This document summarizes the status and prospects of maize improvement in India according to Sujay Rakshit, Director of ICAR-IIMR, Ludhiana. It notes that India represents 4% of global maize area and 2% of production, ranking 4th in area and 7th in production. Maize area and productivity in India have increased significantly since the 1950s. The document outlines new maize hybrids released, opportunities for maize in non-traditional areas, available resources and technologies, and challenges such as biotic and abiotic stresses. It identifies tasks and priorities for continuing maize improvement in India.
This presentation covers the production technology of the arhar crop. It also includes the latest data with respect to the area and production in India and a little about its origin and botany of the plant.
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Hamdard Laboratories (India), is a Unani pharmaceutical company in India (following the independence of India from Britain, "Hamdard" Unani branches were established in Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan) and Pakistan). It was established in 1906 by Hakeem Hafiz Abdul Majeed in Delhi, and became
a waqf (non-profitable trust) in 1948. It is associated with Hamdard Foundation, a charitable educational trust.
Hamdard' is a compound word derived from Persian, which combines the words 'hum' (used in the sense of 'companion') and 'dard' (meaning 'pain'). 'Hamdard' thus means 'a companion in pain' and 'sympathizer in suffering'.
The goals of Hamdard were lofty; easing the suffering of the sick with healing herbs. With a simple tenet that no one has ever become poor by giving, Hakeem Abdul Majeed let the whole world find compassion in him.
They had always maintained that working in old, traditional ways would not be entirely fruitful. A broader outlook was essential for a continued and meaningful existence. their effective team at Hamdard helped the system gain its pride of place and thus they made an entry into an expansive world of discovery and research.
Hamdard Laboratories was founded in 1906 in Delhi by Hakeem Hafiz Abdul Majeed and Ansarullah Tabani, a Unani practitioner. The name Hamdard means "companion in suffering" in Urdu language.(itself borrowed from Persian) Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed was born in Pilibhit City UP, India in 1883 to Sheikh Rahim Bakhsh. He is said to have learnt the complete Quran Sharif by heart. He also studied the origin of Urdu and Persian languages. Subsequently, he acquired the highest degree in the unani system of medicine.
Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed got in touch with Hakim Zamal Khan, who had a keen interest in herbs and was famous for identifying medicinal plants. Having consulted with his wife, Abdul Majeed set up a herbal shop at Hauz Qazi in Delhi in 1906 and started to produce herbal medicine there. In 1920 the small herbal shop turned into a full-fledged production house.
Hamdard Foundation was created in 1964 to disburse the profits of the company to promote the interests of the society. All the profits of the company go to the foundation.
After Abdul Majeed's death, his son Hakeem Abdul Hameed took over the administration of Hamdard Laboratories at the age of fourteen.
Even with humble beginnings, the goals of Hamdard were lofty; easing the suffering of the sick with healing herbs. With a simple tenet that no one has ever become poor by giving, Hakeem Abdul Majeed let the whole world find compassion in him. Unfortunately, he passed away quite early but his wife, Rabia Begum, with the support of her son, Hakeem Abdul Hameed, not only kept the institution in existence but also expanded it. As he grew up, Hakeem Abdul Hameed took on all responsibilities. After helping with his younger brother's upbringing and education, he included him in running the institution. Both brothers Hakeem Abdul Hameed and Hakim Mohammed
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One of the top cities of India, Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana and home to some of the biggest companies. But the other aspect of the city is a huge chunk of population that is even deprived of the food and shelter. There are many people in Hyderabad that are not having access to
3. Usage Pattern of MaizeUsage Pattern of Maize
Growth rate of different sectors:
Feed industry = 9% and Starch = 3-4%
Projected requirement of maize by 2025 : ~50 mt
4. Maize Growth Trend in
India
• India represents 4% of global maize area and 2% of global
production
• India ranks 4th
in area and 7th
in production
Area : 2.7 times
Yield: 3.9 times
Prod : 10.2 times
5. Land Races DCH Compo/DTC/DC
DC/TWC/
SCH/Compo
SCHCompo
SCH/TWC/
DC/Compo
AICRPM 1957
Seed Policy
1988
Changes in Maize Area and Productivity
10. New Hybrids Released
DMRH1301
DMRH1308
DMRHP1402
IMHB1539
Hybrids
name
Types of
corn
Season Zone Maturity Yield
(t/ha)
DMRH1301 Field corn Rabi NEPZ, CWZ Medium 9.5
DMRH1308 Field corn Rabi CWZ Medium 9.0
DMRH1305 Field corn Kharif NHZ Early 6.0
DMHRHP1402 Popcorn Kharif NWPZ, CWZ Early 3.0
IMHB1539 Baby corn Kharif NHZ Early 1.8
IMHB1532 Baby corn Kharif NWPZ, CWZ Medium 2.0
Pusa super sweet corn -1
VL Baby corn 2
11. Sweet Corn Cultivars
Cultivar Type Year Zone Green cob
yield (t/ha)
Green fodder
yield
(q/ha)
Pusa Super Sweet
Corn -1
SCH 2018 NHZ, NWPZ,
NEPZ, PZ
14.6 220
Misthi SCH 2013 NHZ, NWPZ
and PZ
22.0 250
HSC 1 SCH 2010 All zones 17.0 220
Win Orange OPV 2005 NHZ 10.0 207
Priya OPV 2002 PZ 9.0 176
Madhuri OPV 1990 PZ 8.0 216
12. Baby Corn Cultivars
Green fodder
yield:
200 to 300
q/ha
Cultivar Nature of
cultivar
Centre Year Maturity Area of adaptation Average
dehusked BC
Yield (t/ha)
IMHB1532 SCH ICAR-IIMR 2018 Medium NPWZ, CWZ 2.0
IMHB1539 SCH ICAR-IIMR 2018 Early NHZ 1.8
VL
Babycorn 2
SCH VPKAS 2016 Early NHZ, NWPZ, PZ, CWZ 2.0
HM 4 SCH Karnal 2005 Medium Across the country 1.5
VL Baby
Corn1 (VL
78)
OPV Almora 2005 Extra-early Across the country 1.2
COBC 1 OPV Coimbatore 1999 Early Across the country 2.0
G5414,
G5417
CMS Hybrid Syngenta 2.0
13. Popcorn Cultivars
Genotype Popping
VL Popcorn 1 98.5%
BPCH-27 94%
VLAmber Pop corn 96%
KDPC-2 100%
Bajura Pop Corn-2 97%
DMRHP 1402 97%
VL Popcorn 98%
DMRHP1402
14. Fodder Maize Cultivars
❖ Tall plants and broad leaves
❖ Average green fodder yield is 400 q/ha
Cultivar Type Parentage Centre Year Maturity Area of
adoption
Partap Makka
Chari 6
OPV Compositing of
11 early to
medium white
seeded entries
MPUA&T,
Udaipur
2009 Medium Punjab,
Haryana,
Western
parts of
UP and
Rajasthan
African Tall OPV Selection from 7
varieties
MPKV,
Kolhapur
1983 Late Across the
country
J1006 OPV Makki Safed-1 x
Tuxpeno Planta
Baja CL
PAU,
Ludhiana
1992 Late Punjab
15. Breeding for abiotic stresses
tolerance
a
b
CMH 08-292;
PMH4;
DMRH1419 &
DMRH 1410
tolerant to
drought (3.5 -4.0
t/ha)
DMRH1419,
PMH3, & CMH
08-282 tolerant
to water logging
Well watered Drought stress
DMRH1419
Validation in farmers field through
demonstration
Water logging
16. Bio-fortified Maize
DivisionofGenetics,ICAR-IARI
First MAS-derived provitamin A rich QPM maize hybrid,
Pusa Vivek QPM 9 Improved released in India during
2017 Characters APQH9
Provitamin-A (µg/g) 8.15
% tryptophan in protein 0.74
% lysine in protein 2.67
Av. grain yield-NHZ (kg/ha) 5588
Potential yield-NHZ (kg/ha) 7968
Avg. grain yield-PZ (kg/ha) 5916
Potential yield-PZ (kg/ha) 9368
Maturity Extra early
Focus: QPM, provitaminA , vitaminE, Fe, Zn, low phytate
NHZ: Northern Hill Zone, PZ: Peninsular Zone
17. Crop Management
Kharif season (irrigated)
74-80k plants/ha
FYM@ 10t/ha 150:75:75 kg/ha
N:P2O5:K2O
Kharif season (rainfed)
66k plants/ha
FYM @ 10 t/ha + 120:40:40
kg/ha N:P2O5:K2O
Winter season (assured
ecosystem)
80-90k plants/ha
250:105:105 kg/ha N:P2O5:K2O
Five-split application of N
18. Increased Cropping Intensity
Better choice of hybrids for
cultivation
Spring and rabi maize
Specialty corn
Intercropping
Vegetables
Other crops
Higher income
Regular income
Better soil health
Risk mitigation
Up to 137% CI can easily be attained in maize based CS
Modified from OP Yadav
19. Zero tillage gives maize
system productivity of 11.3–
12.9 t/ha with reduced water
requirement by 40–65 ha-mm
ZT gives up to 31% higher net
returns with lower
production cost
ZT improves soil health
It is adopted in ~100 th ha of
Andhra Pradesh and Tamil
Nadu
Conservation Agriculture in
Maize System
20. • With residue (WR) use in
agriculture:
Decreases canopy
temperature
Improved soil and crop
health
Wealth from waste
(Crop Residue Management)
22. Drip irrigation + CA
Water use efficiency
Surface irrigation : 30-35%
Sprinkler irrigation : 50-70%
Drip irrigation : 80-90%
23. Storage Pest Management
Through Plant Metabolites
‘Tanacetene’ from the leaves of
of I. coccinea @ 0.0036 mg/cm2
shows repellence
A. conyzoides leaf powder @ 2%
w/w stored in High Density
and Double layered polythene
bags is quite effective
4 h. Sun drying along with
application of E. indica leaf
powder @ 2% w/w proved
effective
Ixora coccinea
Ageratum conyzoides
Erythrina indica
24. Hybrid Seed Production
Potential production
target 180 mt
Hybrid seed deficit >40%
Potential hybrid seed
market is over Rs. 3500
cr.
Alternate seed
production sites
identified across country
Parental line
productivity up to 3.5
t/ha
25. Value Addition in Maize
Value added foods from popcorn
Fermented maize foods
RTC foods
Baby corn candies &
dehydrated baby corn
29. Block
year
Crop yield (k/ha)*
% Yield enhancement over
1986-90
Rice Wheat Maize Rice Wheat Maize
1986-90 1584 2066 1297 - - -
1991-95 1807 2388 1548 14 16 19
1996-00 1897 2603 1723 20 26 33
2001-05 1957 2679 1890 24 30 46
2006-10 2148 2775 2125 36 34 64
2011-15 2412 3042 2584 52 47 99
*Five-year means for grain yield and percent improvement in yield
overage yield of 1986-90 of principal food crops in India during 1985-2015
Impact on yield enhancement
Modified from OP Yadav
30. Right priorities
Higher emphasis on single cross hybrid
breeding
Supportive policies
Liberal seed policies
Minimum support price
Wider choice to farmers
Invasion to non-traditional areas
Incentive for more investment
by farmers
Efficient seed delivery
mechanism
Highly efficient seed production
system
Involvement of private sector
Factors Leading to Maize Revolution
Modified from OP Yadav
32. Maize in Non-traditional Belt for Crop Diversification,Maize in Non-traditional Belt for Crop Diversification,
Risk Mitigation & Climate Change SolutionRisk Mitigation & Climate Change Solution
BH, GJ, MP,
RJ, JH, CH
Upland rice (Kharif)
OD, JH, MP
Rabi rice
WB, KA, AP, TN
Summer rice
PB, HR and WUP
Rising temperature
Lowering /scarcity of water
MH, KA
MP, MH
MH
33. Available Resources
High throughput genotyping/
phenotyping
Double haploid technology
GIS maps
QPM and other bio-fortified products
Huge network of trained scientists
(AICRP strength Scientists: 40+91;)
35. Major Maize growing districts
Kharif (Rainy) season
~83% area (80% rained)
Average yield 2.2 t/ha
Rabi (Winter) season
~17% maize area (largely irrigated)
Average yield 4.2 t/ha
36. Average 2.26 t ha-1
Min 0.31 t ha-1
Max 6.53 t ha-1
12
49
134
111
101
58
29
13
4 2
# Districts in different brackets (out of total = 514)
Here
we
are!
Here
we
are!
*District-wise mean yields for last three years (2013-14, 2014-15 & 2015-16)
Kharif Maize Productivity
A challenge or an opportunity?
Where
to
Focus
on???
Kharif yields of 514 districts*
PH Zaidi (CIMMYT)
37. Kharif districts with >25k ha maize area
but <2.2 t/ha productivity
States No. of dists
Madhya Pradesh 38
Uttar Pradesh 26
Jharkhand 20
Rajasthan 15
Chhattisgarh 14
Gujarat 12
Nagaland 11
Odissa 9
Bihar 8
Jammu & Kashmir 8
Arunachal Pradesh 7
Maharashtra 6
Himachal Pradesh 4
Assam 3
Manipur 3
Sikkim 3
Uttarakhand 3
Meghalaya 2
West Bengl 2
Andhra Pradesh 1
Mizoram 1
Telangana 1
Total 197
42. Tasks in Hand
Enhancing rate of genetic gains
Germplasm diversification
Developing hybrid oriented germplasm
Recycling of inbreds
Using new tools and techniques
Climate resilient hybrids
Drought
Water-logging
High temperature
More efficient breeding programmes
Double haploids
Genomics-assisted selection
Disease resistance (BLSB, PFSR, SDM, Polysora rust…)
Sustainable management of FAW and borers
Nutritional traits
QPM + Vitamin A, Low phytate, high methionine, Fe, Zn
Partnership for germplasm exchange
Enhancing resource use efficiency
Upscaling hybrid adoption
Editor's Notes
jowar, bajra, ragi and other millets=Nutri Cereals=coarse cereals
Over last 60 years due to significant increase in both area and productivity the overall maize production has increase by nearly 10 times, which itself is an achievement.
Total 5 products “Maizy” Brand was registered legally : Vermicelli, Papads, Noodles, Rava (Soji) and Flour; Training modules designed and developed for entrepreneurship & skill development training; SHG members learnt to use & maintain machineries & equipment for bulk processing
In context of climate resilience maize experiences many stresses, which are to be monitored effectively and periodically in view of climate changes. This and precise phenotyping for these traits at hot spots will received my focused attention.