There are two main types of attitude scales: single item scales and multi-item scales. Single item scales measure attitude using a single question or statement, while multi-item scales are needed when attitude cannot be fully captured by one question. Examples of single item scales include itemized category scales, rank order scales, and comparative scales. Multi-item scales include semantic differential scales, staple scales, and Likert scales, which measure attitude using several questions or statements rated on a numeric scale.

2. 2) Rank Order Scales : They are comparative scales where respondents were asked to rate an item in comparison with another item or a group of items on a common criterion. Example: Rank order scale for analysing Motor Cycles Rank the brands with 1 being the brand that best meets the characteristics , 7 being the worst of the characteristics Brand Affordable Cost High Mileage Stylish Great Pick up Hero Honda TVS Bajaj

3. 3) Comparative Scales : The Researcher provides a point of comparison for respondents to provide answers. Therefore, all respondents will have a uniform point of comparison for selecting answers. Example: Respondent is asked to rate the sweet shop ‘X’ in comparison to sweet shop ‘Y’ in Kochi: Excellent Very Good Good Both are same Poor Very poor

4. Multi-item Scales : These are applied when it is difficult to measure people’s attitude based on only one attribute. Eg. Ask a person whether he/she is satisfied with Indian Railway. ‘ Overall I am satisfied’. ‘But there are many factors with which I am dissatisfied.’ In such cases it is impossible to capture the complete picture with one overall question. A number of scales have to be developed that can measure a respondent’s attitude towards several issues From most favourable to most unfavourable.

6. 2) Staple Scales : It is an attitude measure that places a single adjective or an attitude describing an object in the centre of an even number of numerical values. Generally it is constructed on a scale of 10 ranging from -5 to +5, without a neutral point ( zero ). It is similar to Semantic Scale, except for it is single polar. This scale is useful for the Researchers to understand the positive and negative intensity of attitudes of respondents.

7. Staple Scale Example - Measuring the attitude of Flight Passengers: +5 +5 +5 +4 +4 +4 +3 +3 +3 +2 +2 +2 +1 +1 +1 Friendly Cabin Comfortable Accurate Timings Crew Interiors -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -2 -3 -3 -3 -4 -4 -4 -5 -5 -5

8. 3) Likert Scale : This scale consists of a series of statements where the respondent provides answers in the form of agreement or disagreement. The respondent selects a numerical score for each statement to indicate the degree of agreement or otherwise. Each such score is finally added up to measure the respondents attitude.

9. Eg. of Likert Scale for evaluating the attitude of customers who have not used Vacuum cleaner, but who have aware of its existence: Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree The Product is costlier 1 2 3 4 5 I don’t find time to use it 1 2 3 4 5 Advt. is not convincing 1 2 3 4 5 Never use a V C 1 2 3 4 5 I am satisfied with the present way of cleaning 1 2 3 4 5 Its use is cumbersome 1 2 3 4 5