Making a simple variable power supply.
Power supply applications.
Ac and Dc current defintions.
Half wave and full wave rectifier.
Power supply circuit.
Used tools.
Working steps.
Testing.
Rectifier and amplifier type of instruments are used and studies in the filed of instrumentation and Measurements as they provide authentic source to explore more ideas about the types and construction of such instruments
What is electronics?
Electronics is the science of how to control electric energy, which the electrons have a fundamental role.
This presentation gives a brief explanation about what is electronics and each of the part of the electronic components.
This presentation is for beginners of electronics. This will give you a brief about all the important basic building blocks of electronics and hence will be helpful in creating a good foundation.
A power supply is a component that supplies power to at least one electric load. Typically, it converts one type of electrical power to another, but it may also convert a different form of energy – such as solar, mechanical, or chemical - into electrical energy. A power supply provides components with electric power.
The basics of electronics can be watched through the link http://bit.ly/2PPv0mv
A Diode is a semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of current in one direction only.
a thermionic valve having two electrodes (an anode and a cathode).
Pre Final Year project/ mini project for Electronics and communication engine...Shirshendu Das
Mini project for Electronics and communication engineering (ECE) to build an AC to DC power supply using Full Wave Rectifier having input as 220-240V AC and giving stable filtered output of 5V, -5V & variable 5V DC. Simulation of the circuit was done in Proteus design suite.
Rectifier and amplifier type of instruments are used and studies in the filed of instrumentation and Measurements as they provide authentic source to explore more ideas about the types and construction of such instruments
What is electronics?
Electronics is the science of how to control electric energy, which the electrons have a fundamental role.
This presentation gives a brief explanation about what is electronics and each of the part of the electronic components.
This presentation is for beginners of electronics. This will give you a brief about all the important basic building blocks of electronics and hence will be helpful in creating a good foundation.
A power supply is a component that supplies power to at least one electric load. Typically, it converts one type of electrical power to another, but it may also convert a different form of energy – such as solar, mechanical, or chemical - into electrical energy. A power supply provides components with electric power.
The basics of electronics can be watched through the link http://bit.ly/2PPv0mv
A Diode is a semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of current in one direction only.
a thermionic valve having two electrodes (an anode and a cathode).
Pre Final Year project/ mini project for Electronics and communication engine...Shirshendu Das
Mini project for Electronics and communication engineering (ECE) to build an AC to DC power supply using Full Wave Rectifier having input as 220-240V AC and giving stable filtered output of 5V, -5V & variable 5V DC. Simulation of the circuit was done in Proteus design suite.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Introduction to arduino :-
Introduction:
1- What is Micro-Controller ?
2- Microcontroller components.
3- What is Arduino ?
4- Types of Arduino.
5- Arduino uno board.
6- Sensors:
- Digital , Analog sensors.
- Light sensors (IR sensor , Photo resistor).
Coding Structure and examples:
1- Data types and operators.
2- What is “Function” ?
3- Control statements (if , if…else , switch case).
4- Loop statements (while , for , do…while).
5- Common functions.
References:
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
ESC Beyond Borders _From EU to You_ InfoPack general.pdf
Power supply
1.
2.
3. Power supply is a hardware component that
supplies power to an electrical device.
It receives power from an electrical outlet and
converts the current from AC (Alternating
Current) to DC (Direct Current)
4.
5. It also regulates the voltage to an adequate amount,
which allows the device to run smoothly without
overheating.
The power supply an integral part of any computer or
any device and must function correctly for the rest of the
components to work.
6. Many electronic devices use external ones For Example
some Monitors and External Hard Drivers have power
supplies that reside outside the main unit.
These power supplies are connected directly to the cable
that plugs into the wall.
They often include another cable that connects the
device to the power supply.
Some power supplies, often called "AC adaptors," are
connected directly to the plug (which can make them
difficult to plug in where space is limited)
7. Switched-Mode Power Supply have applications in various
areas.
A switched-mode supply is chosen for an application
when its weight, efficiency, size, or wide input range
tolerance make it preferable to linear power supplies.
10. Switched-mode PSUs in domestic products such as Personal
Cpmputers often have universal inputs, meaning that they can
accept power from most Mains Electricity throughout the world,
with rated a Frequencies in the 50 - 60 Hz range and a voltage
range between 100 - 240 V AC(although a manual voltage range
switch may be required).
In practice they will operate from a much wider frequency range
and often from a Dc supply as well.
Most modern desktop and laptop computers also have a Voltage
Regulator Module which is a DC-DC converter on the motherboard
that step down the voltage from the power supply or the battery to
the CPU Core Voltage, which may need to be as low as 0.8 V for a
low voltage CPU to 1.2 - 1.5 V for a desktop CPU as of 2007.
11. Due to their high volumes, mobile phone chargers have
always been particularly cost sensitive.
Recently the demand for even lower no-load power
requirements in the application has meant that flyback
topology is being used more widely; primary-side sensing
flyback controllers are also helping to cut the bill of
materials (BOM) by removing secondary-side sensing
components such as optocouplers.
12. Modern power supplies have also increased greatly in their
complexity, and can supply very stable output voltages
controlled by feedback systems. Many power supply circuits
also contain automatic safety circuits to prevent dangerous
over voltage or over current situations.
13. In a basic power supply the input power
transformer has its primary winding
connected to the mains (line) supply.
A secondary winding, electro -
magnetically coupled but electricallyisolated from the primary is used to obtain
an AC voltage of suitable amplitude, and after further processing by the
PSU, to drive the electronics circuit it is to supply.
14. The transformer stage must be able to supply the current
needed.
As the transformer is likely to be the most costly item in
the power supply unit, careful consideration must be given
to balancing cost with likely current requirement.
There may also be a need for safety devices such as
thermal fuses to disconnect the transformer if overheating
occurs, and electrical isolation between primary and
secondary windings, for electrical safety.
15. Three types of silicon diode rectifier
circuit may be used, each having a
different action in the way that the AC
input is converted to DC.
16. A single silicon diode may be used to obtain a DC voltage from the AC
input as shown in Fig , This system is cheap but is only suitable for
fairly non-demanding uses.
The DC voltage produced by the single diode is less than with the other
systems, limiting the efficiency of the power supply, and the amount of
AC ripple left on the DC supply is generally greater.
17. You'll want to use a power diode such as a 1N4001 , they're extremely
common and can put up with a lot of abuse.
The side with the silver stripe matches the schematic symbol side that the
'arrow' in the diode symbol is pointing to.
That's the only direction that current can flow. The output is then chopped
in half so that the voltage only goes positive.
This will convert into
18. What we have now isnt really AC and isn't really DC, its this lumpy wave.
The good news is that it's only positive voltage'd now, which means its
safe to put a capacitor on it.
This is a 2200 microFarad (0.0022 Farad) capacitor, one leg has (-) signs
next to it, this is the negative side.
The other side is positive, and there should never be a voltage across is
so that the negative pin is 'higher' than the positive pin or it'll go POOF!
19. One thing that can be done to reduce the ripple/capacitor size by
half is to use a full wave rectifier instead of a half wave.
A full wave rectifier uses 4 diodes arranged in a peculiar way so
that it both lets the positive voltage through and manages to 'flip
over' the negative voltages into positive.
20. So now we get
As you can see, there are twice as many humps - there isnt that
"half the time, no voltage" thing going on.
This means we can divide the calculated capacitor size to half of
what it was in the previous.
Full wave rectifier is way better than a
half wave
In general, you're unlikely to see an
AC/DC converter that uses a half wave
as the cost of the diodes makes up for
the saving in capacitor size and cost!
21. The full wave bridge rectifier uses four diodes arranged in a bridge circuit
to give full wave rectification without the
need for a centre-tapped transformer.
An additional advantage is that, as two
diodes (effectively in series) are
conducting at any one time, the diodes
need only half the reverse breakdown
voltage capability of diodes used for
The bridge rectifier can be built from separate diodes or a combined bridge
rectifier can be used.
half and conventional full wave rectification.
22. Current Flow on the
Positive Half Cycle
Current Flow on the
Negative Half Cycle
The current paths on positive and negative half cycles of the input wave
It can be seen that on each half cycle, opposite pairs of diodes conduct,
but the current through the load remains in the same polarity for both
half cycles.
23. A typical power supply filter circuit can be
best understood by dividing the circuit into
two parts, the reservoir capacitor and the low
pass filter.
Each of these parts contributes to removing
the remaining AC pulses, but in different
ways.
24. A voltage regulator generates a fixed output
voltage of a preset magnitude that remains
constant regardless of changes to its input
voltage or load conditions.
There are two types of voltage regulators
linear and switching.
25. A linear regulator employs an active (BJT or MOSFET)
pass device (series or shunt) controlled by a high gain
differential amplifier.
It compares the output voltage with a precise reference
voltage and adjusts the pass device to maintain a
constant output voltage
26. A switching regulator converts the dc input voltage to a
switched voltage applied to a power MOSFET or BJT switch.
The filtered power switch output voltage is fed back to a circuit
that controls the power switch on and off times so that the
output voltage remains constant regardless of input voltage or
load current changes.
27.
28. Step 1: Things that you will need...
Piece of veroboard
Four 1N4001 diodes
LM7812 regulator
Transformer that has an output of 14v -
35v AC with an output current between
100mA to 1A, depending how much
power you will need. (I found a 16v
200mA transformer in a broken alarm
clock.)
1000uF - 4700uF capacitor
1uF capacitor
Two 100nF capacitors
Jumper wires
Heatsink (optional)
29. Step 2: And the tools...
•Soldering iron
•Wire cutters
•Wire strippers
•A thing you can cut veroboard tracks.
•Hot glue (To hold components down and make the power supply physically
strong and sturdy.)
•And some other tools that you might find helpful.
30. Step 3: Schematic and others...
If you are going to pull out about 1 A from this power supply, you will
need a heatsink for the regulator, otherwise it will generate very high
temperatures and possibly burn out...
However, if you are just going to pull out a few hundred mA (lower than
500mA) from it, you won't need a heatsink for the regulator, but it may get
a little bit warm.
Also, heres the schematic...
I also add in an LED to make sure the power supply is working. You can
add in an LED if you want.
32. Step 5: Test it!
After you had built your power supply, test it with your multimeter to make
sure they are no solder bridges.
After you tested it, put it in a plastic box or something to protect you from
shocks.
But do not operate the power supply like I did, it is very dangerous
because of the mains voltage on the transformer, you or somebody will get
badly shocked!
# My power supply has 11.73v output, not too bad, I don't need it to be
exactly 12v..