There are four main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and prediabetes. Type 1 is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks the pancreas, type 2 is caused by the body not producing enough insulin or cells not responding to insulin properly. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. Prediabetes means blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. Complications of diabetes include cardiovascular, kidney, nerve and eye diseases. Diabetes is tested through A1C, fasting plasma glucose, and oral glucose tolerance tests. Treatment options include oral medications, insulin injections, surgery, and lifestyle changes like diet and exercise. Future treatments may include gene therapy for type 1

1. PRESENTED BY:-
DIVYA
BHARAT AGGARWAL

4. 4 types
Type
1
Type
2
gestational
Pre-
diabetes

5.  Type 1 diabetes is also known as
insulin-dependent diabetes, and is
caused by the body attacking it’s
own pancreas with antibodies.
 It could also be the result of faulty
beta cells in the pancreas that
normally produce insulin.

6.  In type 2 dm the body
does not produce enough
insulin for proper function,
or the cells in the body do
not react to insulin (insulin
resistance).

7. Gestational Diabetes is the third main
form of diabetes and occurs in females
during pregnancy. Some women have
very high levels of glucose in their
blood, and their bodies are unable to
produce enough insulin to transport all
of the glucose into their cells, resulting
in progressively rising levels of glucose.

8.  Careful meal planning to ensure
adequate pregnancy nutrients without
excess fat and calories
 Daily exercise
 Controlling pregnancy weight gain
 Taking insulin to control blood sugar
levels if needed.

9. Impaired fasting
glycaemia or impaired
fasting glucose refers to
a condition in which the
fasting blood glucose is
elevated above what is
considered normal levels
but is not high enough to
be classified as diabetes
mellitus.

12.  Cardiovascular disease
 Kidney disease (diabetic
nephropathy)
 Nerve disease (diabetic
neuropathy)
 Eye disease (diabetic
retinopathy)
 Pregnancy complications

13. 3 Ways of testing Diabetes
HbA1c FPGTT OGTT

15. FPGTT-Fasting Plasma
Glucose Tolerance TEST

16. The OGTT (oral glucose
tolerance test)

17. A1C test The FPG (fasting
plasma glucose)
test
The OGTT (oral
glucose tolerance
test)
DIABETES at least 6.5%
means diabetic
at least 126
mg/dl
at least 200
mg/dl
PREDIABETES between 5.7%
and 5.99%
between 100
mg/dl and 125.99
mg/dl
between 140 and
199.9 mg/dl
NORMAL less than 5.7%
means normal
less than 100
mg/dl
less than 140
mg/dl
RANGES OF DIABETES DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

18.  There is no known preventive measure for type 1
diabetes.
 Type 2 diabetes can often be prevented by a person
being a normal body weight, physical exercise, and
following a healthful diet.

19. •Oral medicines
•Insulin injections
•Surgery
•Lifestyle

20.  Biguanides
 Dopamine Agonist
 DPP-4 Inhibitors
 Meglitinides
 Sulfonylureas

21.  Insulin is a hormone that controls
blood sugar. There are many types
of insulin used to treat diabetes.

22. Insulins Examples
Rapid acting Insulins - insulin aspart
Short acting Insulins - regular insulin
Intermediate Insulins - insulin NPH
Long acting insulins - insulin glagine
Premixed Insulins - insulin lispro protamine

23. SITES OF
INSULIN
INJECTION

24.  A pancreas transplant is occasionally
considered for people with type 1 diabetes
who have severe complications of their
disease.
 Weight loss surgery in those with obesity
and type 2 diabetes is often an effective
measure.

25.  Maintain or return to
a healthy weight
 Focus on fruits and
veggies
 Cut out the sugary
drinks
 Cut back on TV time
 Physical activity

26.  A potential future treatment for type 1 diabetes is gene
therapy. Researchers have identified a faulty gene which
means that people with the gene are more likely to
develop diabetes. In the future, this gene could be
replaced by a fully-working version of the gene. This
could prevent people from getting diabetes in the first
place or reverse the condition in people who have
developed the condition.