Udakavaha srotas refers to the channels responsible for transportation and regulation of water in the body. The roots or controlling stations of udakavaha srotas are the talu (palate) and kloma (pharynx or thirst center in the brain). Vitiation of this srotas can occur due to factors like hot foods, fear, excessive alcohol, dry foods, or excessive thirst. When vitiated, it leads to symptoms like dryness of the tongue, palate, lips, throat and severe thirst. The hypothalamus detects changes in plasma osmolarity through osmoreceptors and stimulates thirst and ADH secretion to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.
BY
Prof. Dr. N. Satya Prasad, M.D., PGDHM
GOLD MEDALIST
Sr. Reader / Civil Surgeon
Post Graduate department of Kayachikitsa
Dr. B.R.K.R. Government Ayurvedic college
Hyderabad, A.P., India
Email: satyapnamburu@gmail.com
Dhatu Sarata
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
This PPT has following Imp Contents – Concept of Health ,Bioenergy + Body Tissues- Supporters and pillars of our body.+ Healthy & Disease state , To keep fit –Functions of each Dhatu
What is Dhatu Sarata ? ,What is the Importance of Sarata Examination ,Importance of Saravan Dhatu ,Types of Dhatu Sarata ? ,Practical Utility of Dhatu Sarata ,Dashavidha Pariksha What is meaning of word- Sara ? ,Advice for Heena Dhatu Sarata Clinical Features of Each Dhatu Sarata ,Diction
visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
Ayurvedic Concept of Srotas
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT is very useful for students ,teachers of 1st , 2nd , 3rd ,4th BAMS
• Also useful for Medical Practitioners
• PPT includes Medicinal plants mentioned in CCIM Syllabus
• PPT Contain --- Ayurvedic Concept of Srotas ,Causes for the Pathology of Srotas ,Clinical Features of Pathological Srotas ,Treatment for Pathology in Srotas
• Personal & On line classes for BAMS students are available in Marathi or Hindi or English Language
• visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
Dhatu Sarata Examination Practical – By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
This PPT is a part of First BAMS .Syllabus of Sharir Kriya Practical . This PPT is very useful to Teachers & Students ,to teach & learn respectively ,the Practical of Dhatu Sarata Examination .First Basic Oral questions are discussed like what is Dhatu Sarata ? Types of Dhatu Sarata ? Importance of Dhatu Sarata Examination? Then further as per University Journal proforma ,how each Dhatu can be examined for Sarata by Darshan ( Inspection) ,Sparshan ( Palpation) ,Prashna ( Interrogation or History Taking) is explained .This is followed by showing Journal pages ,should be written is shown .Lastly ,what advice we can give for Heena or Madhyam sara Dhatu is given .
Mobile – 922 68 10 630
Web site – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
BY
Prof. Dr. N. Satya Prasad, M.D., PGDHM
GOLD MEDALIST
Sr. Reader / Civil Surgeon
Post Graduate department of Kayachikitsa
Dr. B.R.K.R. Government Ayurvedic college
Hyderabad, A.P., India
Email: satyapnamburu@gmail.com
Dhatu Sarata
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
This PPT has following Imp Contents – Concept of Health ,Bioenergy + Body Tissues- Supporters and pillars of our body.+ Healthy & Disease state , To keep fit –Functions of each Dhatu
What is Dhatu Sarata ? ,What is the Importance of Sarata Examination ,Importance of Saravan Dhatu ,Types of Dhatu Sarata ? ,Practical Utility of Dhatu Sarata ,Dashavidha Pariksha What is meaning of word- Sara ? ,Advice for Heena Dhatu Sarata Clinical Features of Each Dhatu Sarata ,Diction
visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
Ayurvedic Concept of Srotas
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT is very useful for students ,teachers of 1st , 2nd , 3rd ,4th BAMS
• Also useful for Medical Practitioners
• PPT includes Medicinal plants mentioned in CCIM Syllabus
• PPT Contain --- Ayurvedic Concept of Srotas ,Causes for the Pathology of Srotas ,Clinical Features of Pathological Srotas ,Treatment for Pathology in Srotas
• Personal & On line classes for BAMS students are available in Marathi or Hindi or English Language
• visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
Dhatu Sarata Examination Practical – By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
This PPT is a part of First BAMS .Syllabus of Sharir Kriya Practical . This PPT is very useful to Teachers & Students ,to teach & learn respectively ,the Practical of Dhatu Sarata Examination .First Basic Oral questions are discussed like what is Dhatu Sarata ? Types of Dhatu Sarata ? Importance of Dhatu Sarata Examination? Then further as per University Journal proforma ,how each Dhatu can be examined for Sarata by Darshan ( Inspection) ,Sparshan ( Palpation) ,Prashna ( Interrogation or History Taking) is explained .This is followed by showing Journal pages ,should be written is shown .Lastly ,what advice we can give for Heena or Madhyam sara Dhatu is given .
Mobile – 922 68 10 630
Web site – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Rasa Dhatu
– By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
Uploaded on 11 Feb 2017
This PPT is a part of First BAMS .Syllabus of Sharir Kriya .Paper 2 & Part A. Point 1 . Introduction of Dhatu .This PPT contains --- Information of Rasa Dhatu
12 Points to study Physiological Aspect of Rasa Dhatu –i) Name, Nirukti, Synonyms ii) Rasa - Sthana or site iii) Rasa -- Swarup, Sanghatan ( Structure & Composition iv) Rasa -- Dhatu Prakar ( Types) v) Rasa ------ Dhatu --- Tridha Parinaman ( Metabolism) vi) Rasa Dhatu Poshan kal ( Time for Formation of Dhatu) vii) Rasa Dhatu Guna ( Properties or Attributes) viii) Rasa Dhatu Praman ( Quantity) ix) Rasa Dhatu Karya ( Functions) x) Rasa Dhatu Sarata ( Quality of Dhatu) xi) Rasa -- Upadhatu ( Secondary Tissuers) xii) Rasa -- Dhatu Mala ( Waste Products)
2 Points to study Pathological Aspect of each Dhatu – i) Rasa Dhatu Vruddhi ( Pathological Excess) ii) Rasa Dhatu Kshaya ( Deficiency)
Mobile – 922 68 10 630
Web site – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Vipaka comes under the five concepts under the study of a dravya (Rasapanchakas). In Ayurveda the digestion & metabolism of any substance is explained in two stages:
Avasthapaka
Nishtapaka
Avasthapaka is the first phase considered as digestion.
In charaka the word “prapaka” is used as the synonym for avasthapaka.
Nishtapka or Vipaka is the second phase and considered as metabolism.
pramana sharira is a method of measurement of body & parts of body in Ayurveda as well as ancient time period. anjali pramana is the tools and techniques of measurement of volume where as angula pramana is used for length and dimensions of body and its anga pratayana (organs & parts).
astasthana pareeksha-
1.Nadi -The pulse
2.Mootram – The urine
3.Malam --The faeces
4.Jihwa – The tongue
5.Sabda – The voice
6.Sparsa – Examination by palpation
7.Drik -- The eyes
8.Akriti – Dimentions of the body
Ayurveda strongly believes in using drugs with particular tastes in treating diseases. This presentation will help you understand the basics of rasa and its applied aspects in planning treatment protocol.
A strong foundation is essential to build an house and for the longevity of a house. As such if the roots of a tree are strong. its life span also will be increased. Like that the entire knowledge of science depends on Moola Siddhantas or Basic Fundamental Principles only.
Dhatu Introduction – By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
Uploaded on 31 Oct 16
This PPT is a part of First BAMS .Syllabus of Sharir Kriya .Paper 2 & Part A. Point 1 . Introduction of Dhatu .This PPT contains --- Etymology of word Dhatu , derivation, definition of Dhatu , general introduction of term Dhatu ,Concept of Kala, Concept of Srotas ,Dhatu Poshan Kal , different theories related to Dhatuposhana (Dhatuposhana Nyaya)
12 Points to study Physiological Aspect of each Dhatu –i) Name, Nirukti, Synonyms ii) Sthana or site iii) Swarup, Sanghatan ( Structure & Composition iv) Dhatu Prakar ( Types) v) Tridha Parinaman ( Metabolism) vi) Dhatu Poshan kal ( Time for Formation of Dhatu) vii) Dhatu Guna ( Properties or Attributes) viii) Dhatu Praman ( Quantity) ix) Dhatu Karya ( Functions) x) Dhatu Sarata ( Quality of Dhatu) xi) Upadhatu ( Secondary Tissuers) xii) Dhatu Mala ( Waste Products)
2 Points to study Pathological Aspect of each Dhatu – i) Dhatu Vruddhi ( Pathological Excess) ii) Dhatu Kshaya ( Deficiency)
Mobile – 922 68 10 630
Web site – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Srotas.pptx Everything about srotas in short.Pakhi Sharma
Detailed description on srotas definition, classification, Paryaya, atructure, pramukhyata, sroto dushti, sroto dushti prakara, viddha lakshana. Short and appropriate jest of some examination-related important topics in Roga Nidana. Important for quick revision for 1st year (Kriya and Rachana sharira)and also 2nd year (Roga nidana) professional B.A.M.S. Undergraduate degree.
The ppt involves brief srotas description along with flow charts and important shlokas.
Rasa Dhatu
– By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
Uploaded on 11 Feb 2017
This PPT is a part of First BAMS .Syllabus of Sharir Kriya .Paper 2 & Part A. Point 1 . Introduction of Dhatu .This PPT contains --- Information of Rasa Dhatu
12 Points to study Physiological Aspect of Rasa Dhatu –i) Name, Nirukti, Synonyms ii) Rasa - Sthana or site iii) Rasa -- Swarup, Sanghatan ( Structure & Composition iv) Rasa -- Dhatu Prakar ( Types) v) Rasa ------ Dhatu --- Tridha Parinaman ( Metabolism) vi) Rasa Dhatu Poshan kal ( Time for Formation of Dhatu) vii) Rasa Dhatu Guna ( Properties or Attributes) viii) Rasa Dhatu Praman ( Quantity) ix) Rasa Dhatu Karya ( Functions) x) Rasa Dhatu Sarata ( Quality of Dhatu) xi) Rasa -- Upadhatu ( Secondary Tissuers) xii) Rasa -- Dhatu Mala ( Waste Products)
2 Points to study Pathological Aspect of each Dhatu – i) Rasa Dhatu Vruddhi ( Pathological Excess) ii) Rasa Dhatu Kshaya ( Deficiency)
Mobile – 922 68 10 630
Web site – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Vipaka comes under the five concepts under the study of a dravya (Rasapanchakas). In Ayurveda the digestion & metabolism of any substance is explained in two stages:
Avasthapaka
Nishtapaka
Avasthapaka is the first phase considered as digestion.
In charaka the word “prapaka” is used as the synonym for avasthapaka.
Nishtapka or Vipaka is the second phase and considered as metabolism.
pramana sharira is a method of measurement of body & parts of body in Ayurveda as well as ancient time period. anjali pramana is the tools and techniques of measurement of volume where as angula pramana is used for length and dimensions of body and its anga pratayana (organs & parts).
astasthana pareeksha-
1.Nadi -The pulse
2.Mootram – The urine
3.Malam --The faeces
4.Jihwa – The tongue
5.Sabda – The voice
6.Sparsa – Examination by palpation
7.Drik -- The eyes
8.Akriti – Dimentions of the body
Ayurveda strongly believes in using drugs with particular tastes in treating diseases. This presentation will help you understand the basics of rasa and its applied aspects in planning treatment protocol.
A strong foundation is essential to build an house and for the longevity of a house. As such if the roots of a tree are strong. its life span also will be increased. Like that the entire knowledge of science depends on Moola Siddhantas or Basic Fundamental Principles only.
Dhatu Introduction – By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
Uploaded on 31 Oct 16
This PPT is a part of First BAMS .Syllabus of Sharir Kriya .Paper 2 & Part A. Point 1 . Introduction of Dhatu .This PPT contains --- Etymology of word Dhatu , derivation, definition of Dhatu , general introduction of term Dhatu ,Concept of Kala, Concept of Srotas ,Dhatu Poshan Kal , different theories related to Dhatuposhana (Dhatuposhana Nyaya)
12 Points to study Physiological Aspect of each Dhatu –i) Name, Nirukti, Synonyms ii) Sthana or site iii) Swarup, Sanghatan ( Structure & Composition iv) Dhatu Prakar ( Types) v) Tridha Parinaman ( Metabolism) vi) Dhatu Poshan kal ( Time for Formation of Dhatu) vii) Dhatu Guna ( Properties or Attributes) viii) Dhatu Praman ( Quantity) ix) Dhatu Karya ( Functions) x) Dhatu Sarata ( Quality of Dhatu) xi) Upadhatu ( Secondary Tissuers) xii) Dhatu Mala ( Waste Products)
2 Points to study Pathological Aspect of each Dhatu – i) Dhatu Vruddhi ( Pathological Excess) ii) Dhatu Kshaya ( Deficiency)
Mobile – 922 68 10 630
Web site – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Srotas.pptx Everything about srotas in short.Pakhi Sharma
Detailed description on srotas definition, classification, Paryaya, atructure, pramukhyata, sroto dushti, sroto dushti prakara, viddha lakshana. Short and appropriate jest of some examination-related important topics in Roga Nidana. Important for quick revision for 1st year (Kriya and Rachana sharira)and also 2nd year (Roga nidana) professional B.A.M.S. Undergraduate degree.
The ppt involves brief srotas description along with flow charts and important shlokas.
The full description of rasa dhatu
Well maintained and informatic ppt available for study & well presentation and easily learning ,this ppt also made from student in MD professor guidance so made from student 😁 so definately it is in easy language and easy to by heart.
this is an ppt presentation by dr.b.arun kumar, who is working as a lecturer in MNR ayurvedic medical college, sangareddy, near hyderabad. in this presentation i given all details of virechana karma.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Pharynx and Clinical Correlations BY Dr.Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Udakvaha srotas dr Sujit kumar MD
1. GUIDED BY
DR. VAIDEHI RAOLE
HOD & PROF.
DEPARTMENT OF KRIYA
SHARIR
PRESENTED BY
DR. SUJIT KUMAR
MD 1ST YEAR
PARUL INSTITUTE OF AYURVED
2. CONTENTS
• SROTAS
• VYUTPATTI
• NIRUKTI
• PARYAYA
• FUNCTION OF SROTAS
• COLOUR & SHAPE OF SROTAS
• CLASSIFICATION OF SROTAS
• SROTOVAIGUNYA
• CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF SROTAS
• UDAKAVAHA SROTAS
3. CONTI....
• CAUSES FOR VITIATION OF UDAKAVAHA
SROTAS
• MECHANISM OF HYPOTHALAMUS
MEDIATED THIRST
• WATER AND ELECTROLYTE
• REFERENCE
4. SROTAS
• The term Srotas means canal or
channels.
• The word Srotas applied for
transportation or Secretion of
materials.
• Example:-
Water in canal flows from one place to
another
5. VYUTPATTI
The word Srotas drived from
Sanskrit root.
• Sru means to secrete, to permeats
or to flow.
• The structure through which
substance is secreted or circulated
or Transported is called SROTAS.
6. NIRUKTI ( DEFINITION )
»É´ÉhÉÉiÉ»ÉÉäiÉÉÆʺÉC.SU.30.12
1. Srotas can be defined as a structure
whose moolasthana (root) has KHA
(CAVITY) in it.
2. Body Structure through which
secretion takes place is called as Srotas
7. CONTI....
ACCORDING TO CHARAK –
1. Srotas as meaning thereby the
structure through which Sravanam
(Oozing , Filtering or Permeation)
takes place.
11. COLOUR AND SHAPE OF SROTAS
• Colour of srotasas is similar to
that of dhatus they carry.
• Srotas can be straight or tubular
in shape.
• Some are in very small and some
are very large.
12. CLASSIFICATION OF SROTAS
• TWO TYPES –
1. Bahya Srotas
2. Abhyantara Srotas
BAHYA SROTAS :-
• Known as Nava Dwaras.
• Sevan in upper part of body and Two in
lower part of body
• But Three Extra Bahya Srotas present in
Women. So twelve Srotas are there.
13. CONTI....
• Two Eyes
• Two Ears
• Two Nasal Passages
• One Mouth
• Anus
• The Urinary Tract
• Two Breasts acts as outlets for milk
• One Opening for Menstruation Blood
14. ABHYANTARA SROTAS
• These are the constituted insided
the body only or may connected
to outside environment through
Bahya Srotas.
• Example – Annavaha Srotas
connecting upward through the
mouth and purishvaha Srotas
downward to the anus.
15. CONTI...
• According to CHARAK 13 types OF
SROTAS
• According to SUSHRUTA 11 types OF
SROTAS-
• ACCORDING TO SUSHRUTA –
• Asthivaha, Majjavaha , Swedavaha
Srotas not mentioned but added
Artavavaha Srotas.
16. NUMBER OF SROTAS
ªÉÉ´ÉxiÉ: {ÉÖ¯þ¹Éä ¨ÉÚÌiɨÉxiÉÉä
¦ÉÉ´ÉʴɶÉä¹ÉɺiÉÉ´ÉxiÉ B´ÉÉκ¨ÉxÉÂ
»ÉÉäiɺÉÉÆ |ÉEúɮʴɶÉä¹ÉÉ: C.VIMAN5.3
• Srotas According to Charak Samhita
1. Pranavaha Srotas
2. Annavaha Srotas
3. Udakavaha Srotas
4. Rasavaha Srotas
5. Raktavaha Srotas
6. Mamsavaha Srotas
18. SROTOVAIGUNYA -VITIATION OF
SROTAS
• The causes of vitiation of doshas are
improper utilization of food , drink
and activities by Individual .
• ACCORDING TO CHARAK
• If vitiation of doshas , it is also
responsible for disturbing the the
function and anatomical integrity of
Srotas.
19. ACCORDING TO CHAKRAPANI
• Doshas when increased in
quantity only vitiate others.
• When reduced in quantity they
are unable to vitiate others.
20. IMPORTANCE OF HEALTHY STATE
OF SROTAS
• Vitiation of Srotas can derangement in
the stable dhatu as well as Dhatu
flowing through it.
• Vitiation of one Srotas can vitiate other
Srotas and Dhatu
• Example –
• Disorder of Liver(Raktavaha Srotas)
always leads to disorder of Rakta
Dhatu
22. CLINICALIMPORTANCE OFSROTAS
• Roots of srotas are easily identified in
the disorder of particular srotas.
• Example –
• In per abdomen Examination,
Infective Hepatitis (jaundice) you can
easily palpate and feel borders of
infected liver in per abdomen
Examination.
23. CONTI....
• ACCORDING TO AYURVEDA
Kamala is a disease of pitta dosha
and Rakta dhatu hence symptoms of
rakta dusti in kamala are manifested
at the root of Rakta vaha Srotas in
form of Hepatomegaly.
24. GENERAL SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
OF VITIATED CHANNELS
• Atipravritti – increased flow of the contents
• Sanga – obstruction to the flow
• Siragranthi – Dilatation with hardening .
• Vimarga gamana – flow of the contents in
abnormal path or direction through
channels other than its own.
• Example –
• Bahumutrata (polyurea) in prameha as
atipravriti of mutravaha Srotas.
26. UDAKAVAHA SROTAS
• INTRODUCTION –
• Body is the product of water where
food , air and water are essential for
the maintence of life.
• UDAKA is circulating through rasa –
rakta complex, which has the
important vital function of Preenana
and jeevana.
27. UDAKAVAHA SROTOMULA
=nüEú´É½ýÉxÉÉÆ »ÉÉäiɺÉÉÆ
iÉÉ™Öü¨ÉÚ™ÆüKúÉä¨É SÉ C.VIMAN.5.7
• UDAKAVAHA SROTAS is two in number –
1. TALU (Palate )
2. KLOMA (Pharynx)
• TALU
means palate or the roof of your mouth. It is
the first part which shows the sign of thirst,
or a sign that body needs water.
28. CONTI...• KLOMA -
• CHAKRAPANI MENTIONED –
• Klome is - PIPASA
• Sthana (THIRST CENTRE)
• Located - HRIDYA .
ACCOR. TO VAIDYA SHABDASINDHU –
Kloma is PHUPPHUSA and MASTISHKA.
• Trishna (thirst ranging from mild to severe thirst)
• Shosha (dryness of palate, throat, tongue, lips and
gums)
• Marana (death due to severe dehydration)
29. UDAKAVAHA SROTAS
(CONTROLLING STATIONS OF WATER)
• उदक वहे द्वे, तयोोः मूलं तालु क्लोम च।
तत्र ववद्धस्य वििासा सध्योमरणंच।(सु.श.9/12)
Charaka and Sushruta both mentioned-
• Talu and Kloma as the roots of
Udakavaha srotas. They can be thought
in two ways,
30. CONTI....
• They can either be the controlling
stations of water or regulation in
the body.
• And the sites where the symptoms
of water imbalance in the body are
first manifested.
31. CAUSES FOR VITIATION OF
UDAKAVAHA SROTAS:
औष्ण्यात ् आमात ् भयात ् िानात ् अतत शुष्णक अन्न सेवनात ्।
अम्बु वाहीतन दुष्णयन्न्त तृष्णणायाोः च अतत िीडननात ् (च.वव.५/११)
• Ushna aahaara vihara – Hot & junk
foods and comforts
• Aama – due to presence of products of
undigested food or metabolic toxins in
the body are in circulation
• Bhayaat – fear
32. CONTI....
• Paanaat – excessive consumption
of alcohol
• Shushka anna sevana –
consumption of dry foods
• Trushnaa peedana – habit of
withholding the urge for drinking
water or holding on to the urge of
thirst frequently
33. SYMPTOMS OF VITIATION OF
UDAKAVAHA SROTAS
• When Udakavaha Srotas gets vitiated
or damaged, it causes symptoms
• Jihwa Shosha – Dryness or
emaciation of tongue
• Talu Shosha – Dryness or emaciation
of palate
• Oshta Shosha – Dryness or
emaciation of lips
34. CONTI....
• Kloma Shosha – Dryness or
emaciation of wind pipe, or water
regulating centres in the brain
• Kantha shosha – dryness and
emaciation of the throat
• Ati pravriddam pipasa – severe
thirst
35. VITIATION OF UDAKAVAHA
SROTAS DUE TO DOSHA’S
VITIATION OF VATA DOSHA
Excess vitiation of Vata or the heat
element of pitta increases, the fluid
element present in the kapha and pitta
dravyas will get dried up or
evaporated.
36. VITIATION OF PITTA DOSHA
• Pitta too has elemental water in it.
• Thus, the elements and tissues
belonging to Pitta i.e. Sweda (sweat)
and rakta (blood, cellular part of
blood) also have fluids in them, though
in lesser proportions in comparison to
the kapha elements.
37. VITIATION OF KAPHA DOSHA
• The Kapha varga dravyas are the ‘water
rich tissues’ in the body.
• They are rasa (lymph, plasma, nutritional
fluids in circulation), mamsa (flesh or
muscles), meda (fat), majja (bone marrow),
shukra (semen or reproductive tissue) and
artava (menstrual blood).
38. CAUSES OF TRISHNA OR THIRST:
• Kshobha – physical or mental irritation
• Bhaya – Fear
• Shrama – Exertion, Exhaustion
• Shoka – Grief
• Krodha – Anger
• Langhana – Fasting in excess
• Madhya – Excessive consumption of alcohol
• Kshara – Alkalis
• Amla – Sour food
• Lavana – Salty foods
39. CONTI....
• Katu – Spicy and pungent foods
• Ushna – Too hot foods and exposure to heat
• Ruksha Shushka anna – dry foods
• Dhatu kshaya – Depletion of body tissues
• Gadapakarsha – Being debilitated by a
chronic illness
• Vamanadhyatiyogaat – Undergoing
treatments like Vamana (therapeutic
emesis) etc in excess
40. CONTI....
• Surya santapa – Excessive exposure to
Sun
• Balasamkshaya – Decrease of bala
(strength or immunity)
• Pitta vivardhana – Foods and activities
which bring about a pathological
increase of Pitta
41. MECHANISM OF HYPOTHALAMUS
MEDIATED THIRST
• An osmoreceptor is a sensory receptor, mainly
found in hypothalamus. It detects changes in
osmotic pressure.
• They detect changes in plasma osmolarity
• When the osmolarity of blood changes or water
diffusion into and out of the osmoreceptor cells
also changes.
42. CONTI....
• When the osmoreceptors detect high plasma
osmolarity (often representing a low blood
volume), they send signals to the
hypothalamus,
• Which creates the biological sensation of
thirst and also stimulates Vasopressin
(ADH) secretion, which in turn starts the
events that will reduce osmolarity to normal
levels.
44. INTRODUCTION
1. The main fluid in the body is
water. Total body water is 60%
of body weight.
2. The water is distributed in
three main compartments
separated from each other by
cell membranes.
45. CONTI....
3. The intracellular compartment
is the area within the cell.
4. The extracellular compartment
consists of the interstitial area
and the inside of the blood
vessels (plasma).
46. COMPARTMENTS OF
BODY AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
BY WEIGHT
Plasma 5%
Interstitial 15%
Intracellular 40%
Total 60 % Water
Solids - 40%
fat, protein, carbohydrates,
minerals
47. FLUID REQUIREMENTS
SOURCES LOSSES
Water 1500 ml Urine 1500 ml
Food 800 ml Stool 200 ml
Oxidation 300 ml Skin 500 ml
Respiratory
tract
400 ml
Total 2600 ml Total 2600 ml
48. ELECTROLYTES IN
BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS
INTRACELLULAR EXTRACELLULAR
POTASSIUM SODIUM
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE
PHOSPHOROUS BICARBONATE
50. OSMOLALITY
DEFINITION:
• Concentration of particles (osmotically
active) in solution. It is usually expressed
in milliosmoles of solute per kg of solution.
• Osmolality (mOsm/Kg) of dilute solutions
approximate osmolarity (mOsm/L)
• Plasma: 280-300 mOsm/Kg
• Same in all body compartments
51. BALANCE
• Fluid and electrolyte balance is
maintained in the body by—
neutral balance - input = output
positive balance - input > output
negative balance – input < output
53. BODY FLUIDS
• Electrically neutral
• Osmotically maintained
Specific number of particles/ vol. of fluid
HOMEOSTASIS is maintained by-
– ion transport
– water movement
– kidney function
55. SODIUM
135 meq/L-145mEq/L
Major cation outside the cell
Excreted in urine
PHYSIOLOGY –
Regulation of serum osmolality fluid and acid
balance monitoring neuromuscular function.
REGULATION OF SODIUM
renal tubule reabsorption affected by tubules
aldosterone
renin- angiotensin
atrial natriuretic peptide (NAP)
56. HYPONATREMIA
• Decrease in Na in ECF <135mEq/L
• Two types- depletional and
dilutional
Depletion hyponatremia
Diuretics, chronic vomiting
Chronic diarrhoea
Decreased aldosterone
Decreased Na intake
57. • DILUTIONAL-
Renal dysfunction with increased intake
of hypotonic fluids
Excessive sweating- increased thirst-
intake of excessive amounts of pure water
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH or
oliguric renal failure, cirrhosis, severe
CHF- all lead to impaired renal excretion
of water
• HYPERGLYCEMIA- attracts water
61. Causes of hypernatremia
Hypertonic IV solution
Oversecretion of aldosterone
Loss of pure water
Long term sweating with chronic fever
Respiratory infection- water vapour loss
Diabetes- polyuria
Insufficient intake of water (hypodipsia)
73. Calcium imbalances
Most in ECF
Regulated by-
Parathyroid hormone
Increase blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts
Increase GI absorption and renal retention
Calcitonin from the thyroid gland
Promotes bone formation
Increase renal excretion
74. Hypercalcemia
Results from –
hyperparathyroidism
Hypothyroid states
Renal diseases
Excessive intake of Vit D
Milk- alkali syndrome
Malignant tumors
Tumor products promote bone breakdown
Tumor growth in bone causing Ca++ release
75. Clinical manifestations
Fatigue, weakness, lethargy
Increased formation of kidney stones and
pancreatic stones
Muscle cramps
Bradycardia, cardiac arrest
Pain
Metastatic calcification
GI activity also common
o Nausea, abdominal cramps
o Diarrhoea/ constipation
76. Hypocalcemia
Hyperactive neuromuscular reflexes and tetany
differentiate it from hypercalcemia
Caused by-
o Renal failure
o lacK of Vit D
o Suppression of parathyroid function
o Hypersecretion of calcitonin
o Malabsorption states
o Abnormal intestinal acidity
o Widespread infection of peritoneal inflammation
78. Location, storage
99.5% - bone and teeth
Filtration by kidneys
positive results- hrs to yrs, peak hrs to yrs,
days for normalization
Drugs monitored with test-
– Loop diuretics, calcitonin, Vit D, Calcium
suppliments, phosphate binders
79. Chloride
96-106mEq/L
It is EC anion
Acid base balance
Regulated by-
Proximal tubule, where it is exchanged by
bicarbonate ions
In rest of nephron it follows Na and H20
81. Magnesium
1.5-2.2mEq/L
Physiology-
Enzyme cofactor
Thermoregulation
Muscle contraction
Nerve conduction
sodium, and potassium homeostasis
70 kg adult body controls 200mEq of Mg in follo distribution-
50% in bone
45% in ICF
5%in ECF (1/3rd in plasma protein bound)
82. Location, storage
50%- bones
45%- IC fluid
5% -EC fluid
Excretion- filtration by kidneys
83. Hypomagnesemia
<1.5mEq/L
Excessive loss thru GIT, kidneys
Diarrhoea
Clinical manifestations-
Weakness, muscle with asciculation with tremor,
tetany, increase reflexes,anorexia, convulsions,
coma.
84. Hypermagnesia
>2.2mEq/L
Causes-
Increased magnesium intake in renal dysfunction
Infusions of IV soln, with increased conc of
magnesium, when given in MI
Clinical manifestations-
Hypotension, weakness, dizziness, coma, respiratory
failure, bradyarrhythmias
85. Post treatment
Initial elevation or positive results- hrs to yrs
Peak values- hrs to yrs depending upon
chronicity
Normalization- days if renal function is normal
Drugs monitored with test-
Diuretics
Magnesium containing antacids
86. Phosphate
2.6-4.5mg/dL.
Major IC ion anion
Physiology
Intracellular metabolism for proteins, fats and
carbohydrates
Release of O2 from Hb to tissues
Bone and tooth integrity
Calcium homeostasis
Cellular membrane integrity
88. Hypophosphatemia
<2.6mg/dL.
Causes-
Renal failure
Increase in renal excretion and IC shifting
Decrease phosphate/ vit D intake
Clinical manifestations-
Anorexia, nausea, irritability, confusion, parasthesias,
seizures, coma, weakness, respiratory failure.
89. Hyperphosphatemia
>4.5mg/dL.
Causes-
Increased serum phosphate conc due to decrease in
excretion
Shift of PO4 from IC to ECF
Increase phosphate intake
Clinical manifestations-
Renal dysfunction are primarily due to hypocalcemia
and hyperparathyroidism
90. Takes from months to years to restore
Drugs to be monitored with test
• Calcium containing antacids
• Vit D
• Phosphate binders
91. Trace elements
copper
75-150micro g/dL.
Physiology
Component or cofactor to many enzymes responsible
for diverse biological activities including-
Mobilization of iron from its stores for transport to the bone
marrow
Synthesis of norepinephrine
Formation of collagen and elastin
Regulation of plasma lipids
Protection of cells against oxidative damage
92. Location and storage
95% - circulating copper is protein bound as
ceruloplasmin
Biliary excretion->95%
Urinary exretion <3%
93. Hypocupremia
Usually occurs in infants- with chronic
diarrhoea, malabsorption syndrome
In adults- patients receiving
hyperalimentation solutions lowering copper
Clinical manifestations-
Glucose tolerance, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis,
depressed immune function
96. Zinc 70-130micro g/dL
.
Physiology
Abundant trace element in blood
Component or cofactor for many enzymes
Participate in metabolism of carbohydrate, protein
and fat and nucleic acids
Tissue growth and repair
Cell membrane stabilization
Bone collagenase activity
Immune response
Sensory control of food intake
Spermatogenesis and gonadal maturation
97. Location and storage
60-62% - skeletal muscles
20-28%- bones
2-4%- liver
Excreted by pancreatic and intestinal
secretion,
Small amounts in sweat and urine (2%)
101. Manganese
2-3micro g/L
Physiology
Cofactor for many enzymes- carbohydrate, protein and
lipid metabolism
Steroid biosynthesis
Deficiency of Mn is rare
Clinical manifestations-
Weight loss, slow hair and nail growth, colour change in
hair beard,dermatitis, hypotriglyceridemia
102. Location, storage
Bone, liver pancreas, pituitary gland
Excreted in pancreatic and biliary juices, very
small amounts in urine
103. Manganese excess-
Occurs through inhalation of Mn compounds
Excess dose accumalates in liver and brain
Severe neuro muscular manifestation including
parkinson’s disease
Clinical manifestations
Anorexia, headache, impotence, and speech
disturbances
105. chromium
1.5micro g/L
Cofactor for insulin
Imp in Glucose tolerance glycogen synthesis
transport
Location and storage– hair, kidneys, skeleton,
liver spleen, lungs, testes, large intestines
106. Chromium deficiency-
Since it is involved in lipid and cholesterol mechanism
its deficiency is a suspected risk factor for
development of atherosclerosis
Hypercholesteremia, CV disease
Chromium excess-
Has very low toxicity
No such information
108. REFERENCES
1. VD. RAJENDRA DESHPANDEY
2. DR. CHITARANJAN DAS
(TEXT BOOK OF KRIYA SHARIR)
3. DR. SUBHASH RANADE
(KRIYA SHARIR VIGYAN)
4. ESSENTIAL OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY
(DR. SEMBULINGAM)
Homeostasis:.The ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes.
NAP: A hormonal substance produced by the right atrium of the heart that stimulates the excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys and helps regulate blood pressure.
Hypertonic Solution
Greater concentration of solute outside of cell than inside
Water potential is higher; osmotic potential is lower
Net movement of water from the cell to the solution across a semi-permeable membrane
In excess, causes crenation in animal cells and plasmolysis in plant cells
Isotonic Solution
Concentration inside cells is equal to that of the solution
No net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane (although there is osmosis)
Cell is at equilibrium (what it strives for)
Ketoacidosis: A form of acidosis characterized by an increased accumulation of ketone bodies (acetoacetic acid, β-hydroxy-butyric acid, acetone) in the blood
Acid base balance: Physiologically maintained equilibrium of acids and bases in the body.
Physiologically maintained equilibrium of acids and bases in the body.
Transient hypokalaemia occurs due to stress-induced release of adrenaline and cortisol ECG may be normal or ST depression
Hyperalimentation refers to a state where quantities of food consumed are greater than appropriate.[1] It includes overeating, as well as other routes of administration such as in parenteral nutrition.