Genetic variation is crucial for successful barley improvement. Genomic technologies are improving dramatically and are providing access to the genetic diversity within this important crop species. Diverse collections of barley germplasm are being assembled and mined via genome-wide association studies and the identified variation can be linked to the barley sequence assembly. Introgression of favorable alleles via marker-assisted selection is now faster and more efficient due to the availability of single nucleotide polymorphism platforms. High-throughput genotyping is also making genomic selection an essential tool in modern barley breeding.

1. CROP IMPROVEMENT IN
BARLEY
PB-327
CROP IMPROVEMENT –II(RABI
CROP)
PRESENTED BY: SOUMYASHREE PRIYADARSHI

2. INTRODUCTION :
Barley is the important and oldest cereal grain cultivated for
food.
 It is a cool season crop but it can tolerate high temperature if
the humidity is low.
The major production areas are: Europe, North Africa,
Ethiopia, Near East region, China, India, Canada and the USA.
Barley is mainly used for food, animal feed and brewing
malts.
 It has lower nutritional value than wheat.
It contains 77% carbohydrate,1.2% fat & 9.9% protein .

3. Botanical description
 S/N - Hordeum vulgare
 Family - Poaceae ( Gramineae )
 C/N – 2n=2X=14
 Pollination behaviour-Self pollinated
 Centre of origin-Abyssinia
 Species of cultivated barley -
• H. vulgare
• H. distichon
• H. intermedium
• H. deficiens

4. EVOLUTION OF BARLEY
 Barley has been cultivated for more than 10,000 years .
 Wild barley (H. spontaneum) is the ancestor of domestic barley (H. vulgare).
Over the course of domestication, barley grain morphology changed
substantially, moving from an elongated shape to a more rounded spherical
one .
RESEARCH CENTRE
• Indian Institute of Wheat And Barley Research (IIWBR) ,Karnal , Haryana
• International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA),
Beirut, Lebanon

5. IMPORTANCE OF BARLEY
 Helps in keeping the intestine healthy .
Boosts immune system .
Provides skin care .
Helps to manage Diabetes .
Helps to prevent cancer .
Helps to loose weight .
Reduces blood pressure .

6. Classification of Barley
There are two main types of cultivated barley
1. two-rowed and
2. six-rowed.
Each of the type contain three spikelet is and which in turn contain one
floret.
In case of two rowed, lateral spikelets are sterile and the central is fertile
resulting into two rows of kernel on the rachis where as in six rowed, all the
florets may be fertile, resulting into six rows of kernel.

7. FLORAL BIOLOGY:
Barley has an incomplete flower because it lacks sepals and petals.
Each type contains three spikelets and each spikelet contains one
floret .
Each floret comprises of lemma, palea , lodicules, androecium and
gynoecium.
Anthers are three in number and borne on slender filament.
Anthers dehisce just after emergence and shed pollen on feathery
stigma.
The pistil bears feathery stigma.
Pollen loose their viability very shortly after dehiscence.
Stigma remains receptive at least for two days after anthesis.

10. SELFING AND CROSSING TECHNIQUES :
Equipment Required :
 Dissecting forceps
 Dissecting scissors
 Tags for recording parents and dates
 Glassine bags for covering spikes
 Paper clips for closing glassine bags
 Pencil
Selfing :
Barley is predominantly a self-pollinated crop. In order to ensure complete selfing , the spike is
enclosed in a bag after clipping the awn as soon as it comes out of the boot.
Crossing :
The emasculation must be started when anthers are immature, 1 to 2 days before they normally
dehisce. Emasculation may be done at any time of day; however, many prefer to emasculate during
afternoons because mornings generally are better for pollination.

11. Emasculation
Select the spike for the emasculation which is still enclosed by the flag leaf sheath.
Open the flag Ieaf seath either by forcing the leaf edges apart with both thumbs
or, by lifting the sheath length-wise with the help of forceps.
 Cut the sheath and flag leaf at the level of the first node of the rachis.
 Remove the lateral florets and very small central florets at the base and at the tip
of the spike.
Remove all the anthers with the help of fine forceps from all the florets. All the
florets on the spike must be emasculated to prevent self-fertilization.
 Bag the emasculated spike to prevent the contamination from the foreign pollen.
 Attach a tag to the emasculated spike with the following information:
1. Date of emasculation.
2. Name of the scientist / breeder.
3. Name of the variety.

12. Pollination
Emasculated flowers are generally ready for pollination 2 days following emasculation . From early morning
to mid morning is the most effective period for collecting pollen and pollination. The stigma is receptive at
all the times of the day if pollen is available .
Steps for pollination
1. select a spike in which the anthers have begun to dehisce. This operation is started 2-3days after
emasculation.
2. Cut the top one-third of the spikelet to expose the anthers.
3. Keep the trimmed spike in the sun light for 10-15 minutes or more depending on the environmental
conditions.
4. When pollen become visible, the spike is dusted on emasculated one.
5. Bag the pollinated spike. For the proper aeration within the bag, small pores should be done on the
bag with the help of needle.
6. Attach the tag with the following information:
• Objective -
• Date of emasculation—
• Date of pollination-
• Name of the worker/breeder/scientist-

13. Breeding objectives:
Yield improvement
Increased adaptability
Resistance to yellow rust ,aphid and
nematodes
Improvement in nutritional quality
Improvement in attributes related to malt
industry

14. BREEDING METHOD OF BARLEY
BREEDING METHOD EXAMPLE
Pure line method NP 13 , NP 21 ,Ratna , T 4 , T 5
Introduction Clipper , LSB 2
Mutational breeding RDB-1 , DL-253 , PL 56
Inter-varietal hybridization Vijay , BR- 32 ,DL-157
SSD Method Vickey , Triumph
Breeding for Aphid resistance DL 117 ,DL 200

15. FUTURE PROSPECTS
 Barley is 4th most important cereal crop in area and
production.
 It is primarily used as human food and animal feed.
 It is gradually disappearing from human diet.
 It may also establish itself as a industrial crop also as in
Europe for production of malt to be used in brewing
industry.
 Barley is likely to caver some area seeded with Oats in
account of better yield , using in malting and brewing
industry .
 Barley is quite suitable for biotechnological research .