This document provides information on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It discusses the prevalence, symptoms, diagnostic criteria, etiology, course, and treatment options for both conditions. For ASD, it describes early markers, regression patterns, intelligence outcomes, communication issues, and restricted behaviors. It also outlines the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. For ADHD, it discusses genetic and environmental risk factors, clinical features across the lifespan, diagnostic criteria, and prognosis. Both conditions are treated primarily with stimulant medications and behavioral therapies.
Pervasive developmental disorder are characterized by severe and pervasive impairment in several areas of development: reciprocal social interaction skills, communication skills, or the presence of stereotyped behavior, interests, and activities.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) previously known as pervasive developmental disorder is a childhood disorder characterized by lack of communication skills and social interactions resulting in social withdrawal
Pervasive developmental disorder are characterized by severe and pervasive impairment in several areas of development: reciprocal social interaction skills, communication skills, or the presence of stereotyped behavior, interests, and activities.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) previously known as pervasive developmental disorder is a childhood disorder characterized by lack of communication skills and social interactions resulting in social withdrawal
This presentation is an introductory presentation on Autism (ASD): together with the list of lots of online sources and organizations that can help you to find out more information on this type of brain developmental disorder.
This presentation is an introductory presentation on Autism (ASD): together with the list of lots of online sources and organizations that can help you to find out more information on this type of brain developmental disorder.
What we eat can have a positive or negative effect on our mood and overall health. Parents and caregivers of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities, such as autism, may need to pay close attention to the child’s diet, since some research suggests a link between food and autism symptoms. Some experts recommend gluten free diets for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) because many children with autism and developmental disabilities have food sensitivities. However, researchers are still trying to determine whether a gluten-free or dairy-free diet has any negative effects at all.
Here’s a closer look at some of the latest research on gluten free diets and autism, and diet modifications that can potentially have a positive effect on children with developmental disabilities.
Topic 6 - Aetiology of ADHD & Autism 2010Simon Bignell
Autism, Asperger's and ADHD
Topic 6 - Aetiology of ADHD & Autism.
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the individual Simon Bignell and not University of Derby.
Understanding Autism and Positive Behaviour Support (focus on Tuberous Sclero...atss
Presentation by ASPECT (Autism Spectrum Australia) staff Tom Tutton and Natalie Willis at the 2007 ATSS conference: Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: From Pathway to Therapy.
Topic 7 - Comorbidity in ADHD and Autism 2010Simon Bignell
Autism, Asperger's and ADHD.
Topic 7 - Comorbidity on ADHD and Autism.
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the individual Simon Bignell and not University of Derby.
This is a fascinating and informative introduction to the causes, consequences, diagnosis and treatment of ADHD. It is appropriate for parents, teachers, undergraduate and graduate students.
CONCEPT OF NODOPATHIES AND PARANODOPATHIES.pptxNeurologyKota
emergence of autoimmune neuropathies and role of nodal and paranodal regions in their pathophysiology.
Peripheral neuropathies are traditionally categorized into demyelinating or axonal.
dysfunction at nodal/paranodal region key for better understanding of patients with immune mediated neuropathies.
antibodies targeting node and paranode of myelinated nerves have been increasingly detected in patients with immune mediated neuropathies.
have clinical phenotype similar common inflammatory neuropathies like Guillain Barre syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
they respond poorly to conventional first line immunotherapies like IVIG
This presentation briefs out the approach of dementia assessment in line with consideration of recent advances. Now the pattern of assessment has evolved towards examining each individual domain rather than lobar assessment.
This presentation contains information about Dementia in Young onset. Also it describes the etiologies, clinical feature of common YOD & their management.
Entrapment Syndromes of Lower Limb.pptxNeurologyKota
This presentation contains information about the various Entrapment syndromes of Lower limb in descending order of topography. It also contains information about etiology, clinical features and management of each of these entrapment syndromes with special emphasis on electrodiagnostic confirmation.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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1. AUTISM & ADHD
DR. PIYUSH OJHA
DM RESIDENT
DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGY
GOVT MEDICAL COLLEGE, KOTA
2. • Current estimated frequency – 1 per 100
children
• Males >>> females ( 4 times)
• Both advanced maternal and paternal age
may play a role (Durkin et al 2008)
• High concordance in monozygotic twins (5-
10%)
AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDERS
(ASD)
3. • Symptoms of ASD often change with age.
• Early markers of the disease include
• Atypical eye contact
• Decreased response to name
• Poor imitation
• Absent social smile
• Passive temperament
• Delayed language
AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDERS
(ASD)
4. • Sibling studies suggest there are both early-onset(clear
by 12 months) and late-onset(clear by 18 months)
forms of autism. (Zwaigenbaum et al 2009)
• Approx 1/3 of autistic children regress between ages of
1-3, with a peak at 2 years. (Lord et al 2004)
• Conversely some toddlers and preschoolers with
typical symptoms of autism may no longer appear
autistic by school age.
• Most children however retain the typical features of
autism, particularly those who are intellectually
impaired.
AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDERS
(ASD)
5. • Outcome studies of children diagnosed with ASD
have shown that although 40% may show overall
improvement during adolescence, as many as 1/3
may deteriorate (Howlin et al 2005).
• Autistic adults who are not intellectually impaired
tend to improve more than those who are
intellectually impaired.
AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDERS
(ASD)
6. • INTELLIGENCE & COGNITION :-
– IQ is not a defining criteria for ASD diagnosis.
– 70-85% children with ASD are intellectually
disabled.
– IQ is a key predictor of long-term outcome in
autism, especially those with <50 – fare poorly.
– So normal IQ is a positive prognostic sign.
7. • COMMUNICATION :-
– Verbal & nonverbal communication disturbance
are cardinal features.
– Lower functioning ASD children have echolalia
with common stereotyped phrases.
– Some children may have verbal auditory agnosia.
– Higher functioning children talk too much with
with semantic and pragmatic defects.
– Long term prognosis correlate with language skill
at 5-6 yr age.
– Pretend play is often impaired.
8. • SOCIAL SKILLS :-
– Social dysfunction is a cardinal feature of ASD.
– “The Aloof Child” most resembles the popular
notion of autism.
– Donot follow their parents around, run to greet
them or seek comfort.
– Donot make social approaches, but accept when
made by others.
– Engage in pretend play but take a passive role.
9. • RESTRICTED RANGE OF BEHAVIORS, INTERESTS AND
ACTIVITIES :-
– Another cardinal feature of autism.
– Consist of repetitive stereotyped behaviors like
rocking, flapping, licking and opening and closing
doors.
– Tic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders
may be another manifestation.
10. EVALUATION OF ASD
• Clinical history and observation of child are the basis for
diagnosis of an ASD.
• Several questionnaires for parents are available for
quantifying the diagnostic criteria.
• For young children – the Modified Checklist for Autism in
Toddlers (M-CHAT)
• The Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale(ADOS) and Autism
Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) are the gold standard
diagnostic measures but are time consuming and require
special training to administer.
11. • Neurological examination is generally normal.
• Often clumsy.
• Macrocephaly occurs in approx 1/3 of cases.
• Tuberous sclerosis is probably the most common
definable cause of Autism.
• Audiometry testing to rule out hearing disorders.
• EEG to exclude subclinical seizures when there is
impaired language comprehension or
developmental regression.
• Mild to severe epilepsy – 1/3 cases and onset
may play a role in deterioration.
12. ETIOLOGY OF ASD
• Neuropsychological theories :-
– Underdeveloped theory of mind(TOM)
– Weak central coherence
– Executive dysfunction
13. AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDERS
(ASD)
• Diagnosis currently requires early onset of
triad of :
– Impaired sociability
– Impaired verbal and non-verbal communication
and
– Restricted activity and interests. (Rapin and
Tuchman 2006)
14. TENTATIVE DSM-5 CRITERIA FOR AN AUTISTIC
SPECTRUM DISORDER DIAGNOSIS
1. Clinically significant, persistent deficits in social
communication and interaction , as manifested by all of
following :
a. Marked deficits in nonverbal and verbal communication
used for social interaction
b. Lack of social reciprocity
c. Failure to develop and maintain peer relationships
appropriate to developmental level
15. TENTATIVE DSM-5 CRITERIA FOR AN AUTISTIC
SPECTRUM DISORDER DIAGNOSIS
2. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests and
activities, as manifested by at least TWO of the following :
a. Stereotyped motor and verbal behaviors or
unusual sensory behaviors
b. Excessive adherence to routines and ritualized patterns
of behavior
c. Restricted, fixated interests
3. Symptoms must be present in early childhood (but may
not manifest until social demands exceed limited
capacities)
DSM = Diagnostic and Stastical Manual of Mental Disorders
19. • First described in 1902 by George Still
• Most common childhood behavioral disorder
diagnosed in outpatient settings in the US.
• Worldwide prevalence = 5.2%
ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY
DISORDER (ADHD)
20. • According to the DSM-IV criteria, ADHD is a
behavioral and neurocognitive condition
characterized by developmentally
inappropriate and impairing levels of gross
motor overactivity, inattention, and
impulsivity.
ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY
DISORDER (ADHD)
21. ETIOLOGY OF ADHD
• The exact etiology is yet to be determined.
• Growing consensus-functional and anatomical
dysfunction in the brain's frontal cortex and basal
ganglia segments of the cortico-basal ganglia-
thalamo-cortical circuitry.
• Family studies have suggested that genetic
factors play an important role in ADHD.
• First-degree relatives of children with ADHD have
a 20 to 25 percent risk for ADHD.
• If a parent has ADHD, 50 percent of his or her
offspring are likely to have that condition.
22. • Dopamine appears to be the primary
neurotransmitter involve in ADHD.(Cools 2008)
• The dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) has been the
most well studied and is prevalent in basal
ganglia-frontal networks implicated in the
pathophysiology of ADHD.
• Most structural and functional imaging studies
have shown abnormalities in frontal and striatal
regions
24. CLINICAL FEATURES OF ADHD
• Most children with ADHD are referred for care
because of impairment in academic, family,
and/or peer relationship functioning.
• Symptoms of impulsivity, overactivity, and
inattention drive this impairment across the
lifespan.
• Symptoms of gross motor overactivity decreases
with age
• Impairment from inattention and impulsivity may
continue with age
25. • There are 5 main diagnostic criteria:
(1) an onset before age 7 years
(2) duration greater than 6 months
(3) an 18-item symptom list of which 6 of 9 inattention
or 6 of 9 hyperactive/impulsive symptoms have
persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that is
maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental
level.
(4) some impairment in two or more settings (eg at
school and at home) ; and
(5) symptoms that do not occur exclusively during the
course of a pervasive developmental disorder,
schizophrenia, or other psychotic disorder and are not
better accounted for by another mental disorder, such
as depression.
26. • There must be clear evidence of clinically
significant impairment in social, academic, or
occupational functioning.
27. CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSIS OF ADHD
ADHD HYPERACTIVE,
IMPULSIVE SYMPTOMS
ADHD INATTENTION
SYMPTOMS
• Fidgets with hands or feet
• Leaves seat in classroom or
situations where sitting is expected
• Runs about or climbs
excessively inappropriately
• Has difficulty playing quietly
• Often on the go “as if driven by a
motor”
• Talks excessively
• Blurts out answers even before
question is completed
• Difficulty awaiting turn
• often interrupts others
• Has difficulty sustaining
attention &makes careless
mistakes
• Doesnot give close attention to
details
• Doesnot seem to listen
• Doesnot follow through
• Has difficulty organizing tasks
• Avoids engaging in tasks
requiring sustained mental
effort (eg homework)
• Often loses necessary things
(toys, pencil, books etc)
• Easily distracted
• Forgetful in daily activities
28. OTHER FEATURES OF ADHD
• Due to lack of Persistence - become bored with
interactive games with peers - leave such games
early even before they are finished.
• Often show difficulty with time management with
inability to maintain an internal sense of pace in
planning tasks.
• Impaired executive functioning with disturbed
goal-directed behavior.
• Recent data show - academic functioning is more
strongly affected by impulsivity (to get through
tests quickly) rather than poor executive
functioning.
29. • Often associated with dysregulation of affect – leading
to temper outbursts, mood lability, and reactivity.
• Problems accurately interpreting nonverbal social cues
and do react inappropriately – reported by peers as
insensitive to the needs of others.
• Donot cooperate with other children or follow rules in
games.
• ADHD children often have strong reactions -
overreacting to situations - can be predictably
triggered by others, leading to teasing and ridicule - a
strong stimulus for peer rejection - shown to be a
reliable long-term negative predictor of development,
particularly in adolescence.
30. EVALUATION OF A CASE OF ADHD
• Detailed history (prenatal, perinatal, toddler,
and preschool phases of development) –
Primary basis of diagnosis.
• History should be taken from multiple
informants (parents, teachers etc).
• Neurological examination is generally normal.
• Executive frontal lobe functions – ability to
initiate, inhibit, sustain and shift attention,
organizational skills – are often impaired.
31. COURSE & PROGNOSIS
• Approximately 60 % of those who develop
childhood ADHD continue to be impaired well
into adult life.
• Adult ADHD prevalence - 4 %
• Present with instability in job status and
relationships
• Serious psychiatric or antisocial disorders in 40-
50%.
• Substance abuse esp alcohol is very common.
33. • Medication particularly Psychostimulants are the
mainstay of therapy.
• The National Institute of Health (NIH) sponsored
Multimodal Treatment study of ADHD (MTA) has
shown both behaviorally and by neuropsychological
testing that Stimulants work and they even work
better than behavioral modification.(Biederman et al
2006)
34. • Approximately 75% of children respond to
stimulants initially.
• Longitudinal data from MTA study has shown
that effectiveness of medication may decrease
over time.
• Early initiation of medical therapy into the
course has a better prognosis compared to
late initiation.