The document discusses measurement and scaling techniques used in survey research. It defines measurement as observing and recording characteristics according to rules, while scaling assigns objects numbers or categories according to a rule. There are four levels of measurement scales: nominal for categories, ordinal for ranking, interval for equal distances, and ratio for a true zero. Comparative scales ask respondents to directly compare objects, while non-comparative scales evaluate objects independently. Common scaling techniques include Likert scales, semantic differential scales, and constant sum scales. The document aims to help select an appropriate attitude measurement scale for research.
The document discusses measurement and scaling techniques used in research. It begins by defining measurement and scaling, and describing four levels of measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. It then covers comparative scaling techniques like paired comparison scales and rank order scales, and non-comparative techniques like continuous rating scales and itemized rating scales, giving examples of Likert scales. The purpose is to explain how to select an appropriate attitude measurement scale for research problems.
This document discusses measurement and scaling techniques used in research. It defines measurement as observing and recording observations according to rules, while scaling is assigning objects to numbers or categories by rule. There are four levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Nominal scales use numbers as labels, ordinal scales show ranking, interval scales have equal distances between numbers, and ratio scales have a true zero point. Comparative scales like paired comparisons or ranking ask respondents to directly compare objects, while non-comparative scales like Likert or semantic differential scales rate single objects independently. The appropriate scale depends on the research problem and data type.
This document discusses measurement and scaling techniques used in research. It defines measurement as observing and recording observations according to rules, while scaling is assigning objects to numbers or semantics based on a rule. There are four levels of measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Scaling techniques can be comparative, involving comparisons between objects, or non-comparative, involving single object evaluations. Common comparative techniques include paired comparisons, rank ordering, and constant sum, while common non-comparative techniques are continuous ratings and itemized ratings like Likert scales. The appropriate technique depends on the research problem and intended statistical analysis.
This document discusses measurement and scaling techniques used in research. It begins by defining measurement and scaling, and describes four levels of measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. It then explains different scaling techniques, including comparative techniques like paired comparison scales and rank order scales, as well as non-comparative techniques like Likert scales. The document provides examples to illustrate each scaling technique and discusses how to select the appropriate technique for a given research problem.
This document discusses measurement and scaling techniques used in survey research. It defines measurement as observing and recording characteristics, while scaling involves assigning objects to numbers according to rules. There are four levels of measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. The document also describes and provides examples of comparative scales like paired comparison and rank ordering, as well as non-comparative scales like Likert scales and semantic differentials. The goal is to help researchers select the appropriate attitude measurement scale for their problem.
Measurement is a procedure for assigning symbols, letters, or numbers to empirical properties of variables according to rules. A Scale is a tool or mechanism by which individuals are distinguished as to how they differ from one another on the variables of interest to our study There are four levels of measurements: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. The measurement scales, commonly used in marketing research, can be divided into two types; comparative and non-comparative scales. A number of scaling techniques are available for measurement of attitudes. There is no unique way that you can use to select a particular scaling technique for your research study.
The document discusses different types of measurement scales used in research including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. It explains the key characteristics of each scale type and provides examples. It also covers comparative and non-comparative scaling techniques such as paired comparison scales, rank order scales, constant sum scales, Q-sort scales, continuous rating scales, and itemized rating scales including Likert scales.
The document discusses measurement and scaling techniques used in research. It begins by defining measurement and scaling, and describing four levels of measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. It then covers comparative scaling techniques like paired comparison scales and rank order scales, and non-comparative techniques like continuous rating scales and itemized rating scales, giving examples of Likert scales. The purpose is to explain how to select an appropriate attitude measurement scale for research problems.
This document discusses measurement and scaling techniques used in research. It defines measurement as observing and recording observations according to rules, while scaling is assigning objects to numbers or categories by rule. There are four levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Nominal scales use numbers as labels, ordinal scales show ranking, interval scales have equal distances between numbers, and ratio scales have a true zero point. Comparative scales like paired comparisons or ranking ask respondents to directly compare objects, while non-comparative scales like Likert or semantic differential scales rate single objects independently. The appropriate scale depends on the research problem and data type.
This document discusses measurement and scaling techniques used in research. It defines measurement as observing and recording observations according to rules, while scaling is assigning objects to numbers or semantics based on a rule. There are four levels of measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Scaling techniques can be comparative, involving comparisons between objects, or non-comparative, involving single object evaluations. Common comparative techniques include paired comparisons, rank ordering, and constant sum, while common non-comparative techniques are continuous ratings and itemized ratings like Likert scales. The appropriate technique depends on the research problem and intended statistical analysis.
This document discusses measurement and scaling techniques used in research. It begins by defining measurement and scaling, and describes four levels of measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. It then explains different scaling techniques, including comparative techniques like paired comparison scales and rank order scales, as well as non-comparative techniques like Likert scales. The document provides examples to illustrate each scaling technique and discusses how to select the appropriate technique for a given research problem.
This document discusses measurement and scaling techniques used in survey research. It defines measurement as observing and recording characteristics, while scaling involves assigning objects to numbers according to rules. There are four levels of measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. The document also describes and provides examples of comparative scales like paired comparison and rank ordering, as well as non-comparative scales like Likert scales and semantic differentials. The goal is to help researchers select the appropriate attitude measurement scale for their problem.
Measurement is a procedure for assigning symbols, letters, or numbers to empirical properties of variables according to rules. A Scale is a tool or mechanism by which individuals are distinguished as to how they differ from one another on the variables of interest to our study There are four levels of measurements: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. The measurement scales, commonly used in marketing research, can be divided into two types; comparative and non-comparative scales. A number of scaling techniques are available for measurement of attitudes. There is no unique way that you can use to select a particular scaling technique for your research study.
The document discusses different types of measurement scales used in research including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. It explains the key characteristics of each scale type and provides examples. It also covers comparative and non-comparative scaling techniques such as paired comparison scales, rank order scales, constant sum scales, Q-sort scales, continuous rating scales, and itemized rating scales including Likert scales.
1. The document discusses various techniques for measuring qualitative variables and converting them into quantitative data that can be analyzed, including measurement, scaling, and different levels of measurement scales.
2. There are four main levels of measurement scales: nominal scale, ordinal scale, interval scale, and ratio scale, with ratio being the highest level and nominal being the lowest.
3. Scaling techniques can be comparative, involving comparisons between objects, or non-comparative where respondents evaluate single objects independently. Common techniques include Likert scales, semantic differential scales, and paired comparisons.
Measurement involves assigning numbers or symbols to object characteristics according to rules. Scaling creates a continuum to locate measured objects. There are several types of scaling techniques used in research. Nominal scaling uses numbers as labels for identification purposes only, while ordinal scaling ranks attributes in order. Interval and ratio scaling measure distances between attributes on a scale with consistent intervals or a true zero point.
This document provides an overview of research methodology concepts including:
1. It defines research and discusses the characteristics of scientific methods and research objectives.
2. It covers developing hypotheses, research design, levels of measurement, and scaling techniques.
3. It describes different types of scaling including comparative, non-comparative, continuous rating, itemized rating, Likert, semantic differential, and Stapel scales.
measurement and scaling is an important tool of research. by following the right and suitable scale will provide an appropriate result of research.this slide show will additionally provide the statistical testing for research measurement and scale.
This document provides information about obtaining fully solved assignments. It lists an email address and phone number to contact for assignment help. It also includes 5 sample marketing research assignment questions with detailed multi-paragraph answers covering topics such as types of consumer and B2B market research, scales of measurement, sampling techniques, non-comparative scaling, and types of online marketing research. Students are encouraged to send their semester and specialization to the email or call the phone number provided to receive assistance with their assignments.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
(Prefer mailing. Call in emergency )
The document discusses measurement and scaling in marketing research. It defines key concepts like measurement, scales, and reliability and validity. It explains the four basic levels of measurement scales - nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. It also describes different scaling techniques like Likert scales, semantic differential scales, and behavioral intention scales. Scale development and evaluation of reliability and validity are important aspects of gathering primary data.
This document discusses different types of measurement scales used in research. There are four main categories of measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Nominal scales simply classify items into categories, while ordinal scales rank items along a continuum. Interval scales have equal distances between categories to allow comparisons, and ratio scales have a true zero point to enable calculations of ratios. The document provides examples of different types of variables that can be measured on each scale, such as qualitative vs. quantitative variables. It also discusses techniques for developing scales, such as rating and ranking scales.
Research methodlogy unit-iv-measurement and data preperation_For BBA_B.com_M...Manoj Kumar
This PPT will be helpful understanding Research Methodology concepts like
Measurement
Types of Scales
Scaling Technique
Data Processing
Data Analysis & Interpretation
Displaying of Data
Links for other units are also given below kindly use that too.
Unit-I
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodology-unitiresearch-and-its-various-process
Unit-II
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodology-unit-iidata-collection
Unit-iii
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitiiisampling
Unit-IV
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitivmeasurement-and-data-preperationfor-bbabcommba-and-for-other-ug-and-pg-students
Unit-V
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitvreseach-report-for-bcom-bba-mba-and-other-ug-and-pg-courses
This document discusses measurement and scaling techniques used in marketing research. It defines different types of measurement scales including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. It also describes various scaling techniques such as paired comparison scaling, ranking scaling, constant sum scaling, Q-sort scaling, non-comparative scaling, continuous rating scales, Likert scales, semantic differential scales, and Stapel scales. The document emphasizes that reliability refers to a scale's ability to produce consistent results over multiple measurements, while validity is the extent to which a scale measures what it is intended to measure.
This document discusses various attitude scaling techniques used in business research. It covers:
1) Comparative scales like paired comparison, rank order rating, and constant sum scales which compare objects simultaneously.
2) Non-comparative scales like continuous rating and itemized rating (e.g. Likert scales) which rate characteristics of a single object.
3) Specific scales discussed include semantic differential scales, Stapel scales, Thurston scales, and Guttman scales - each with their own unique approach to measuring attitudes.
Concept of Measurements in Business ResearchCS PRADHAN
Measurement is a fundamental concept in business research used to quantify variables and enable comparison. It requires defining what is to be measured and how through operational definitions. There are four levels of measurement - nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio - determined by the characteristics of order, distance, and origin represented. Validity and reliability are important criteria for any measurement and various techniques like rating, ranking, and sorting are used depending on whether the concept is simple or complex.
This document discusses measurement and scaling techniques used in research. It defines measurement as associating numbers or symbols to observations. Measurement can be qualitative or quantitative, and some characteristics like motivation are more difficult to measure than tangible properties like weight.
Scaling involves placing measured objects on a continuum based on how they differ. There are four main types of measurement scales - nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales - which differ in the types of statistical analyses that can be used. The document also discusses various scaling techniques like paired comparisons, ranking, and rating scales. Sources of error in measurement can come from respondents, the measurement situation, the measurer, or the instrument itself. Successful measurement development involves concept development, specifying dimensions, selecting indicators
This document discusses data collection methods. It begins by defining data collection as the systematic process of gathering observations or measurements. It then outlines the main steps in data collection: 1) defining the research aim, 2) choosing a data collection method such as experiments, surveys, interviews etc., and 3) planning data collection procedures such as sampling and standardizing. It also discusses different measurement scales such as nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scales that are used to quantify variables. Finally, it covers scaling techniques including comparative scales like paired comparisons and ranking as well as non-comparative scales like Likert scales.
Comparative and Non-Comparative Scaling TechniquesVarsha Prakash
This document discusses and compares various scaling techniques used in business research methods. It describes comparative scaling techniques like pairwise comparison and rank-ordering that directly compare items, as well as non-comparative techniques like Likert scales and semantic differential scales that independently scale each item. The document also discusses different data types that can be measured, including nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio levels, and how this influences scale construction. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of testing scales for reliability, validity and generalizability.
Scaling involves assigning quantitative values or symbols to subjective concepts or attributes. There are four main types of scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Nominal scales use numbers as labels while ordinal scales indicate ranking or order. Interval scales show equal distances between scale points and ratio scales have an absolute zero point. Common scaling techniques include rating scales, which assign qualitative ratings, and ranking scales, which compare items. Paired comparisons and rank ordering are two approaches used in ranking scales.
1. The document discusses various methods of measurement and scaling used in marketing research, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales.
2. Comparative scaling techniques like paired comparisons, rank ordering, and constant sum are described and compared to noncomparative rating scales.
3. Factors like sample characteristics, research objectives, and cross-cultural contexts are important considerations in selecting the appropriate scale of measurement. Ethical practices around informed consent and data anonymity are also discussed.
There are two main types of attitudinal scales: rating scales and ranking scales. Rating scales measure responses regarding an object using categories, while ranking scales elicit preferences by comparing objects. Ten common rating scales are described, including Likert, semantic differential, and numerical scales. Ranking scales include paired comparisons and forced choice methods. Goodness of measures is ensured through item analysis, reliability, and validity testing. Reliability examines consistency over time through methods like test-retest and internal consistency. Validity assesses measuring the intended concept using techniques such as content, criterion, and construct validity.
1. The document discusses various techniques for measuring qualitative variables and converting them into quantitative data that can be analyzed, including measurement, scaling, and different levels of measurement scales.
2. There are four main levels of measurement scales: nominal scale, ordinal scale, interval scale, and ratio scale, with ratio being the highest level and nominal being the lowest.
3. Scaling techniques can be comparative, involving comparisons between objects, or non-comparative where respondents evaluate single objects independently. Common techniques include Likert scales, semantic differential scales, and paired comparisons.
Measurement involves assigning numbers or symbols to object characteristics according to rules. Scaling creates a continuum to locate measured objects. There are several types of scaling techniques used in research. Nominal scaling uses numbers as labels for identification purposes only, while ordinal scaling ranks attributes in order. Interval and ratio scaling measure distances between attributes on a scale with consistent intervals or a true zero point.
This document provides an overview of research methodology concepts including:
1. It defines research and discusses the characteristics of scientific methods and research objectives.
2. It covers developing hypotheses, research design, levels of measurement, and scaling techniques.
3. It describes different types of scaling including comparative, non-comparative, continuous rating, itemized rating, Likert, semantic differential, and Stapel scales.
measurement and scaling is an important tool of research. by following the right and suitable scale will provide an appropriate result of research.this slide show will additionally provide the statistical testing for research measurement and scale.
This document provides information about obtaining fully solved assignments. It lists an email address and phone number to contact for assignment help. It also includes 5 sample marketing research assignment questions with detailed multi-paragraph answers covering topics such as types of consumer and B2B market research, scales of measurement, sampling techniques, non-comparative scaling, and types of online marketing research. Students are encouraged to send their semester and specialization to the email or call the phone number provided to receive assistance with their assignments.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
(Prefer mailing. Call in emergency )
The document discusses measurement and scaling in marketing research. It defines key concepts like measurement, scales, and reliability and validity. It explains the four basic levels of measurement scales - nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. It also describes different scaling techniques like Likert scales, semantic differential scales, and behavioral intention scales. Scale development and evaluation of reliability and validity are important aspects of gathering primary data.
This document discusses different types of measurement scales used in research. There are four main categories of measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Nominal scales simply classify items into categories, while ordinal scales rank items along a continuum. Interval scales have equal distances between categories to allow comparisons, and ratio scales have a true zero point to enable calculations of ratios. The document provides examples of different types of variables that can be measured on each scale, such as qualitative vs. quantitative variables. It also discusses techniques for developing scales, such as rating and ranking scales.
Research methodlogy unit-iv-measurement and data preperation_For BBA_B.com_M...Manoj Kumar
This PPT will be helpful understanding Research Methodology concepts like
Measurement
Types of Scales
Scaling Technique
Data Processing
Data Analysis & Interpretation
Displaying of Data
Links for other units are also given below kindly use that too.
Unit-I
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodology-unitiresearch-and-its-various-process
Unit-II
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodology-unit-iidata-collection
Unit-iii
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitiiisampling
Unit-IV
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitivmeasurement-and-data-preperationfor-bbabcommba-and-for-other-ug-and-pg-students
Unit-V
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitvreseach-report-for-bcom-bba-mba-and-other-ug-and-pg-courses
This document discusses measurement and scaling techniques used in marketing research. It defines different types of measurement scales including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. It also describes various scaling techniques such as paired comparison scaling, ranking scaling, constant sum scaling, Q-sort scaling, non-comparative scaling, continuous rating scales, Likert scales, semantic differential scales, and Stapel scales. The document emphasizes that reliability refers to a scale's ability to produce consistent results over multiple measurements, while validity is the extent to which a scale measures what it is intended to measure.
This document discusses various attitude scaling techniques used in business research. It covers:
1) Comparative scales like paired comparison, rank order rating, and constant sum scales which compare objects simultaneously.
2) Non-comparative scales like continuous rating and itemized rating (e.g. Likert scales) which rate characteristics of a single object.
3) Specific scales discussed include semantic differential scales, Stapel scales, Thurston scales, and Guttman scales - each with their own unique approach to measuring attitudes.
Concept of Measurements in Business ResearchCS PRADHAN
Measurement is a fundamental concept in business research used to quantify variables and enable comparison. It requires defining what is to be measured and how through operational definitions. There are four levels of measurement - nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio - determined by the characteristics of order, distance, and origin represented. Validity and reliability are important criteria for any measurement and various techniques like rating, ranking, and sorting are used depending on whether the concept is simple or complex.
This document discusses measurement and scaling techniques used in research. It defines measurement as associating numbers or symbols to observations. Measurement can be qualitative or quantitative, and some characteristics like motivation are more difficult to measure than tangible properties like weight.
Scaling involves placing measured objects on a continuum based on how they differ. There are four main types of measurement scales - nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales - which differ in the types of statistical analyses that can be used. The document also discusses various scaling techniques like paired comparisons, ranking, and rating scales. Sources of error in measurement can come from respondents, the measurement situation, the measurer, or the instrument itself. Successful measurement development involves concept development, specifying dimensions, selecting indicators
This document discusses data collection methods. It begins by defining data collection as the systematic process of gathering observations or measurements. It then outlines the main steps in data collection: 1) defining the research aim, 2) choosing a data collection method such as experiments, surveys, interviews etc., and 3) planning data collection procedures such as sampling and standardizing. It also discusses different measurement scales such as nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scales that are used to quantify variables. Finally, it covers scaling techniques including comparative scales like paired comparisons and ranking as well as non-comparative scales like Likert scales.
Comparative and Non-Comparative Scaling TechniquesVarsha Prakash
This document discusses and compares various scaling techniques used in business research methods. It describes comparative scaling techniques like pairwise comparison and rank-ordering that directly compare items, as well as non-comparative techniques like Likert scales and semantic differential scales that independently scale each item. The document also discusses different data types that can be measured, including nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio levels, and how this influences scale construction. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of testing scales for reliability, validity and generalizability.
Scaling involves assigning quantitative values or symbols to subjective concepts or attributes. There are four main types of scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Nominal scales use numbers as labels while ordinal scales indicate ranking or order. Interval scales show equal distances between scale points and ratio scales have an absolute zero point. Common scaling techniques include rating scales, which assign qualitative ratings, and ranking scales, which compare items. Paired comparisons and rank ordering are two approaches used in ranking scales.
1. The document discusses various methods of measurement and scaling used in marketing research, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales.
2. Comparative scaling techniques like paired comparisons, rank ordering, and constant sum are described and compared to noncomparative rating scales.
3. Factors like sample characteristics, research objectives, and cross-cultural contexts are important considerations in selecting the appropriate scale of measurement. Ethical practices around informed consent and data anonymity are also discussed.
There are two main types of attitudinal scales: rating scales and ranking scales. Rating scales measure responses regarding an object using categories, while ranking scales elicit preferences by comparing objects. Ten common rating scales are described, including Likert, semantic differential, and numerical scales. Ranking scales include paired comparisons and forced choice methods. Goodness of measures is ensured through item analysis, reliability, and validity testing. Reliability examines consistency over time through methods like test-retest and internal consistency. Validity assesses measuring the intended concept using techniques such as content, criterion, and construct validity.
This document provides an overview of learning and creativity. It discusses several types of learning, including learning through consequences using operant conditioning, learning from others through vicarious learning and social cognitive theory, learning on your own using self-control and self-efficacy, and learning by doing through experiential learning. It also discusses continuous learning through creativity, noting the creative process involves problem recognition, information gathering, idea production and selection, and implementation. Key factors that contribute to creativity include individual differences, task-relevant knowledge, intrinsic motivation, autonomy, evaluation methods, reward systems, and task importance. The interaction between personality and situational factors also influences creativity.
Overview on IBBPLC the First Shariah Based Bak of South Aisa.pdfArfanAhmed22
This document provides an overview of Islamic banking in Bangladesh. It discusses the history and evolution of Islamic banking from its founding principles in the 1950s to its current state. Some key points:
- Bangladesh has over 2,300 Islamic banking branches and windows serving over 4 million customers, with total deposits and investments of over $43 billion and $29 billion respectively.
- Islamic banks in Bangladesh focus on socially responsible financing including agriculture, SMEs, housing, and poverty alleviation. They also provide various deposit products to promote causes like Hajj and waqf.
- The future of Islamic banking in Bangladesh looks promising due to the large Muslim population, growing demand, and central bank support through regulatory reforms and
Overview on IBBPLC the First Shariah Based Bak of South Aisa.pdfArfanAhmed22
This document provides an overview of Islamic banking in Bangladesh. It discusses the history and evolution of Islamic banking from its founding principles in the 1950s to its current state. Some key points:
- Bangladesh has over 2,300 Islamic banking branches and windows serving over 4 million customers, with total deposits and investments of over $43 billion and $29 billion respectively.
- Islamic banks in Bangladesh focus on socially responsible financing including agriculture, SMEs, housing, and poverty alleviation. They also provide various deposit products to promote causes like Hajj and waqf.
- The future of Islamic banking in Bangladesh looks promising due to the large Muslim population, growing demand, and central bank support through regulatory reforms and
The runs test can be used to analyze a series of events for randomness. It involves separating a sequence into runs of the same event and counting the number of runs. For small sample sizes, the number of runs is compared to critical values in a table to determine if it falls within or outside the critical region, indicating whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis of randomness. Examples provided demonstrate applying the runs test to analyze whether a teacher called on students randomly by gender and whether a student's quiz scores were random.
This chapter discusses the business research process and types of research. It begins by explaining the relationship between information, decision making, and levels of certainty or uncertainty. It then describes three main types of research: exploratory research which is used when the problem is unclear, descriptive research which provides understanding of a known problem, and causal research which identifies cause-and-effect relationships for a defined problem. The chapter concludes by outlining the typical stages of the research process, from problem discovery and definition, to research design, data gathering and analysis, and reporting conclusions.
Subject verb agreement has many rules. Singular subjects take singular verbs and plural subjects take plural verbs. Two subjects joined by "and" usually take a plural verb, unless they refer to the same thing. Subjects beginning with each, every, no one, etc. take singular verbs, while subjects beginning with some, many, few, both, etc. take plural verbs. The verb agrees with the closer subject in "either/or" constructions. Single gerunds and collective nouns usually take singular verbs.
This document appears to be a presentation discussing economic topics. It introduces the presenter, Roksana Aktar, an assistant professor from Jagannath University's Department of Accounting and Information Systems. It also thanks the course teacher Mostafij and introduces a student with the ID B180201043. The presentation asks what the audience will learn that day and leaves time for questions before concluding.
Cost leadership strategy involves selling products at a lower price than competitors by achieving a cost advantage. Companies achieve cost advantages through efficient internal operations, cost reduction initiatives, and recognizing unnecessary value chain activities. The benefits of cost leadership strategy include overcoming threats from competition, dealing with suppliers and buyers effectively, and facing threats from substitutes and new entrants.
A Guide to a Winning Interview June 2024Bruce Bennett
This webinar is an in-depth review of the interview process. Preparation is a key element to acing an interview. Learn the best approaches from the initial phone screen to the face-to-face meeting with the hiring manager. You will hear great answers to several standard questions, including the dreaded “Tell Me About Yourself”.
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Begin Your Preparation Here: https://bit.ly/3VfYStG — Access comprehensive details on the FCP_FAC_AD-6.5 exam guide and excel in the Fortinet Certified Professional - Network Security certification. Gather all essential information including tutorials, practice tests, books, study materials, exam questions, and the syllabus. Solidify your knowledge of Fortinet FCP_FAC_AD-6.5 certification. Discover everything about the FCP_FAC_AD-6.5 exam, including the number of questions, passing percentage, and the time allotted to complete the test.
IT Career Hacks Navigate the Tech Jungle with a RoadmapBase Camp
Feeling overwhelmed by IT options? This presentation unlocks your personalized roadmap! Learn key skills, explore career paths & build your IT dream job strategy. Visit now & navigate the tech world with confidence! Visit https://www.basecamp.com.sg for more details.
Leadership Ambassador club Adventist modulekakomaeric00
Aims to equip people who aspire to become leaders with good qualities,and with Christian values and morals as per Biblical teachings.The you who aspire to be leaders should first read and understand what the ambassador module for leadership says about leadership and marry that to what the bible says.Christians sh
Learnings from Successful Jobs SearchersBruce Bennett
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Joyce M Sullivan, Founder & CEO of SocMediaFin, Inc. shares her "Five Questions - The Story of You", "Reflections - What Matters to You?" and "The Three Circle Exercise" to guide those evaluating what their next move may be in their careers.
Resumes, Cover Letters, and Applying OnlineBruce Bennett
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5 Common Mistakes to Avoid During the Job Application Process.pdfAlliance Jobs
The journey toward landing your dream job can be both exhilarating and nerve-wracking. As you navigate through the intricate web of job applications, interviews, and follow-ups, it’s crucial to steer clear of common pitfalls that could hinder your chances. Let’s delve into some of the most frequent mistakes applicants make during the job application process and explore how you can sidestep them. Plus, we’ll highlight how Alliance Job Search can enhance your local job hunt.
2. Objectives
Introduction
Measurement and Scaling
Issues in Attitude Measurement
Levels of Measurement Scales
Types of ScalingTechniques
# Comparative Scales
# Non-comparative Scales
Selection of an Appropriate ScalingTechnique
Conclusion
Key Words
3. The Measurement & ScalingTechnique helps us to :
explain the concepts of measurement and scaling,
discuss four levels of measurement scales,
classify and discuss different scaling techniques, and
select an appropriate attitude measurement scale for
our research problem.
4. As we discussed earlier, the data consists of quantitative
variables, like price, income, sales etc., and qualitative
variables like knowledge, performance , character etc. The
qualitative information must be converted into numerical
form for further analysis. This is possible through
measurement and scaling techniques. A common feature of
survey based research is to have respondent’s feelings,
attitudes, opinions, etc. in some measurable form.
5. Before we proceed further it will be worthwhile to understand
the following two terms: (a) Measurement, and (b) Scaling.
a) Measurement: Measurement is the process of observing and
recording the observations that are collected as part of research.The
recording of the observations may be in terms of numbers or other
symbols to characteristics of objects according to certain prescribed rules.
The respondent’s, characteristics are feelings, attitudes, opinions etc.
The most important aspect of measurement is the specification of rules
for assigning numbers to characteristics.The rules for assigning numbers
should be standardized and applied uniformly.This must not change over
time or objects.
b) Scaling: Scaling is the assignment of objects to numbers or semantics
according to a rule. In scaling, the objects are text statements, usually
statements of attitude, opinion, or feeling.
6. When a researcher is interested in measuring the attitudes,
feelings or opinions of respondents he/she should be clear
about the following:
a)What is to be measured?
b)Who is to be measured?
c)The choices available in data collection techniques
7. The level of measurement refers to the relationship among
the values that are assigned to the attributes, feelings or
opinions for a variable.
Typically, there are four levels of measurement scales or
methods of assigning numbers:
(a) Nominal scale,
(b) Ordinal scale,
(c) Interval scale, and
(d) Ratio scale.
8. Nominal Scaleis the crudest among all measurement
scales but it is also the simplest scale. In this scale the different
scores on a measurement simply indicate different categories.
The nominal scale does not express any values or relationships
between variables.
The nominal scale is often referred to as a categorical scale.
The assigned numbers have no arithmetic properties and act
only as labels.The only statistical operation that can be
performed on nominal scales is a frequency count.We cannot
determine an average except mode.
For example: labeling men as ‘1’ and women as ‘2’ which is the
most common way of labeling gender for data recording
purpose does not mean women are ‘twice something or other’
than men. Nor it suggests that men are somehow ‘better’ than
women.
9. Ordinal Scaleinvolves the ranking of items along the
continuum of the characteristic being scaled. In this scale, the
items are classified according to whether they have more or
less of a characteristic.
The main characteristic of the ordinal scale is that the
categories have a logical or ordered relationship.This type of
scale permits the measurement of degrees of difference,
(i.e. ‘more’ or ‘less’) but not the specific amount of differences
(i.e. how much ‘more’ or ‘less’).This scale is very common
in marketing, satisfaction and attitudinal research.
Using ordinal scale data, we can perform statistical analysis
like Median and Mode, but not the Mean.
For example, a fast food home delivery shop may wish to ask
its customers:
How would you rate the service of our staff?
(1) Excellent • (2)Very Good • (3)Good • (4) Poor • (5)Worst •
10. Interval Scale is a scale in which the numbers are used to
rank attributes such that numerically equal distances on the scale
represent equal distance in the characteristic being measured. An
interval scale contains all the information of an ordinal scale, but it
also allows one to compare the difference/distance between
attributes. Interval scales may be either in numeric or semantic
formats.
The interval scale allows the calculation of averages like Mean,
Median and Mode and dispersion like Range and Standard
Deviation.
For example, the difference between ‘1’ and ‘2’ is equal to
the difference between ‘3’ and ‘4’. Further, the difference between
‘2’ and ‘4’ is twice the difference between ‘1’ and ‘2’.
Measuring temperature is an example of interval scale. But, we
cannot say 40°C is twice as hot as 20°C.
11.
12. Ratio Scaleis the highest level of measurement scales.This
has the properties of an interval scale together with a fixed (absolute)
zero point.The absolute zero point allows us to construct a
meaningful ratio.
Ratio scales permit the researcher to compare both differences in
scores and relative magnitude of scores. Examples of ratio scales
include weights, lengths and times.
For example, the number of customers of a bank’s ATM in the last
three months is a ratio scale.This is because you can compare this
with previous three months.
For example, the difference between 10 and 15 minutes is the same as
the difference between 25 and 30 minutes and 30 minutes is twice as
long as 15 minutes
13.
14. In comparative scaling, the respondent is asked to
compare one object with another.
The comparative scales can further be divided into the
following four types of scaling techniques:
(a) Paired Comparison Scale,
(b) Rank Order Scale,
(c) Constant Sum Scale, and
(d) Q-sort Scale.
15. Paired Comparison Scale:
This is a comparative scaling technique in which a
respondent is presented with two objects at a time and
asked to select one object according to some criterion.The
data obtained are ordinal in nature.
For example, there are four types of cold drinks - Coke,
Pepsi, Sprite, and Limca.The respondents can prefer Pepsi
to Coke or Coke to Sprite, etc.
16. Rank Order Scale:
This is another type of comparative scaling technique in
which respondents are presented with several items
simultaneously and asked to rank them in the order of
priority. This is an ordinal scale that describes the
favoured and unfavoured objects, but does not reveal
the distance between the objects.
The resultant data in rank order is ordinal data. This
yields better results when direct comparison are
required between the given objects.
The major disadvantage of this technique is that only
ordinal data can be generated.
17.
18. Constant Sum Scale:
In this scale, the respondents are asked to allocate a constant
sum of units such as points, rupees, or chips among a set of
stimulus objects with respect to some criterion.
For example, you may wish to determine how important the
attributes of price, fragrance, packaging, cleaning power, and
lather of a detergent are to consumers. Respondents might
be asked to divide a constant sum to indicate the relative
importance of the attributes.
The advantage of this technique is saving time.
However, main disadvantages are the respondents may
allocate more or fewer points than those specified.The
second problem is respondents might be confused.
19.
20. Q-Sort Scale:
This is a comparative scale that uses a rank order procedure to sort
objects based on similarity with respect to some criterion.The
important characteristic of this methodology is that it is more
important to make comparisons among different responses of a
respondent than the responses between different respondents.
Therefore, it is a comparative method of scaling rather than an
absolute rating scale. In this method the respondent is given
statements in a large number for describing the characteristics of a
product or a large number of brands of a product.
21.
22. In non-comparative scaling respondents need only
evaluate a single object.Their evaluation is independent
of the other object which the researcher is studying.
The non-comparative scaling techniques can be further
divided into:
(a)Continuous Rating Scale, and
(b)Itemized Rating Scale.
23. Continuous Rating Scales :
It is very simple and highly useful. In continuous rating scale, the
respondent’s rate the objects by placing a mark at the
appropriate position on a continuous line that runs from one
extreme of the criterion variable to the other.
Example :
Question: How would you rate theTV advertisement as a guide
for buying?
24.
25. Itemized Rating Scales :
Itemized rating scale is a scale having numbers or brief
descriptions associated with each category.The categories are
ordered in terms of scale position and the respondents are
required to select one of the limited number of categories
that best describes the product, brand, company, or product
attribute being rated. Itemized rating scales are widely used in
marketing research.
Itemised rating scales is further divided into three parts, namely
(a) Likert scale,
(b) Semantic Differential Scale, and
(c) Stapel Scale.
26. The itemised rating scales can be in the form of : (a) graphic, (b)
verbal, or (c) numeric as shown below :
27.
28.
29. Likert Scale:
Likert, is extremely popular for measuring attitudes, because, the
method is simple to administer. With the Likert scale, the
respondents indicate their own attitudes by checking how strongly
they agree or disagree with carefully worded statements that range
from very positive to very negative towards the attitudinal
object. Respondents generally choose from five alternatives (say
strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, strongly
disagree).
A Likert scale may include a number of items or statements.
Disadvantage of Likert Scale is that it takes longer time to complete
than other itemised rating scales because respondents have to read
each statement.
Despite the above disadvantages, this scale has several advantages.
It is easy to construct, administer and use.
30.
31. Semantic Differential Scale:
This is a seven point rating scale with end points associated with
bipolar labels (such as good and bad, complex and simple) that
have semantic meaning. It can be used to find whether a
respondent has a positive or negative attitude towards an object.
It has been widely used in comparing brands, products and
company images. It has also been used to develop advertising and
promotion strategies and in a new product development study.
32.
33. Staple Scale:
The Stapel scale was originally developed to measure the
direction and intensity of an attitude simultaneously. Modern
versions of the Stapel scale place a single adjective as a substitute
for the Semantic differential when it is difficult to create pairs of
bipolar adjectives.The modified Stapel scale places a single
adjective in the centre of an even number of numericalValues.
34.
35.
36. A number of issues decide the choice of scaling technique. Some
significant issues are:
1) Problem Definition and Statistical Analysis,
2) The Choice between Comparative and Non-comparative
Scales,
3) Type of Category Labels,
4) Number of Categories,
5) Balanced versus Unbalanced Scale, and
6) Forced versus Non-forced Categories
37. There are four levels of measurements: nominal, ordinal,
interval, and ratio.
The measurement scales, commonly used in marketing
research, can be divided into two types; comparative and
non-comparative scales.
A number of scaling techniques are available for
measurement of attitudes.There is no unique way that you
can use to select a particular scaling technique for your
research study.