The document discusses atomic science and radioactive decay. It introduces key concepts like alpha decay, beta decay, gamma decay, and the factors that influence nuclear stability. Students are given various assessment tasks to help them learn concepts like drawing atomic models, defining atomic terminology, investigating isotopes, and exploring the forces that hold the nucleus together or cause it to decay.
The Neutrino: Elusive Misfit and Evolutionary DiscoveriesSon Cao
We live in a matrix of neutrinos, the most abundant and perhaps the most elusive of all the known massive particles. The neutrino’s interactions dictate how the Sun shines, how the Sun will evolve, and the dynamics of dying stars. The neutrino, a tangible misfit, also tells us that our theory of the fundamental building blocks of Nature called the “Standard Model” is incomplete. There have been four neutrino-related Nobel prizes in physics awarded since 1995, but to date, the neutrino is still among the most mysterious of all known particles. A recent publication of the T2K experiment, one of the ten most remarkable discoveries of science in 2020, suggests that neutrinos do not respect the charge-conjugation parity-reversal (CP) symmetry, which in turn could explain how our matter-dominated Universe has emerged. The talk will highlight what we have known and what we expect to know in the following decades about this elusive particle. Also, we will discuss how to weigh the extraordinarily tiny mass of the neutrino and detect the CP violation via a quantum mechanical phenomenon called neutrino oscillation.
We present an ab-initio real-time based computational approach to nonlinear optical properties in Condensed Matter systems. The equation of mot ions, and in particular the coupling of the electrons with the external electric field, are derived from the Berry phase formulation of the dynamical polarization. The zero-field Hamiltonian includes crystal local field effects, the renormalization of the independent particle energy levels by correlation and excitonic effects within the screened Hartree- Fock self-energy operator. The approach is validated by calculating the second-harmonic generation of SiC and AlAs bulk semiconductors : an excellent agreement is obtained with existing ab-initio calculations from response theory in frequency domain . We finally show applications to the second-harmonic generation of CdTe the third-harmonic generation of Si.
Reference :
Real-time approach to the optical properties of solids and nanostructures : Time-dependent Bethe-alpeter equation Phys. Rev. B 84, 245110 (2011)
Nonlinear optics from ab-initio by means of the dynamical Berry-phase
C. Attaccalite and M. Gruning Phys. Rev. B 88 (23), 235113 (2013)
BIOS203 Lecture 1: Introduction to potentials and minimizationbios203
Lecture 1 for BIOS 203 Mini-course at Stanford University taught by Heather J. Kulik. http://bios203.stanford.edu for more info or email bios203.course@gmail.com
The Neutrino: Elusive Misfit and Evolutionary DiscoveriesSon Cao
We live in a matrix of neutrinos, the most abundant and perhaps the most elusive of all the known massive particles. The neutrino’s interactions dictate how the Sun shines, how the Sun will evolve, and the dynamics of dying stars. The neutrino, a tangible misfit, also tells us that our theory of the fundamental building blocks of Nature called the “Standard Model” is incomplete. There have been four neutrino-related Nobel prizes in physics awarded since 1995, but to date, the neutrino is still among the most mysterious of all known particles. A recent publication of the T2K experiment, one of the ten most remarkable discoveries of science in 2020, suggests that neutrinos do not respect the charge-conjugation parity-reversal (CP) symmetry, which in turn could explain how our matter-dominated Universe has emerged. The talk will highlight what we have known and what we expect to know in the following decades about this elusive particle. Also, we will discuss how to weigh the extraordinarily tiny mass of the neutrino and detect the CP violation via a quantum mechanical phenomenon called neutrino oscillation.
We present an ab-initio real-time based computational approach to nonlinear optical properties in Condensed Matter systems. The equation of mot ions, and in particular the coupling of the electrons with the external electric field, are derived from the Berry phase formulation of the dynamical polarization. The zero-field Hamiltonian includes crystal local field effects, the renormalization of the independent particle energy levels by correlation and excitonic effects within the screened Hartree- Fock self-energy operator. The approach is validated by calculating the second-harmonic generation of SiC and AlAs bulk semiconductors : an excellent agreement is obtained with existing ab-initio calculations from response theory in frequency domain . We finally show applications to the second-harmonic generation of CdTe the third-harmonic generation of Si.
Reference :
Real-time approach to the optical properties of solids and nanostructures : Time-dependent Bethe-alpeter equation Phys. Rev. B 84, 245110 (2011)
Nonlinear optics from ab-initio by means of the dynamical Berry-phase
C. Attaccalite and M. Gruning Phys. Rev. B 88 (23), 235113 (2013)
BIOS203 Lecture 1: Introduction to potentials and minimizationbios203
Lecture 1 for BIOS 203 Mini-course at Stanford University taught by Heather J. Kulik. http://bios203.stanford.edu for more info or email bios203.course@gmail.com
Quantum mechanics for Engineering StudentsPraveen Vaidya
The Quantum mechanics study material gives insight into the fundamentals of the modern theory of physics related to Heisenberg uncertainty principle, wavefunction, concepts of potential well etc.
Trabajo Final de Grado Física(UV): Angular distribution and energy spectrum o...Christiaan Roca Catala
Thesis of my bachellor in Physics.
We analise the angular distribution and the energy spectrum of neutrinos coming from decaying pions in a boosted frame. From this we observe the benefits of placing a detector at an off-axis angle respect to the trajectory of the pion.
In concrete we derive the effects of adding first order corrections to the mass of the initially set massless neutrino in the kinematical scheme. We compare the results with the well-known biography and determine that those corrections lead no contribution.
Finally we discuss the importance of this scheme on the neutrino experiments nowadays. A higher detection rate leads better results on the actual detections. In a near future this could shed some light on some of the most elusive problems nowadays in neutrino physics. For example, the neutrino mass hierarchy or the CP violation in the leptonic sector.
We pay special attention to the recent results of T2K (Tokai to Kamioka) and NOvA.
Presentation of third- and fifth-order optical nonlinearities measurement using the D4Sigma-Z-scan Method. I present a resolution of propagation equation in general case (with third- and fifth-order nonlinearities) and a numerical inversion.
This presentation is conclude with experimental results.
A Genetic Programming Challenge: Evolving the Energy Function for Protein Str...Natalio Krasnogor
In this talk I introduce a computational challenge for GP researchers, namely, the automated synthesis of energy functions for protein structure prediction.
Quantum mechanics for Engineering StudentsPraveen Vaidya
The Quantum mechanics study material gives insight into the fundamentals of the modern theory of physics related to Heisenberg uncertainty principle, wavefunction, concepts of potential well etc.
Trabajo Final de Grado Física(UV): Angular distribution and energy spectrum o...Christiaan Roca Catala
Thesis of my bachellor in Physics.
We analise the angular distribution and the energy spectrum of neutrinos coming from decaying pions in a boosted frame. From this we observe the benefits of placing a detector at an off-axis angle respect to the trajectory of the pion.
In concrete we derive the effects of adding first order corrections to the mass of the initially set massless neutrino in the kinematical scheme. We compare the results with the well-known biography and determine that those corrections lead no contribution.
Finally we discuss the importance of this scheme on the neutrino experiments nowadays. A higher detection rate leads better results on the actual detections. In a near future this could shed some light on some of the most elusive problems nowadays in neutrino physics. For example, the neutrino mass hierarchy or the CP violation in the leptonic sector.
We pay special attention to the recent results of T2K (Tokai to Kamioka) and NOvA.
Presentation of third- and fifth-order optical nonlinearities measurement using the D4Sigma-Z-scan Method. I present a resolution of propagation equation in general case (with third- and fifth-order nonlinearities) and a numerical inversion.
This presentation is conclude with experimental results.
A Genetic Programming Challenge: Evolving the Energy Function for Protein Str...Natalio Krasnogor
In this talk I introduce a computational challenge for GP researchers, namely, the automated synthesis of energy functions for protein structure prediction.
Designed for the IB Biology course. A huge thank-you is due to Dr. Gillian Dean for visiting our class and helping us through it.
It is best suited to HL students on the Option D: Evolution course, but can be used with anyone.
You will need to install three software packages.
NANO106 is UCSD Department of NanoEngineering's core course on crystallography of materials taught by Prof Shyue Ping Ong. For more information, visit the course wiki at http://nano106.wikispaces.com.
A nuclear physics lecture is an intriguing exploration of the intricate world of atomic nuclei, their composition, properties, and behavior. It encompasses the study of the fundamental particles that make up the nucleus, primarily protons and neutrons, and their interactions through nuclear forces.
The lecture begins by introducing the concept of nuclear structure, discussing the organization of protons and neutrons within the nucleus, as well as the discovery and properties of isotopes. It explores the role of nuclear forces, which bind the nucleus together, overcoming the electromagnetic repulsion between positively charged protons.
Radioactive decay is a crucial topic covered in the lecture. It explains the different types of radioactive decay, such as alpha, beta, and gamma decay, and the associated processes of emission of alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma radiation. The lecture also delves into the concept of half-life, which characterizes the rate of decay of radioactive isotopes.
Tutorial in calculation of IR & NMR spectra (i.e. measuring nuclear vibrations and spins) using the GAUSSIAN03 computational chemistry package.
Following an introduction to spectroscopy in general, each of the two measurement types is presented in sequence. For each one, we review the theory before presenting the calculation scheme. We then present the relative strengths and limitations (with respect to other measurements), and then compare the calculation method with experimentation. We close each of the two subjects with an advanced topic: Raman IR spectroscopy (and depolarization ratio), and indirect dipole coupling (a.k.a. spin-spin coupling). I've also made the last part available as a standalone presentation: http://www.slideshare.net/InonSharony/nmr-spinspin-splitting-using-gaussian03.
How International Is Our School? MA DissertationStephen Taylor
Title: A pilot-test of a visualization and set of evaluation rubrics for factors affecting the promotion of international-mindedness and global engagement (IMaGE) of a school.
Defining Inquiry for the PreK-12 continuum. Inquiry as a 'theory of everything' of good education, built on a solid foundation of well-taught knowledge, skills and concepts.
This is an assignment for my University of Bath MA in International Education, based on the tensions in transition from MYP to DP. It revolved around the different schools of through about learning and, most importantly, inquiry. It focuses on the different approaches to inquiry characterised by Dewey and Vygotsky, before moving onto a modern look at evidence-based practices.
MA International Education University of Bath assignment (Education in and International Context).
In this assignment I have tried to propose an original idea for helping schools define and measure the degree to which they demonstrate the values of international education.
I use this lab sequence over a couple of lessons to get to grips with some basics of different types of reactions, balancing, writing formulas and problem-solving.
In this formative in-class Criterion C task, we connect the content from the last unit with some basics on Forces, using the Red Bull Stratos jump as a basis.
This presentation is for my class to work through as teachers are on a series of PD days. It is based on a very bad One Direction joke cracked in a class about vectors.
I split the presentation for the unit into two, as I added so many slides to help with student questions and misconceptions. This one focuses on mathematical aspects of the unit.
In the first week of High School, my Grade 9 Chemistry class were asked to put on a short show for the BBP and KA students (3-5 year-olds) about water. We used it as a chance to get to know each other and to formatively assess Criterion B: Communication and F: Attitudes in Science.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...
Atomic Science
1. Atomic
Science
Introductory
Physics/
Environmental
Science
Canadian
Academy
Alpha
decay
image
from
h3p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_decay
2. Atomic
Science
Unit
Ques?ons:
“?”
Enduring
Understandings:
• Nuclear
energy
can
be
used
to
generate
electricity
Areas
of
interac9on:
Human
Ingenuity
The
development
of
electrical
technologies
revolu6onised
culture
Environments
Can
we
maximise
efficiency
in
order
to
maximise
sustainability?
Criterion
Assessment
Tasks
C:
Unit
Test
E:
Half-‐life
inves?ga?on
A
&
B:
One
World
3. Draw
an
Atom!
What
are
the
names,
sizes,
charges
and
posi?ons
of
the
components?
What
is
the
relevance
of
this
to
radioac?vity?
4. The
Ob-‐Scertainer
How
can
we
really
know
what
we
cannot
see?
Science
is
a
process
of
observa?ons,
hypotheses
and
tes?ng.
1. Take
4
or
5
ob-‐scertainers.
Play
a
bit.
Predict
the
shape
inside.
2. Test
your
hypothesis
with
careful
movements
and
observa?ons.
3. Draw
your
‘final’
structure.
Conclude.
Play,
predict,
draw
Modify,
conclude
Test
4. Have
an
ob-‐scertainer
class
conference
and
come
up
consensus
on
the
best
structure
of
each
of
the
dishes
(there
are
12
in
total).
6. Atomic
Terminology
Define
these
terms
and
then
arrange
them
into
a
mind-‐map
or
diagram.
Atom
Nuclide
Nucleus
&
Nucleons
Atomic
Number
(Z)
Mass
Number
(A)
Neutrons
(N)
Isotope
7. Atomic
Terminology
Define
these
terms
and
then
arrange
them
into
a
mind-‐map
or
diagram.
Atom:
‘un-‐cu3able’
–
the
smallest
unit
of
an
element
Nuclide:
an
atom
specified
by
an
atomic
and
mass
number
Nucleus
&
Nucleons
–
protons
(+)
and
neutrons
(0)
in
a
nucleus
Atomic
Number
(Z)
–
number
of
protons
in
the
nucleus,
defines
the
element
atomZahl
Mass
Number
(A)
–
number
of
nucleons.
Defines
the
isotope.
Neutrons
(N)
=
mass
number
–
atomic
number
Isotope
=
atoms
of
the
same
element
with
different
mass
numbers.
8. Protons
vs
Neutrons
Work
through
the
periodic
table
and
plot
every
figh
element.
What
trends
and
pa=erns
can
you
iden?fy?
Can
you
suggest
a
reason
for
this?
Mass
Number
(A)
Mass
Number
(A)
12
Atomic
Number
(Z)
6
C
Neutrons
(N)
=
mass
number
–
atomic
number
Atomic
Number
(Z)
8
Grid
from
Desmos
the
online
graphical
calculator
h3ps://www.abe3ercalculator.com/c
9. Radioac9ve
Stability
Think
about
all
those
posi?vely-‐charged
protons
next
to
each
other.
What
do
they
want
to
do?
What
happens
if
you
add
more
protons?
Alpha
decay
image
from
h3p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_decay
10. Radioac9ve
Stability
Think
about
all
those
posi?vely-‐charged
protons
next
to
each
other.
What
do
they
want
to
do?
What
happens
if
you
add
more
protons?
This
repulsive
force
is
the
electromagne9c
force.
It
is
not
par?cularly
strong,
but
acts
over
a
large
distance.
So
how
does
the
nucleus
stay
together?
electromagne?c
force
Alpha
decay
image
from
h3p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_decay
11. Radioac9ve
Stability
Think
about
all
those
posi?vely-‐charged
protons
next
to
each
other.
What
do
they
want
to
do?
What
happens
if
you
add
more
protons?
This
repulsive
force
is
the
electromagne9c
force.
It
is
not
par?cularly
strong,
but
acts
over
a
large
distance.
So
how
does
the
nucleus
stay
together?
electromagne?c
force
The
strong
force
acts
between
neutrons
and
protons.
It
s?cks
them
together
(using
gluons
–
yes,
really).
The
strong
force
is
strong,
but
acts
only
strong
force
over
a
?ny
distance.
As
the
size
of
the
atom
increases,
more
neutrons
are
required
to
keep
it
stable.
Alpha
decay
image
from
h3p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_decay
12. Radioac9ve
Decay
When
the
forces
inside
the
nucleus
are
unbalanced,
decay
occurs.
What
condi?ons
favour
these
different
forms
of
radioac?ve
decay?
h3p://phet.colorado.edu/en/simula?on/alpha-‐decay
-‐
-‐
Gamma
decay
( )
is
high-‐frequency
energy
which
accompanies
other
forms
of
decay.
h3p://phet.colorado.edu/en/simula?on/beta-‐decay
Alpha
decay
image
from
h3p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_decay
13. Radioac9ve
Decay
Radioac?ve
decay
is
a
natural,
random
change
in
atomic
nuclei
that
goes
on
all
around
us.
Radioac?ve
materials
are
going
through
radioac?ve
decay.
In
this
group
task,
find
out
about
one
type
of
decay
and
explain
to
others.
Alpha
decay
symbol:
(
)
Beta-‐
decay
symbol:
(
)
Gamma
Decay
symbol:
(
γ
)
Nucleus
is
too
large
and
Nucleus
has
too
many…
Nucleus
has
too
much
posi?ve.
energy
ager
α
or
β
decay.
___________
is
released
_________
and
_______
are
A
gamma
ray
is
released
from
the
nucleus.
released
from
the
nucleus.
from
the
nucleus.
The
alpha
par?cle
is
a
stable
The
beta-‐par?cle
is
a
fast-‐ The
gamma
ray
is
a
photon
___________
nucleus
(__
moving…
of
high-‐frequency
energy.
protons
and
___
neutrons)
Diagram:
Diagram:
Penetra?ng
ability:
Penetra?ng
ability:
Penetra?ng
ability:
Will
pass
through
thin
lead.
Image
from:
h3p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_decay#Gamma_ray_produc?on
14. Radia9on
Radioac?ve
decay
emits
radia?on
in
different
forms.
Radia?on
is
considered
harmful
if
it
is
ionizing.
This
means
it
interacts
with
electrons
in
living
things,
causing
them
to
become
ionised.
This
results
in
free
radical
forma?on,
and
lots
of
damage
to
cells
and
?ssues.
When
damage
is
caused
to
DNA,
this
can
lead
to
cancers.
Although
α
radia?on
is
easily
stopped,
it
may
be
dangerous
if
inhaled
or
ingested.
par?cles
energy
Penetra?on
image
from
h3p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radia?on
15. Decay
Equa9ons
Decay
(proton:
neutron
ra?o
too
high)
An
par?cle
(He)
is
always
lost.
Mass
number
decreases
by
4.
Atomic
number
decreases
by
2.
235 4 ?
92 U! 2 He + ? X 4
He
2
40 4 ?
19 K! 2 He + ? X
209 205 ?
84 Po ! 82 Pb + ? ?
Some
gamma
energy
is
released,
but
is
not
a
par6cle
(so
does
figure
in
our
equa6ons)
Alpha
decay
image
from
h3p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_decay
16. Decay
Equa9ons
-‐
Decay
(too
many
neutrons)
-‐
Decay
(too
many
neutrons)
A
neutron
decays
into:
Neutron
decays
into
proton.
• Proton
(remains
in
nucleus)
Electron
and
an?neutrino
released.
• -‐
par?cle
(fast
electron)
• An?neutrino
Some
gamma
energy
is
released,
but
is
not
a
par6cle
(so
does
figure
in
our
equa6ons)
Alpha
decay
image
from
h3p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_decay
17. Decay
Equa9ons
Decay
(proton:
neutron
ra?o
too
high)
-‐
Decay
(too
many
neutrons)
An
par?cle
(He)
is
always
lost.
Neutron
decays
into
proton.
Electron
and
an?neutrino
released.
235 4 231
92 U! 2 He + 90 Th
40 4 36
19 K! 2 He + 17 Cl
209 205 4 plus
Decay
(too
many
protons)
84 Po ! 82 Pb + He 2 Proton
decays
into
neutron.
Posi?ve
electron
(positron)and
neutrino
released.
18. Radioac9ve
Decay
of
Uranium
238
It
takes
billions
of
years
and
many
cycles
of
decay
and
-‐
decay
for
radioac9ve
238U
to
become
stable
206Pb.
Work
through
the
puzzle
on
the
sheet,
prac?cing
the
decay
equa?ons
and
proper
nota?on
of
the
isotopes
as
you
go.
If
you
finish:
Find
out
more
about
‘half
life’.
What
does
it
mean?
19. Decay
Lab
Carry
out
this
inves6ga6on
to
learn
more
about
half-‐lives.
Assessed
for
Criterion
E:
Processing
Data.
100
Green
beads
100
White
beads
Radioac?ve
green
beads
decay
into
white
beads.
This
process
is
random.
Record
the
start
?me.
Remove
4
greens
from
the
cup
and
put
in
‘discard’.
2.
replace
extra
Replace
with
white
4
daughter
beads.
daughters
Record
“4”
as
the
number
of
greens
removed.
Cover,
shake
and
select
4
at
random
again.
white
Count
and
record
the
greens.
Discard
and
replace.
1.
random
4
sample
green
Repeat
un?l
20
random
samples
have
been
taken.
Record
the
number
of
greens
each
?me.
discard
Record
the
finish
?me.
Total
?me/20
=
mean
?me
per
sample.
Record.
How
could
you
graph
these
data
Reset
the
simula9on
and
repeat,
and
use
them
to
calculate
the
half
this
9me
taking
8
beads
at
random
per
sample.
life
of
the
green
beads?
20. Decay
Lab
Carry
out
this
inves6ga6on
to
learn
more
about
half-‐lives.
Assessed
for
Criterion
E:
Processing
Data.
100
Green
beads
100
White
beads
Decreasing
Increasing
2.
replace
extra
daughters
white
1.
random
4
sample
green
discard
Total
6me
for
each
experiment
When
you
have
finished
the
sampling,
save
and
20
cycles
of
random
sampling
–
4
at
a
9me.
send
to
your
partner.
You’re
on
your
own
now.
Then:
Go
to
Tools
–
Protec6on
–Unprotect
Sheet
to
be
able
to
complete
the
rest
of
the
task.
Reset
the
simula9on
and
repeat,
this
9me
taking
8
beads
at
random
per
sample.
21. Decay
Lab
Carry
out
this
inves6ga6on
to
learn
more
about
half-‐lives.
Assessed
for
Criterion
E:
Processing
Data.
Plot
best-‐fit
decay
curves
(no
need
for
the
increases).
Adjust
the
polynomial
order
so
the
curves
are
smooth
and
realis?c.
Remove
the
labels
for
the
curves
which
will
appear
in
this
legend.
22. Decay
Lab
Carry
out
this
inves6ga6on
to
learn
more
about
half-‐lives.
Assessed
for
Criterion
E:
Processing
Data.
Calcula9ng
Half
Life
For
each
curve,
find
as
many
‘half
intervals’
as
possible
(e.g.
100-‐>50,
80-‐>40,
60-‐>30).
Take
a
mean
of
these
half
intervals.
This
is
an
es?mate
of
the
half-‐life
of
the
isotope.
What
differences
do
you
find
between
the
4-‐sample
and
the
8-‐sample?
Which
es?mate
of
half
life
is
more
reliable?
Why?
Plot
best-‐fit
decay
curves
(no
need
for
the
increases).
Adjust
the
polynomial
order
so
the
curves
are
smooth
and
realis?c.
Remove
the
labels
for
the
curves
which
will
appear
in
this
legend.
23. Decay
Lab
Carry
out
this
inves6ga6on
to
learn
more
about
half-‐lives.
Assessed
for
Criterion
E:
Processing
Data.
Plot
best-‐fit
decay
curves
(no
need
for
the
increases).
Adjust
the
polynomial
order
so
the
curves
are
smooth
and
realis?c.
Remove
the
labels
for
the
curves
which
will
appear
in
this
legend.
24. Decay
Lab
Carry
out
this
inves6ga6on
to
learn
more
about
half-‐lives.
Assessed
for
Criterion
E:
Processing
Data.
In
the
conclusion,
work
through
this
scenario.
Assume
that
in
the
4-‐sample
test,
1
minute
represents
100
years.
For
the
material
to
be
considered
‘safe’,
it
needs
to
decay
to
1/16
of
its
original
amount.
Answer
the
following
ques9ons,
with
jus9fica9on.
• How
long
do
you
need
to
be
concerned
about
the
material?
• How
might
you
store
it
safely
for
that
long?
25. Decay
occurs
at
random
–
we
can’t
predict
when
an
individual
Half
Life
atoms
will
decay.
However,
we
can
predict
the
rate
at
which
large
quan??es
will
decay,
and
this
is
called
half-‐life.
“The
radioac6ve
half-‐life
for
a
given
radioisotope
is
the
6me
for
half
the
radioac6ve
nuclei
in
any
sample
to
undergo
radioac6ve
decay.”
Hyperphysics
(h=p://hyperphysics.phy-‐astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/halfli.html)
Use
this
PhET
Lab
to
find
out
more
about
half
lives
of
13C
and
238U
and
how
they
can
be
used
to
es?mate
the
age
of
geological
materials.
Cool.
h3p://phet.colorado.edu/en/simula?on/radioac?ve-‐da?ng-‐game
26. Biological
Effects
of
Radia9on
Ionising
radia?on
can
damage
living
?ssues
by
causing
atoms
to
become
ions,
which
can
in
turn
become
damaging
free-‐radicals.
Infographic
from:
h3p://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/asia-‐pacific/how-‐
radia?on-‐affects-‐the-‐body/ar?cle1942117/?from=1942081
27. Biological
Effects
of
Radia9on
Infographic
from:
h3p://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/asia-‐pacific/how-‐
radia?on-‐affects-‐the-‐body/ar?cle1942117/?from=1942081
28. Uses
of
Nuclear
Radia9on
Find
out
more
about
these
uses
of
radia?on:
• What
type
of
radia?on?
• How
is
it
used?
da?ng
Rad iocarbon
Sterilising
fo
od
&
medical
e
quipment
Radioac?ve
tracers
&
diagnosis
Radiotherapy:
cancer
treatment
Smoke
detec
tors
29. Some
Decays.
Which
are
α
and
which
are
β-‐?
238 4 234 218 4 214
92 U! 2 He + 90Th 84 Po ! 2 He + 82 Pb
214 0 214
234
90 Th ! 0
"1 e+ 234
91 Pa +! 82 Pb ! "1 e+ 83 Bi +!
214 0 214
234
91 Pa ! 0
"1 e+ 234
92 U +! 83 Bi ! "1 e+ 84 Po +!
234 4 230 214 4 210
92 U! 2 He + 90Th 84 Po ! 2 He + 82 Pb
210 0 210
230
Th ! 4
He + 226
Ra 82 Pb ! "1 e+ 83 Bi +!
90 2 88
210 0 210
226 4 222 83 Bi ! "1 e+ 84 Po +!
88 Ra ! 2 He + 86 Rn
210 4 206
222 4 218 84 Po ! 2 He + 82 Pb
86 Rn ! 2 He + 84 Po
29
30. Which
is
the
correct
α
decay
equa?on?
Which
is
the
correct
β-‐
decay
equa?on?
A.
B.
238 4 234 214 0 214
92 U! 2 He + 90 Th 82 Pb ! +1 e+ 83 Bi +!
C.
D.
234 0 234 214 1 213
91 Pa ! "1 e+ 92 U +! 84 Po ! H + 1 83 Bi
Which
product
is
correct?
A.
222 B.
222
87 Fr 86 Rn
226 4 ?
88 Ra ! 2 He + ? ? C.
225 223
D.
80 U 86 Rn
Which
product
is
correct?
A.
222 B.
222
234 0 ? 87 Fr 86 Rn
90 Th ! "1 e+ ? ? +!
C.
238 234
D.
92 U 91 Pa
31. Which
product
is
correct?
A.
17 B.
18
9 F 9 F
17 4 ?
8 O! 2 He + ? ? C.
13 D.
13
C
6 C
7
Which
product
is
correct?
A.
211 B.
210
210 0 ? 83 Bi 83 Bi
82 Pb ! "1 e + ? +!
?
C.
206 D.
214
80 Hg 84 Po
Which
product
is
correct?
A.
220 B.
210
84 Po 83 Bi
? 4 235
? ?! 2 He + U
92 C.
206 D.
239
80 Hg 94 Pu
32. Check
the
periodic
table.
Which
are
the
most
common
isotopes?
A.
14 B.
12 A.
211 B.
209
6 C 6 C 83 Bi 83 Bi
C.
12 C.
209
6 C D.
13
C
7 84 Bi D.
208
83 Bi
Which
nuclide
is
correct?
A.
137 B.
141
? 0 137 55 Cs 58 La
? ?! "1 e+ 56 Ba +!
C.
135 D.
131
55 Cs 53 Xe
Which
nuclide
is
correct?
A.
220 B.
236
84 Po 95 Am
? 4 237
? ?! 2 He + 93 Np C.
241 D.
233
95 Am 91 Pa
34. Where
does
our
energy
come
from?
Nuclear
fusion
reac?ons
occur
in
the
core
of
the
Sun.
How
does
the
Sun’s
energy
give
us
the
energy
we
use
on
Earth?
1. Core
5.
Chromosphere
6.
Corona
2. Radia?ve
zone
7.
Sunspot
3. Convec?ve
zone
8.
Granules
4. Photosphere
9.
Prominence
Images
from:h3p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun
35. Nuclear
Fusion
is
how
the
Sun
generates
energy!
Iden?fy
these
nuclei.
What
happens
here?
What
are
the
products?
What
is
this?
What
nuclear
force
must
be
overcome
in
order
for
fusion
t
occur?
For
us
to
achieve
this
on
Earth
takes
massive
amounts
of
energy
and
resources.
Fusion
is
not
(yet)
a
realis?c
way
of
genera?ng
energy.
Images
from:
h3p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion
36. Nuclear
Fusion
is
how
the
Sun
generates
energy…
…
but
we
can’t
reliably
do
it
here
on
Earth.
Nuclear
Fission
is
what
we
mean
by
atomic
energy.
Images
from:
h3p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion
37. Nuclear
Fission
is
how
we
generate
‘atomic
energy’.
Open
this
PhET
Lab
on
Fission.
Describe
how
a
fission
reac?on
works.
• What
is
the
role
of
the
neutron?
• What
happens
to
the
235U
nuclide?
• How
is
energy
released?
Switch
to
the
Chain
Reac9on
Set
it
up
in
a
containment
vessel.
• What
happens
when
you
add
more
235U?
• How
does
238U
behave?
• Which
isotope
would
you
choose
to
sustain
a
chain
reac?on,
releasing
energy?
Switch
to
the
Nuclear
Reactor
Set
it
up
and
get
it
running!
• What
is
the
effect
of
removing
the
control
rods
from
the
reactor?
h3p://phet.colorado.edu/en/simula?on/nuclear-‐fission
• How
could
control
rods
be
used
to
maintain
safety
and
control
output
of
energy?
• What
are
they
made
of?
38. Nuclear
Fission
is
how
we
generate
‘atomic
energy’.
Annotate
this
diagram
to
describe
what
is
happening
in
a
1
neutron
in
nuclear
fission
reac?on.
This
fission
equa9on
represents
the
reac?on:
235
92 U + 01n ! 3 01n + 141Ba + 36 Kr 56
92
Complete
these
fission
equa?ons:
235
92 U + 1n ! 3 1n + 90 Rb + ? ?
0 0 37 ?
energy
235
92 U + 01n ! 3 01n + 143
55 Cs + ? ?
?
3
neutrons
These
neutrons
can
go
on
to
split
other
produced
235U
nuclides
in
a
chain
reac6on.
Image
from:
h3p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission
39. Nuclear
Energy
how
do
we
get
electricity
from
this?
It
takes
a
lot
of
binding
energy
to
hold
a
nucleus
together.
When
we
split
the
atom,
we
release
the
daughter
par?cles,
some
neutrons
and
gamma
radia?on.
Gamma
radia?on
is
high-‐frequency
energy!
This
energy
can
be
used
to
heat
water,
to
drive
a
turbine
and
power
a
generator,
just
like
conven?onal
electrical
genera?on.
It
all
needs
magnets
to
move
in
rela9on
to
coils!
Control-‐rods
are
neutron-‐absorbent
materials
that
can
stop
or
control
the
rate
of
the
chain
reac?on
and
therefore
control
the
temperature
and
safety
of
the
reactor.
Images
from:
h3p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission
and
h3p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor
40. Radioac9ve
Waste
How
do
we
get
rid
of
it?
The
products
of
nuclear
fission
are
radioac?ve
but
will
decay
to
stable
nuclides.
141
Complete
the
decay
pathways
for
92Kr
and
141Ba.
92
36 Kr 56 Ba
-‐,
1.8s
??,
18.3
min
92 141
? ? ? ?
??,
4.5s
??-‐,
3.9
h
92 141
? ? ? ?
??,
2.7h
??-‐,
32.5
days
92 141
? ? ? ?
??,
3.5h
Data
from:
h3p://periodictable.com/Isotopes/056.141/index2.p.full.dm.html
41. Radioac9ve
Waste
How
do
we
get
rid
of
it?
The
products
of
nuclear
fission
are
radioac?ve
but
will
decay
to
stable
nuclides.
141
Because
nuclear
waste
is
radioac?ve,
it
needs
to
92
36 Kr 56 Ba
-‐,
1.8s
-‐,
18.3
min
be
isolated
un?l
it
has
decayed
to
a
safe
level.
This
could
be
underground
or
in
special
treatment
92 141
facili?es.
37 Rb 57 La
-‐,
4.5s
-‐,
3.9
h
92 141
Nuclear
reprocessing
plants
can
take
the
spent
fuel
38 Sr 58 Ce
rods
and
extract
fissionable
materials,
such
as
-‐,
2.7h
-‐,
32.5
days
plutonium,
from
them.
These
can
be
used
in
other
reactors.
92 141
Y
39 59 Pr
-‐,
3.5h
Next
genera?on
nuclear
reactors
will
use
current
92
nuclear
waste
as
fuel.
40 Zr
Data
from:
h3p://periodictable.com/Isotopes/056.141/index2.p.full.dm.html
43. Fission,
Fusion,
α-‐Decay
or
β–Decay?
1.
235
92 U + 01n ! 3 01n + 143
Cs +
55
90
37 Rb
2
2.
1 H + 1 H ! 01n +
3 4
2 He + energy
3.
238 4 234
92 U! 2 He + 90 Th
4.
214 0 214
82 Pb ! "1 e+ 83 Bi +!
235
5.
92 U + 01n ! 3 01n + 141
56 Ba + 92
36 Kr
40 4 36
6.
19 K! 2 He + 17 Cl 32 0 32
15 P! "1 e+ 16 S +!
214 0 214 131 0 131
7.
83 Bi ! "1 e+ 84 Po +! 53 I! "1 e+ 54 Xe +!
43
44. What
do
you
think?
Ideas
based
on
Concept
Cartoons:
h3p://www.conceptcartoons.com
Clipart
people
from:
h3p://www.clker.com/search/krug/1
45. For
more
resources.
Please
consider
a
dona6on
to
charity
via
Biology4Good.
Click
here
for
more
informa6on
about
Biology4Good
charity
dona6ons.
This
is
a
Crea6ve
Commons
presenta?on.
It
may
be
linked
and
embedded
but
not
sold
or
re-‐hosted.