÉWû……| xÉÑ.vÉÉ.
5/5
•
rÉjÉÉ ÌWû xÉÉUÈ MüɸåwÉÑ ÍNû±qÉÉlÉåwÉÑ
SØvrÉÇiÉå |
iÉjÉÉ kÉÉiÉÑÌWûï qÉÉÇxÉåwÉÑ
ÍNû±qÉÉlÉåwÉÑ SØvrÉÇiÉ || xÉÑ.vÉÉ. 4/5
•
53

54. FUNCTIONAL ENTITIES RELATED
TO GIT
54

55. PACHAKA PITTA
•
55

56. SAMANAVAYU
•
56

57. KLEDAKA KAPHA
•
BODHAKA KAPHA
57

58. SROTHAS RELATED TO GIT
– UDAKA VAHA SROTHAS
– ANNAVAHA SROTHAS
– PUREESHAVAHA SROTHAS
58

59. DISCUSSION …….
AYURVEDIC APPROCH
MODERN APPROCH
Kanthatdi Guda Taken As A Part Of GIT
The human gastrointestinal tract is the
stomach and intestine, sometimes including
all the structures from the mouth to the
anus
With The help Of Bodhaka Kapha Digestion
Starts
Digestion of the food starting from the
mouth itself with the help of salivary glands
Annanadi reference is in Atreya Samhithaby Vaidyaka Kalpa Sindhu
Oesophagus helps to move the food to the
stomach region
Amasaya is the place where food materials
will be in the form of amavastha
Stomach doing the function of receiving
the food from oesophagus and passs in to
the duodenal area
Between the amasaya and pakwasaya
Grahani is seen
Connection between the stomach and small
intestine is duodenum
59

60. Inside the Grahani seperation of digested All the chemical and mechanical phase of
digestion are directed towards changing food
and undigested food
in to forms that can pass through the
epithelial cells lining the mucosa into
underlining blood and lymphatic vessels.
From Grahani food is transferred to Pakwasaya
From small intestine digested food materials
passing to large intestine
In Pakwasaya the Sthanaof Purishadhara Kala
has a very close relation with other viscera like
Antra The Mala Vibhajan process is carried out
Large intestine starting from the iliocecal
junction.
Inside the large intestine water absorpttion
and fecal formation starts
Last part of stoolantra is connected with guda
1. Uttara guda
2. Adhara guda
Fecal matter is temporarily stored in the
Sigmoid colon
defecation urge is due to the mass peristalsis
and the stool is passed to the rectum
Made of circular muscles
Surrounds 3 cm of anal canal
Thickness : 2-5 mm
Ends at Hiltons line
When exposed looks pearly white in colour
Inside the guda three valis present ( mamsa
pesi)
60

61. CONCLUSION
• According to Ayurveda, the organs coming under the
spectrum of GIT can be considered from mukha to guda .
• Predominant structure in these parts are two nimna region
ie, Amasaya and Pakwasaya.
• GIT can be called as the mahasrothas.
• GIT includes the structures which have close relationship
with Pureeshavaha, Annavaha & Udakavaha srothas
• It can be consider as the abhyantara rogamarga
• Structurally demarcation can be well undestood in the
context of Dosha and Vipaka
• Anatomy of GIT will be better understood under the
headings of Kosta & Asaya
61

62. PHYSIOLOGY
62

63. ARTICLE REVIEW
• A critical review of ayurvedic concept of Agnimandhya by Singh Akilesh
Kumar
• Lectures-the anatomy of the intestinal canal and peritoneum in man.
Frederick treves,
• A Body Of Knowledge: TheWellcome Ayurvedic Anatomical Man And His
Sanskrit Context by Dominik Wujastyk
• Concepts of Human Physiology in Ayurveda by Kishor Patwardhan
• Concept of Pitta by Surama Mishra
• Concept of Grhani by Dr.KSR Prasad
• Clinical importance of Pittadhara Kala Dr. K. Shiva Rama Prasad
• Revalidation Of The Functions Of Ranjakapitta,Dr Sudha Gopal
63

64. REFERENCES
• Acharya J T. Charaka Samhita Ayurveda Deepika commentary of
ChakrapaniDatta. Reprint ed. Varanasi (India): Chaukhambha
orientalia ; 2011
• Acharya Y T. Sushruta Samhita with Nibhandhasangraha
commentary of Dalhanacharya and Nyayachandrika Panjika of Sri
Gayadasacharya on Nidanasthana. Reprinted ed. Varanasi (India):
Chaukambha Sankrit Sansthan; 2011
• Singh Inderbir ,Pal GP. Human Embryology, 8th ed.Reprint.Newdelhi:
Macmillan Publishers India ltd;2010
• WilliamsMM, Sanskrit – English dictionary. Motilalbanarasi das
publications delhi 1999
• Ayurvedalankar SreeSathyapala Bhishakacharya .Kasyapasamhitha
Vridhajeevakeeyam ThandramMaharshiMarichaKasyapanirdhishtam
.Reprinted ed. Varanasi: Choukambha Sanskrit Samsthan; 2009
• Paradakara HSS. Ashtanga Hrudayam with Sarvanga Sundaram of
Arunadatta and Ayurveda Rasayana of Hemadri.9 th ed. Varanasi
(india): Chaukumbha Sanskrit Orientalia;2005
64