The axilla is a pyramid-shaped space between the upper arm and chest wall. It has an apex that continues into the neck, and a base formed by the anterior and posterior axillary folds. The walls include the pectoralis major muscle anteriorly, subscapularis and latissimus dorsi muscles posteriorly, ribs and serratus anterior muscle medially, and coracobrachialis and biceps muscles laterally. Structures passing through the axilla include the axillary vessels, brachial plexus cords, and lymph nodes. The axillary artery gives off branches including the thoracoacromial artery in the axilla. The axillary vein drains the upper limb and
Anatomy of axilla with Dr- Ameera Al-Humidi .pptxAmeera Al-Humidi
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The axilla is the anatomical region under the shoulder joint where the arm connects to the shoulder.
The axilla has five anatomic borders: superior, anterior, posterior, lateral, and medial walls.
The borders of the axilla are composed of muscles, including the serratus anterior, coracobrachialis, and short head of the biceps
The axillary walls are used as landmarks by surgeons to prevent damage to the neurovascular structures within the axilla during surgery
The contents of the axilla include muscles, nerves, vessels, and lymphatics
The axillary artery and vein, brachial plexus, and axillary lymph nodes are some of the neurovascular structures found in the axilla
Seminar presentation on arterial supply of human head & neck - carotid artery, maxillary artery, ophthalmic artery
post-graduate level
MDS- oral & maxillofacial surgery
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
⢠The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
⢠The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate âany matterâ at âany timeâ under House Rule X.
⢠The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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Francesca Gottschalk from the OECDâs Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
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Letâs explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
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Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
2. The axilla
pyramid-shaped
⢠Definition: The axilla
space
(armpit) is a
between the
upper part of the arm and the side of the
chest
⢠Functions: It forms an important
passage for nerves, blood, and lymph
vessels as they travel from the root of the
neck to the upper limb.
4. Boundaries of the axilla
The axilla has an apex, base and 4 walls
(Anterior, posterior, medial and lateral walls)
5. Apex of the axilla
⢠It is the upper end of the
axilla
⢠It continues into the root
of the neck (posterior
triangle of the neck)
through the cervico-
axillary canal.
⢠Boundraies of the
cervico-axillary canal
⢠In front by the clavicle,
⢠Behind by the upper
border of the scapula,
⢠Medially by the outer
border of the first rib
6. Base of the axilla
⢠It is the lower end of the axilla.
⢠The base is formed by the skin stretching between the
anterior and posterior walls.
⢠Boundaries:
⢠In front by the anterior axillary fold (formed by
the lower border of the pectoralis major muscle),
behind by the posterior axillary fold (formed by
the tendon of latissimus dorsi and the teres major
muscle), medially by the chest wall
7.
8. Walls of the Axilla
The walls of the axilla are made up as follows:
⢠Anterior wall: By the pectoralis major, subclavius, and pectoralis
minor muscles.
⢠Posterior wall: By the subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, and teres
major muscles.
9. The walls of the axilla are made up as follows:
⢠Medial wall: By the upper four or five ribs and the intercostal spaces
covered by the serratus anterior muscle.
⢠Lateral wall: By the coracobrachialis and biceps muscles in the
bicipital groove of the humerus.
Walls of the Axilla
10. ⢠Anterior wall: By the pectoralis major, subclavius,
and pectoralis minor muscles, clavipectoral fascia.
11. SP DEPT OF ANATOMY AFMC 9
cervico axillary canal
13. ⢠Posterior wall: By the subscapularis, latissimus
dorsi, and teres major muscles.
14. ⢠Medial wall:
By the upper four or
five ribs and the
intercostal spaces
covered by the
serratus anterior
muscle
15. Contents of the axilla
â˘Axillary artery
â˘Axillary vein
â˘Brachial plexus
â˘Axillary lymph nodes
16. 11
Base
â˘Concavity directed below
â˘Boundaries
⢠Ant : anterior axillary fold
⢠Post: posterior axillary fold
⢠Medial: Chest wall
⢠Lateral: arm
â˘Formed by: skin, superficial fasciae, & deep fascia
â˘Deep fascia: axillary fascia extending between Pectoralis
Major (ant fold) and Lat Dorsi & Teres Major (post fold)
â˘Supported by Suspensory lig of Axilla
17. Axillary Artery
⢠Beginning: The axillary artery begins at the lateral
border of the first rib as a continuation of the
subclavian artery
⢠Termination: at the lower border of the teres major
muscle, where it continues as the brachial artery.
⢠The artery is closely related to the cords of the
brachial plexus and their branches and is enclosed
with them in a connective tissue sheath called the
axillary sheath. If this sheath is traced upward into
the root of the neck, it is seen to be continuous with
the prevertebral fascia
18.
19. Parts of the axillary artery
⢠The pectoralis minor
muscle crosses in front
of the axillary artery and
divides it into three parts:
⢠First part above the
pectoralis minor muscle
⢠Second part behind the
pectoralis minor muscle
⢠Third part below the
pectoralis
minor muscle
20. First Part of the Axillary Artery
⢠This extends from the lateral border of the first rib to the
upper border of the pectoralis minor.
Relations
⢠Anteriorly: The pectoralis major and the skin.
⢠Posteriorly: The long t
thoracic nerve (nerve to
the serratus anterior)
⢠Laterally: The three cords
⢠of the brachial plexus
⢠Medially: The axillary vein
21. ⢠This lies behind the pectoralis minor muscle.
Relations
⢠Anteriorly: The pectoralis minor, the pectoralis major, and the
skin
⢠Posteriorly: The posterior
cord of the brachial plexus,
the subscapularis muscle,
and the shoulder joint.
⢠Laterally: The lateral cord
of the brachial plexus.
⢠Medially: The medial cord
of the brachial plexus and
the axillary vein.
Second Part of the Axillary Artery
22. ⢠This extends from the lower border of the pectoralis minor to the
lower border of the teres major.
⢠Relations
⢠Anteriorly: The pectoralis major for a short distance; lower down the artery is
crossed by the medial root of the median nerve.
⢠Posteriorly: The subscapularis,
the latissimus dorsi, and the teres
major. The axillary and radial nerves
also lie behind the artery.
⢠Laterally: The coracobrachialis,
the biceps, and the humerus.
The lateral root of the median
and the musculocutaneous nerves
also lie on the lateral side.
⢠Medially: The ulnar nerve,
the axillary vein, and the medial
cutaneous nerve of the arm.
Third Part of the Axillary Artery
23. Branches of the Axillary Artery
From the first part:
⢠The superior (highest) thoracic artery is small and runs
along the upper border of the pectoralis minor.
From the second part:
⢠1.The thoracoacromial artery immediately divides into
terminal branches.
⢠2.The lateral thoracic artery runs along the lower border of the
pectoralis minor
From the third part:
⢠1. The subscapular artery runs along the lower border of
the subscapularis muscle.
⢠2. The anterior circumflex humeral artery wind around the
front of the surgical neck of the humerus.
⢠3. posterior circumflex humeral artery wind around the
back of the surgical neck of the humerus
24.
25. Axillary Vein
⢠The axillary vein is formed at the lower border
of the teres major muscle by the union of the
venae comitantes of the brachial artery and the
basilic vein.
⢠It runs upward on the medial side of the axillary
artery and ends at the lateral border of the first
rib by becoming the subclavian vein.
⢠The vein receives tributaries, which correspond
to the branches of the axillary artery, and the
cephalic vein
29. Axillary lymph
nodes
20-30 in number, embedded in the fibro fatty tissue of Axilla Drain
ďś Lateral part of breast.
ďś Superficial lymphatic vessels from thoraco lumbar region above
level of umbilicus. Approx 75% of lymph from breast is drained
to axillary group of LNs, making them important for diagnosis
of cancer by biopsy. Axillary LNs are of 05 groups.
ďś Whole of upper limb except lateral side of arm, forearm, hand.
ďś Due to the surgical removal of metastasized axillary LNs in case of Ca-
breast chance of lymphoedema is very high.
ďś In case of surgical management of Ca-breast draining LNs are usually
removed to prevent recurrence of further metastasis.
30. 25
Axillary lymph
nodes
ANTERIOR; (pectoral) along medial wall with Lateral Thoracic vein
POSTERIOR: (Subscapular ) along medial wall with Subscapular vein
LATERAL: along medial side of axillary vein CENTRAL:in
Centre of Axillary fat, Related to Intercostobrachial Nv.
APICAL: at apex of Axilla.
INFRACLAVICULAR: on Clavipectoral fascia in deltopectoral groove.