This document discusses particle theory and the structure of atoms. It begins by defining particles as the tiny discrete units that make up matter, including atoms, molecules, ions. It then discusses the historical development of atomic models from Dalton to Chadwick. Key points include: atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons; protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative charge. Electron configuration and the filling of electron shells in the first 20 elements is also explained. Isotopes are defined as atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.