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Similar to Astronomy mars section 2 student copy
Astronomy mars section 2 student copy
- 1. Martian Rovers andLanders • • • • • • • Viking 1 Viking 2 Mars Pathfinder and Sojourner Rover Spirit Rover Opportunity Rover Phoenix Lander Curiosity Rover
- 2. Viking 1 &2 • Performed chemical analysis • The reaction between the iron rich soil and atmospheric Oxygen make iron oxide which gives Mars its color
- 3. Martian Landers • Viking1 Orbiter • Viking 1 Lander-1976
- 4. View from Viking1-Chryse Planitia
- 5. Viking Mission Viking 1 •Launch Date: Aug 20, 1975 • Orbital insertion: June 19, 1976 • Lander reached surface July 20, 1976-Chryse Planitia • Mission Duration Aug 20, 1975 thru Nov 11, 1982 • Imaged in 2006 on the surface of Mars by MRO Lander Scientific Equipment • 2 cameras • Analysis tools – Metabolic – Photosynthetic – *Gas-chromatograph mass spectrometer- identifies substances in a soil sample – X-ray fluorescence spectrometer – Pressure, temperature, wind velocity sensor – A 3 axis seismometer – Various engineering sensors
- 6. Viking 1 SoilAnalysis Results • Soil contained – – – – – – – – – – Silicon Iron Magnesium Aluminum Sulfur Chlorine Calcium Titanium Potassium Trace amounts of • Strontium • yttrium • The sulfur and chlorine are likely the result of evaporating sea water • All soil samples heated in the GCMS gave off water vapor • Search for life – One experiment gave a positive result for life – DEBATED to this day!! – Antarctica’s dry areas have no detectable organic compounds-but there are organisms living in the rocks
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- 8. Viking Mission Viking 2 •Launched Sept 9, 1975 • Orbital insertion August 7, 1976 • Lander reached surface Sept 3, 1976 • Mission duration Sept 9,1975 thru April 11, 1980 Lander Scientific Equipment • 2 cameras • Sampler arm with collector • Temperature sensor, wind velocity sensor • Magnet • Seismometer • *High gain antenna-sends info from the lander/rover to the orbiter and then back to Earth • X-ray fluorescence spectrometer • Pressure sensor
- 9. Mars Pathfinder &Sojourner Rover Testing and Packing up Airbag testing
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- 12. Pathfinder-Sojourner Rover Landed nearan outflow channel Two craft landed on the surface • Pathfinder – Long life-planned for 1 month, lasted 3 months – Measured the atmosphere and atmospheric dust • Sojourner Rover – Chemical analysis of soil and rocks-consistent w/flood waters – Round pebbles – Travelled 50 m
- 13. Mars Pathfinder (lander) •Launch date Dec 4, 1996 • Landed July 4, 1997 • Used the airbag touchdown • Consisted of a Lander and a Rover • Mission ended Sept 27, 1997 • MRO photographed the Pathfinder from orbit • Scientific instruments – Camera – Meteorology package – X-ray Spectrometer • These instruments measured: – Geology – Geochemistry – Magnetic and mechanical properties – Atmosphere and rotational dynamics
- 14. More Pathfinder results •Atmospheric particle size= 1 μm (1 millionth of a meter) • Soil test indicated a warmer and wetter past • Magnets determined soil contained maghemite (not pure magnetite) • Using Doppler it was determined the core is solid
- 15. Scientific equipment Findings • 3cameras • Confirmed previous volcanic activity • Laser striper hazard detection • Found basaltic rock system • Found elements: • X-ray spectrometer – Silicon • Sojourner Rover (climbed off – Examines chemical – Magnesium iron silicate composition of soil Pathfinder) ***First rover to be – Aluminum silicates of Accelerometers deployed on another planet*** – Measures proper acceleration • Potentiometers – Controls and measures electrical devices • Potassium • Sodium • Calcium – – – – Quartz (silicon dioxide) Magnetite Iron sulfide Calcium phosphates
- 16. Magnetite on theSurface of Mars • Magnetite was an important find on the surface of Mars because: – Magnetite (Fe3 O4 ) • can be broken down into FeO. Fe2O3 • one part wustite and one part hematite • hematite is only formed in the presence of water – Magnetite is known to be (on Earth) in bacteria, brains of bees, termites, fish, mollusc teeth, some birds, and humans • Used to detect polarity or the inclination of the Earth’s magnetic field
- 17. Delta II HeavyLifter-Spirit and Opportunity Launch Vehicle Launch Patch
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- 19. • Mars Exploration RoverMission-twin rovers-Managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Spirit and Opportunity Rovers
- 20. Earth from Mars-pictaken by Spirit
- 21. Spirit Rover maps Landingsite Traverse Map
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- 23. Spirit Rover What didSpirit do? • Gusev Crater • Named site “Columbia Memorial Stadium” • Landed Jan 4, 2004 • Planned mission 90 sols(Martian days) • Got stuck in soil on May 1, 2009 • Worked as a lander after that • Last communication March 2010 • Travelled 7,730.48 m or 4.8 mi • Histories first grinding of a rock on Mars-using the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) – Adirondack • Solar Panel efficiency jumped from 60% to 93% in March 2005dust devils cleared off the solar panels – http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gall ery/press/spirit/20050527a.html • In 2007, Spirit’s stuck wheel revealed a silica rich soil which is similar to hot spring environments on Earth – On Earth, bacteria thrive in hot springs
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- 26. Spirit Rover cont. ScienceInstruments Mission and Findings • Panoramic camera • Navigation camera • Mini Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) • Look for evidence of water • Mineral composition of soil and rocks – ID’s rocks for investigation • Mossbauer spectrometer – Determines mineral content • Alpha particle spectrometer – Determines abundance of elements • Magnets – Collects magnetic dust particles • Microscopic imager – Close-up images of rocks • Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) – Exposes rock surface – Including iron-containing minerals • Determine geologic processes and how they effect the chemistry of the planet • Assess habitability (life) • Spirit Rover found magnetite in the dust and soil on Mars • Evidence of past water
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- 31. Opportunity Rover What didOpportunity do? • Launched July 7, 2003 • Landed Jan 25, 2004 • Eagle Crater – Challenger Memorial Stadium • Planned mission 90 sols (Martian days) • Currently still operating on Mars • Longest Mars surface mission • First discovery of a meteor on another planet –named Heat Shield Rock • Studied Victoria Crater for 2 years • Studied many other craters – Endurance Crater – Erebus Crater • Studying Matijevic Hill overlooking Endeavor Crater • As of Aug 2012 she has travelled 21 miles
- 32. Opportunity Cont. Science Instruments •Panoramic camera • Navigation camera • Mini Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) – ID’s rocks for investigation • Mossbauer spectrometer – Determines mineral content • Alpha particle spectrometer – Determines abundance of elements • Magnets – Collects magnetic dust particles • Microscopic imager – Close-up images of rocks • Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) – Exposes rock surface Mission and Findings • Reinforced previous findings of the evidence of previous liquid water on Mars • Hematite-nicknamed blueberries • Has made astronomical observations • Has taken atmospheric data
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- 35. Eagle Crater HematiteSpectograph
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- 37. Heat Shield & HeatShield Rock
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- 39. Phoenix On theGround!
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- 41. Phoenix Lander Phoenix MarsLanding: Nerves and Joy • Video-youtube • http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=hH5pNFROlYU • Launched-Aug 4, 2007 • Landed- May 25, 2008 • Shutdown-November 10, 2008 • Planned for 90 sols, actual duration 125 sols
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- 44. Phoenix Lander Scientific instruments •Used MRO to relay info to Earth • Robotic arm • Wet Chemistry Lab – Microscopy, Electrochemistry, and Conductivity Analyzer (MECA) – Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA) • Soil heated to 1,000 C which causes the gases to be released and sent to the mass spectrometer for analysis – Microscopic imager Findings • Polygon shaped surface features – Ice expands and contracts with temperature change, soil falls into the cracks • Photographed ice sublimation • Water vapor detected by TEGA’s mass spectrometer • CONFIRMED WATER ICE ON MARS • Blobs on the struts of Phoenix that changed size – Were they salt water that absorbed more water from the atmosphere? – Grew for 44 sols and then evaporated
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- 47. Phoenix Findings cont. Lander (Lastslide for Mars Spacecraft Test) • Soil pH is between 8 and9 (alkaline) • Magnesium • Sodium • Potassium • Chloride • Perchlorate – act as an antifreeze which lower the freezing point of water – This would allow the water to be liquid under the temperature and pressure conditions at the Phoenix landing site