The document summarizes past Mars rovers and landers, including Viking 1 and 2 from the 1970s, Mars Pathfinder and Sojourner from 1997, and the ongoing Spirit and Opportunity rovers from 2004. It also discusses the Phoenix lander from 2008, which confirmed the presence of water ice on Mars. Key findings include evidence of past water activity from chemical analyses and geological features, measurements of atmospheric conditions and weathering, and ongoing assessments of habitability and potential for past or present life.
Type of robot : Space robot
Name of robot : Curiosity
Mission type : Mars rover
Operator : NASA International team
COSPAR ID : 2011-070A
Website : mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/
Mission duration : 1416 days (as of June 22, 2016)
Manufacturer : JPL, Boeing, Lockheed Martin
Dry mass : 899 kg
Launch date : November 26, 2011, 15:02:00 UTC
Rocket : Atlas V 541 (AV-028)
Launch site : Cape Canaveral LC-41
Reference system : Heliocentric Orbit
Spacecraft component: Rover
Landing date : August 6, 2012, 05:17:57 UTC SCET
MSD 49269 05:53:28 AMT
Landing site : Aeolis Palus ("Bradbury Landing") in
Gale Crater (4.5895°S 137.4417°E)
Article by Ken Kremer
he Mars 2020 Perseverance mission is NASA’s next mission to Mars as well as
being the most complex and scientifically advanced robotic mission sent to
the Red Planet.
The $2.4 Billion Mars Perseverance rover is a flagship mission dedicated to the
search for signs of life beyond Earth, as part of NASA’s Mars Exploration Program,
a long-term effort of robotic exploration of the Red Planet.
The Perseverance Mars 2020 mission will search for signs of ancient microbial life,
characterize Mars’ climate and geology, collect carefully selected samples for
future return to Earth, and pave the way for human exploration of the Red Planet
as soon as the 2030s.
Perseverance will also ferry a separate technology experiment to the surface of
Mars — a helicopter named Ingenuity, the first aircraft to fly in a controlled way
on another planet.
Launch is now targeted for a launch opportunity in the July/August timeframe
when Earth and Mars are aligned in good positions relative to each other for
landing on Mars.
The car-sized Perseverance Mars 2020 rover is targeted for liftoff on NET 30 July
2020 aboard a United Launch Alliance (ULA) Atlas V 541 rocket from Space
Launch Complex 41 on Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.
The approximately month-long launch window for the Mars 2020 Perseverance
rover mission currently extends until August 15.
Type of robot : Space robot
Name of robot : Curiosity
Mission type : Mars rover
Operator : NASA International team
COSPAR ID : 2011-070A
Website : mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/
Mission duration : 1416 days (as of June 22, 2016)
Manufacturer : JPL, Boeing, Lockheed Martin
Dry mass : 899 kg
Launch date : November 26, 2011, 15:02:00 UTC
Rocket : Atlas V 541 (AV-028)
Launch site : Cape Canaveral LC-41
Reference system : Heliocentric Orbit
Spacecraft component: Rover
Landing date : August 6, 2012, 05:17:57 UTC SCET
MSD 49269 05:53:28 AMT
Landing site : Aeolis Palus ("Bradbury Landing") in
Gale Crater (4.5895°S 137.4417°E)
Article by Ken Kremer
he Mars 2020 Perseverance mission is NASA’s next mission to Mars as well as
being the most complex and scientifically advanced robotic mission sent to
the Red Planet.
The $2.4 Billion Mars Perseverance rover is a flagship mission dedicated to the
search for signs of life beyond Earth, as part of NASA’s Mars Exploration Program,
a long-term effort of robotic exploration of the Red Planet.
The Perseverance Mars 2020 mission will search for signs of ancient microbial life,
characterize Mars’ climate and geology, collect carefully selected samples for
future return to Earth, and pave the way for human exploration of the Red Planet
as soon as the 2030s.
Perseverance will also ferry a separate technology experiment to the surface of
Mars — a helicopter named Ingenuity, the first aircraft to fly in a controlled way
on another planet.
Launch is now targeted for a launch opportunity in the July/August timeframe
when Earth and Mars are aligned in good positions relative to each other for
landing on Mars.
The car-sized Perseverance Mars 2020 rover is targeted for liftoff on NET 30 July
2020 aboard a United Launch Alliance (ULA) Atlas V 541 rocket from Space
Launch Complex 41 on Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.
The approximately month-long launch window for the Mars 2020 Perseverance
rover mission currently extends until August 15.
Links from the slides:
Rover Report June 13, 2013 - Curiosity's Cameras
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2rwWECbEHg&feature=c4-overview-vl&list=PLE8C83FF0367EEF8C
Rover Report October 26, 2012 - ChemCam
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDgv14Qtl1c&list=PLE8C83FF0367EEF8C
Rover Report March 15, 2013 - Evidence for Life?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUVmyI9yjyU
Rover Report July 11, 2013 - Trek to Mount Sharp Begins
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vluaivJqo9w#at=12
The world has woken up to Indian expertise in space looking at the success of Mangalyaan mission of Indian Space Research Organization ( ISRO ).
This slide show brings to you the essence of mission.. How and Why.
For descriptive and analytical coverage visit :
http://indiaspaceactivity.blogspot.com/
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE EXPLORATION OF THE PLANET MARS FOR HUMANITY'S SURVIVALFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the scientific and technological advances related to the exploration of the planet Mars and its colonization by humanity in the future as an alternative place for the escape of human beings aiming at their survival as a species against internal and external threats to planet Earth.
INDIA'S FIRST MARS SPACE MISSION NAMED MARS ORBITER MISSION(MOM) SIMPLY KNOWN AS MANGALYAN. FOR MORE UPDATES AND SLIDES VISIT www.mechanizeinn.wordpress.com OR www.facebook.com/mechanizeinn
In this paper with the reference of NASA’s MARS Curiosity Rover, this project is meant for a low cost, lightweight and small size unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) which is controlled by NI-myRIO a hardware component of National Instruments can be used for surveying and determining the natural conditions for living beings like identification of gases, collection of picture samples etc., It consists of six individual motors with lightweight chassis for achieving various movements of rover, gas sensors, camera with servos, long-lasting power supply with its required communication tools. The Six wheeled Rover with three or more suspension alignments will move and collect various samples for identification of gases and taking pictures around the astronomical areas automatically by the automated movements.
Links from the slides:
Rover Report June 13, 2013 - Curiosity's Cameras
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2rwWECbEHg&feature=c4-overview-vl&list=PLE8C83FF0367EEF8C
Rover Report October 26, 2012 - ChemCam
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDgv14Qtl1c&list=PLE8C83FF0367EEF8C
Rover Report March 15, 2013 - Evidence for Life?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUVmyI9yjyU
Rover Report July 11, 2013 - Trek to Mount Sharp Begins
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vluaivJqo9w#at=12
The world has woken up to Indian expertise in space looking at the success of Mangalyaan mission of Indian Space Research Organization ( ISRO ).
This slide show brings to you the essence of mission.. How and Why.
For descriptive and analytical coverage visit :
http://indiaspaceactivity.blogspot.com/
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE EXPLORATION OF THE PLANET MARS FOR HUMANITY'S SURVIVALFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the scientific and technological advances related to the exploration of the planet Mars and its colonization by humanity in the future as an alternative place for the escape of human beings aiming at their survival as a species against internal and external threats to planet Earth.
INDIA'S FIRST MARS SPACE MISSION NAMED MARS ORBITER MISSION(MOM) SIMPLY KNOWN AS MANGALYAN. FOR MORE UPDATES AND SLIDES VISIT www.mechanizeinn.wordpress.com OR www.facebook.com/mechanizeinn
In this paper with the reference of NASA’s MARS Curiosity Rover, this project is meant for a low cost, lightweight and small size unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) which is controlled by NI-myRIO a hardware component of National Instruments can be used for surveying and determining the natural conditions for living beings like identification of gases, collection of picture samples etc., It consists of six individual motors with lightweight chassis for achieving various movements of rover, gas sensors, camera with servos, long-lasting power supply with its required communication tools. The Six wheeled Rover with three or more suspension alignments will move and collect various samples for identification of gases and taking pictures around the astronomical areas automatically by the automated movements.
Biodiversity, Microbial Biodiversity, Bacterial Biodiveristy, Archae Biodiversity, Protozoa Biodiversity, Fungal Biodiversity, Origin of Life, Origin of Life on Earth, Chemical Evolution, Physical Evolution, Biological Evolution
The Viking labelled release experiment: life on Mars?Neil Saunders
This is a very old talk from around 1999 that I gave to my department at the Free University of Amsterdam. It\'s very out of date now, but still interesting.
Presentation for the Ford Amateur Astronomy Club show and swap on 3/23/19 on NASA's Mars Rovers past and present. Mostly pictures with some quick facts. Lots of resources in the notes.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. Martian Rovers and Landers
• Viking 1
• Viking 2
• Mars Pathfinder and Sojourner Rover
• Spirit Rover
• Opportunity Rover
• Phoenix Lander
• Curiosity Rover
2. Viking 1 & 2
• Performed chemical analysis
• The reaction between the iron rich soil and
atmospheric Oxygen make iron oxide which
gives Mars its color
5. Viking Mission
Viking 1 Lander Scientific Equipment
• Launch Date: Aug 20, 1975
• Orbital insertion: June 19,
1976
• Lander reached surface July
20, 1976-Chryse Planitia
• Mission Duration Aug 20,
1975 thru Nov 11, 1982
• Imaged in 2006 on the
surface of Mars by MRO
• 2 cameras
• Analysis tools
– Metabolic
– Photosynthetic
– *Gas-chromatograph mass
spectrometer- identifies
substances in a soil sample
– X-ray fluorescence
spectrometer
– Pressure, temperature, wind
velocity sensor
– A 3 axis seismometer
– Various engineering sensors
6. Viking 1 Soil Analysis Results
• Soil contained
– Silicon
– Iron
– Magnesium
– Aluminum
– Sulfur
– Chlorine
– Calcium
– Titanium
– Potassium
– Trace amounts of
• Strontium
• yttrium
• The sulfur and chlorine are
likely the result of
evaporating sea water
• All soil samples heated in
the GCMS gave off water
vapor
• Search for life
– One experiment gave a
positive result for life
– DEBATED to this day!!
– Antarctica’s dry areas have no
detectable organic
compounds-but there are
organisms living in the rocks
8. Viking Mission
Viking 2 Lander Scientific Equipment
• Launched Sept 9, 1975
• Orbital insertion August 7,
1976
• Lander reached surface
Sept 3, 1976
• Mission duration Sept
9,1975 thru April 11, 1980
• 2 cameras
• Sampler arm with collector
• Temperature sensor, wind
velocity sensor
• Magnet
• Seismometer
• *High gain antenna-sends info
from the lander/rover to the
orbiter and then back to Earth
• X-ray fluorescence
spectrometer
• Pressure sensor
9. Mars Pathfinder & Sojourner Rover
Testing and Packing up Airbag testing
12. Pathfinder-Sojourner Rover
Landed near an outflow channel Two craft landed on the surface
• Pathfinder
– Long life-planned for 1
month, lasted 3 months
– Measured the atmosphere
and atmospheric dust
• Sojourner Rover
– Chemical analysis of soil and
rocks-consistent w/flood
waters
– Round pebbles
– Travelled 50 m
13. Mars Pathfinder (lander)
• Launch date Dec 4, 1996
• Landed July 4, 1997
• Used the airbag
touchdown
• Consisted of a Lander and
a Rover
• Mission ended Sept 27,
1997
• MRO photographed the
Pathfinder from orbit
• Scientific instruments
– Camera
– Meteorology package
– X-ray Spectrometer
• These instruments
measured:
– Geology
– Geochemistry
– Magnetic and mechanical
properties
– Atmosphere and rotational
dynamics
14. More Pathfinder results
• Atmospheric particle size= 1 μm (1 millionth of
a meter)
• Soil test indicated a warmer and wetter past
• Magnets determined soil contained
maghemite (not pure magnetite)
• Using Doppler it was determined the core is
solid
15. Sojourner Rover (climbed off
Pathfinder) ***First rover to be
deployed on another planet***
Scientific equipment Findings
• 3 cameras
• Laser striper hazard detection
system
• X-ray spectrometer
– Examines chemical
composition of soil
• Accelerometers
– Measures proper acceleration
• Potentiometers
– Controls and measures
electrical devices
• Confirmed previous volcanic activity
• Found basaltic rock
• Found elements:
– Silicon
– Magnesium iron silicate
– Aluminum silicates of
• Potassium
• Sodium
• Calcium
– Quartz (silicon dioxide)
– Magnetite
– Iron sulfide
– Calcium phosphates
16. Magnetite on the Surface of Mars
• Magnetite was an important find on the surface
of Mars because:
– Magnetite (Fe3 O4 )
• can be broken down into FeO. Fe2O3
• one part wustite and one part hematite
• hematite is only formed in the presence of water
– Magnetite is known to be (on Earth) in bacteria,
brains of bees, termites, fish, mollusc teeth, some
birds, and humans
• Used to detect polarity or the inclination of the Earth’s
magnetic field
17. Delta II Heavy Lifter-Spirit and
Opportunity Launch Vehicle
Launch Patch
23. Spirit Rover
What did Spirit do?
• Gusev Crater
• Named site “Columbia
Memorial Stadium”
• Landed Jan 4, 2004
• Planned mission 90
sols(Martian days)
• Got stuck in soil on May 1,
2009
• Worked as a lander after that
• Last communication March
2010
• Travelled 7,730.48 m or 4.8 mi
• Histories first grinding of a rock
on Mars-using the Rock Abrasion
Tool (RAT)
– Adirondack
• Solar Panel efficiency jumped
from 60% to 93% in March 2005-
dust devils cleared off the solar
panels
– http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gall
ery/press/spirit/20050527a.html
• In 2007, Spirit’s stuck wheel
revealed a silica rich soil which is
similar to hot spring
environments on Earth
– On Earth, bacteria thrive in hot
springs
26. Spirit Rover cont.
Science Instruments Mission and Findings
• Panoramic camera
• Navigation camera
• Mini Thermal Emission
Spectrometer (Mini-TES)
– ID’s rocks for investigation
• Mossbauer spectrometer
– Determines mineral content
• Alpha particle spectrometer
– Determines abundance of
elements
• Magnets
– Collects magnetic dust particles
• Microscopic imager
– Close-up images of rocks
• Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT)
– Exposes rock surface
• Look for evidence of water
• Mineral composition of soil
and rocks
– Including iron-containing
minerals
• Determine geologic processes
and how they effect the
chemistry of the planet
• Assess habitability (life)
• Spirit Rover found magnetite
in the dust and soil on Mars
• Evidence of past water
31. Opportunity Rover
What did Opportunity do?
• Launched July 7, 2003
• Landed Jan 25, 2004
• Eagle Crater
– Challenger Memorial Stadium
• Planned mission 90 sols
(Martian days)
• Currently still operating on
Mars
• Longest Mars surface
mission
• First discovery of a meteor on
another planet –named Heat
Shield Rock
• Studied Victoria Crater for 2
years
• Studied many other craters
– Endurance Crater
– Erebus Crater
• Studying Matijevic Hill
overlooking Endeavor Crater
• As of Aug 2012 she has
travelled 21 miles
32. Opportunity Cont.
Science Instruments
Mission and Findings
• Panoramic camera
• Navigation camera
• Mini Thermal Emission
Spectrometer (Mini-TES)
– ID’s rocks for investigation
• Mossbauer spectrometer
– Determines mineral content
• Alpha particle spectrometer
– Determines abundance of
elements
• Magnets
– Collects magnetic dust particles
• Microscopic imager
– Close-up images of rocks
• Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT)
– Exposes rock surface
• Reinforced previous findings
of the evidence of previous
liquid water on Mars
• Hematite-nicknamed
blueberries
• Has made astronomical
observations
• Has taken atmospheric data
44. Phoenix Lander
Scientific instruments
Findings
• Used MRO to relay info to
Earth
• Robotic arm
• Wet Chemistry Lab
– Microscopy, Electrochemistry,
and Conductivity Analyzer
(MECA)
– Thermal and Evolved Gas
Analyzer (TEGA)
• Soil heated to 1,000 C which
causes the gases to be
released and sent to the mass
spectrometer for analysis
– Microscopic imager
• Polygon shaped surface
features
– Ice expands and contracts with
temperature change, soil falls
into the cracks
• Photographed ice sublimation
• Water vapor detected by
TEGA’s mass spectrometer
• CONFIRMED WATER ICE ON
MARS
• Blobs on the struts of Phoenix
that changed size
– Were they salt water that
absorbed more water from the
atmosphere?
– Grew for 44 sols and then
evaporated
47. Phoenix Lander
(Last slide for Mars Spacecraft
Test)
Findings cont.
• Soil pH is between 8 and9
(alkaline)
• Magnesium
• Sodium
• Potassium
• Chloride
• Perchlorate
– act as an antifreeze which lower
the freezing point of water
– This would allow the water to
be liquid under the temperature
and pressure conditions at the
Phoenix landing site