Abstract Rock mass characterisation helps in selection and optimum usage of explosive in bench blasting. There are various methods to characterize the rock mass but use of Schmidt hammer in rock characterization before blasting may be a good option. Schmidt hammer, since its simplicity and capability of instant data production, has so far been a powerful tool utilized by many researchers to predict compressive strength of rocks. In this light the present study was conducted in opencast coal mines to see the effect of Schmidt hammer rebound number or transformed compressive strength of rocks on powder factor. The correlation was found sufficiently reliable to enable the determination of optimum powder factor for surface bench blast in different rock types maintaining the required blasting results in terms of fragmentation. Keywords: Powder factor, Schmidt hammer, Rebound number, Rock mass, Overburden bench
Control and Prediction of Blast Fragmentation and It's effect on the Comminut...James Dunford
This technical report discusses controlling and predicting blast fragmentation and its impact on comminution. Section 1 covers bench blast theory, including geometric controls, explosive properties, and rock mass properties. Section 2 discusses comminution theory, including the three laws of comminution and Bonds Law. Section 3 examines how varying geometric controls, explosive type, detonator choice, and delay timing can affect fragmentation. Optimizing these factors can improve comminution efficiency. The report then covers several models for predicting fragmentation and compares their benefits and limitations.
This document discusses techniques for controlled blasting to improve environmental and safety standards. It describes methods like line drilling, trim blasting, pre-splitting, and muffle blasting that are used to control adverse impacts from blasting such as overbreak, ground vibrations, noise, and rock fractures. These techniques involve parameters like drill hole spacing, charge weight, and accurate delay timing to help fragment rock while minimizing damage to surrounding areas.
1) Not all of the explosive energy is used for rock fragmentation, as some is lost through early venting of gases from the blasthole before pressures drop sufficiently.
2) Numerical modeling shows peak blasthole pressure only lasts 1-2 milliseconds, during which time fractures form around the blasthole. Containing gases during this critical period is important for maximizing energy transfer to the rock.
3) Explosives with higher density and velocity of detonation are better able to transfer energy to the rock quickly before venting occurs, compared to lower density explosives like ANFO.
This document discusses how different explosive energies used in blasting can influence the strength of resulting rock fragments and the throughput of a SAG mill. Experimental studies found that higher explosive energies produced weaker rock fragments through cracking and damage. To validate this, granite samples were blasted using explosives with different velocities and the fragments were tested. Comminution parameters showed the fragments were weaker when higher energies were used. Modelling found this pre-conditioning of fragments could increase SAG mill throughput by up to 20%.
This document discusses blasthole drilling and initiation patterns in surface blasting. It covers the following key points:
1) The layout of drill holes, burden, spacing and their ratio have an important effect on blasting results. A staggered pattern with a spacing to burden ratio of 1 to 1.5 provides the best coverage of fractured areas.
2) When blastholes are fired independently, a cylindrical "plug" of broken ground is created around each hole. The optimal burden results in maximum ground fracturing and heaving of loosened rock.
3) Blasthole initiation patterns can be used to control the degree of interaction between adjacent holes and the overall blast performance. The intra-row delay controls interaction between
1) Rock blasting requires consideration of many interrelated factors including drill equipment, hole layout, explosives, operator skill, and geology. Proper application of these factors can optimize fragmentation results.
2) Effective blasting relies on compression, reflection, and gas pressure stages after detonation to fracture rock. Burden, spacing, timing, and stemming must be designed accordingly.
3) Different explosive types have varying properties suited to specific rock and drilling conditions. ANFO is commonly used but emulsion explosives offer advantages in some cases.
Research on mean partical size after drilling & blasting by Abhijit palAbhijit Pal
Rock fragmentation is important for mining efficiency. Factors like blast design, explosives used, and rock properties affect fragment size. A report from Tata Steel showed mean fragment sizes ranging from 15-49 cm for overburden and coal over 10 days. Software can analyze muckpile photos and provide fragmentation data like size distributions and percentages. Understanding fragmentation allows optimizing blasting for maximum production.
This document discusses modeling the dynamic break in underground ring blasting operations. It presents a 3D visualization method using a Kleine field to model the potential break zone around blastholes, which can be used with cavity monitoring surveys to assess dilution and recovery. It examines circular and elliptical break geometries. The document also discusses challenges with underground blasting patterns and powder factors due to complex geometries and the confined nature of drilling. It explores methods for more accurately representing blast energy distribution and break using geometric shapes instead of just powder factor calculations.
Control and Prediction of Blast Fragmentation and It's effect on the Comminut...James Dunford
This technical report discusses controlling and predicting blast fragmentation and its impact on comminution. Section 1 covers bench blast theory, including geometric controls, explosive properties, and rock mass properties. Section 2 discusses comminution theory, including the three laws of comminution and Bonds Law. Section 3 examines how varying geometric controls, explosive type, detonator choice, and delay timing can affect fragmentation. Optimizing these factors can improve comminution efficiency. The report then covers several models for predicting fragmentation and compares their benefits and limitations.
This document discusses techniques for controlled blasting to improve environmental and safety standards. It describes methods like line drilling, trim blasting, pre-splitting, and muffle blasting that are used to control adverse impacts from blasting such as overbreak, ground vibrations, noise, and rock fractures. These techniques involve parameters like drill hole spacing, charge weight, and accurate delay timing to help fragment rock while minimizing damage to surrounding areas.
1) Not all of the explosive energy is used for rock fragmentation, as some is lost through early venting of gases from the blasthole before pressures drop sufficiently.
2) Numerical modeling shows peak blasthole pressure only lasts 1-2 milliseconds, during which time fractures form around the blasthole. Containing gases during this critical period is important for maximizing energy transfer to the rock.
3) Explosives with higher density and velocity of detonation are better able to transfer energy to the rock quickly before venting occurs, compared to lower density explosives like ANFO.
This document discusses how different explosive energies used in blasting can influence the strength of resulting rock fragments and the throughput of a SAG mill. Experimental studies found that higher explosive energies produced weaker rock fragments through cracking and damage. To validate this, granite samples were blasted using explosives with different velocities and the fragments were tested. Comminution parameters showed the fragments were weaker when higher energies were used. Modelling found this pre-conditioning of fragments could increase SAG mill throughput by up to 20%.
This document discusses blasthole drilling and initiation patterns in surface blasting. It covers the following key points:
1) The layout of drill holes, burden, spacing and their ratio have an important effect on blasting results. A staggered pattern with a spacing to burden ratio of 1 to 1.5 provides the best coverage of fractured areas.
2) When blastholes are fired independently, a cylindrical "plug" of broken ground is created around each hole. The optimal burden results in maximum ground fracturing and heaving of loosened rock.
3) Blasthole initiation patterns can be used to control the degree of interaction between adjacent holes and the overall blast performance. The intra-row delay controls interaction between
1) Rock blasting requires consideration of many interrelated factors including drill equipment, hole layout, explosives, operator skill, and geology. Proper application of these factors can optimize fragmentation results.
2) Effective blasting relies on compression, reflection, and gas pressure stages after detonation to fracture rock. Burden, spacing, timing, and stemming must be designed accordingly.
3) Different explosive types have varying properties suited to specific rock and drilling conditions. ANFO is commonly used but emulsion explosives offer advantages in some cases.
Research on mean partical size after drilling & blasting by Abhijit palAbhijit Pal
Rock fragmentation is important for mining efficiency. Factors like blast design, explosives used, and rock properties affect fragment size. A report from Tata Steel showed mean fragment sizes ranging from 15-49 cm for overburden and coal over 10 days. Software can analyze muckpile photos and provide fragmentation data like size distributions and percentages. Understanding fragmentation allows optimizing blasting for maximum production.
This document discusses modeling the dynamic break in underground ring blasting operations. It presents a 3D visualization method using a Kleine field to model the potential break zone around blastholes, which can be used with cavity monitoring surveys to assess dilution and recovery. It examines circular and elliptical break geometries. The document also discusses challenges with underground blasting patterns and powder factors due to complex geometries and the confined nature of drilling. It explores methods for more accurately representing blast energy distribution and break using geometric shapes instead of just powder factor calculations.
The document discusses techniques for open pit mining blasts, including:
- Major factors like attitude, communication, blast design, and geological effects influence blast efficiency
- Proper blast design considers uniform energy distribution, confinement, energy level, and design adjustments for conditions
- Geological effects like rock properties, structure, water, and seam orientations impact blasting results more than explosive properties
- Basic blast design considerations include bench height, hole diameter, burden, spacing, stemming, and decking
This document discusses rock fragmentation in mining through blasting. It describes the objectives of fragmentation and factors that control fragment size, such as specific charge, spacing and burden. It explains the mechanisms of blasting including detonation shock waves and gas pressure. Methods for quantifying and optimizing fragmentation are provided, such as mean fragment size and oversize content. A case study reports on blasting results from a Tata Steel mine in India. The document also discusses secondary blasting and modeling fragmentation using the Kuz-Ram model and software.
This document discusses mitigation of flyrocks in surface mining during blasting. It defines flyrocks as rock projected beyond the normal blast area due to blasting. Factors causing flyrocks are controllable, like burden to spacing ratio, and uncontrollable, like natural joints. Techniques to mitigate flyrocks include decking in joints/fractures, proper explosive quantity, and blasting crew skills. Case studies show how modified blast designs reduced flyrocks in a limestone quarry from 200-300m to 10-16m. A flyrock incident at a cement plant laboratory was also described.
Buffer blasting presentation for Coal 2016.rev1John Latilla
Targeted buffer blasting is used at Ukhaa Khudag coal mine in Mongolia to stabilize slopes containing bedding plane shears by disrupting the shear planes. Buffer blasts increase slope stability by raising the cohesion and friction angle of the rock mass. Analysis shows buffer blasting can allow slopes up to 13 degrees above the dip of the coal seams. Of the cases studied, 86% of buffer blasts successfully stabilized slopes. Improved planning is needed to proactively identify areas needing buffer blasts.
Explosives, Theory Of Breakage And Blasting Operationspartha sharma
This document discusses explosives and blasting operations. It defines different types of explosives and their ingredients and functions. It explains how to compare explosives based on their properties like strength, detonation velocity, density etc. It describes drilling systems and the theory of rock breakage through radial cracking and flexural rupture. Finally, it discusses blast design factors and different controlled blasting techniques like line drilling, cushion blasting, smooth-wall blasting and pre-splitting used to control overbreak.
Its a presentation about the design aspect of open cast mine. The author believes it will surely help the mining engineering students at the beginning level.
Firing patterns and its effect on muckpile shape parameters and fragmentation...eSAT Journals
Abstract Proper use of firing pattern vis-à-vis the blast requirements can provide optimal blast performance in terms of fragmentation, throw, wall control etc. This is largely attributed to the importance of firing burden in any blast round. By changing the firing patterns the firing burden, and, thereby the ratio of spacing to burden is also subject to change. Proper initiation timing is as important for fragmentation as the burden, spacing, sub drilling, stemming etc. Simultaneous initiation leads to the problems, such as, coarser fragmentation, blasting of a large number of holes at a given time which leads to the other problems. The present research study which was conducted in three limestone quarries where major problems such as of improper fragmentation, poor wall control, and poor heave characteristics of the muckpile were observed. Designed firing pattern was not able to provide the requisite fragmentation, and, even the throw. Modifications in firing pattern were implemented to obtain the required blast results. Keywords: Firing pattern, fragmentation, progressive relief, throw, drop, muckpile
This document discusses several controlled blasting methods used in tunneling and surface excavation to improve rock stability and reduce maintenance costs. It describes line drilling, presplitting, perimeter blasting, and cushion blasting. Presplitting involves drilling closely-spaced holes along the perimeter and detonating them before the main blast to create a plane of weakness. Perimeter blasting is similar but used underground, with holes drilled parallel to the excavation face and detonated last. Cushion blasting trims excess material from final walls using a single row of small, well-distributed charges along the perimeter.
New burn cut blast design in drives enhances drilling blasting efficiency wit...partha sharma
A new Burn-Cut blast pattern has been designed for drives, declines and ramps in underground metal mines, to replace a design (of Decked-Burn with more number of holes), which was giving number of blast failures, such as ‘Under_Blast’ - difficult to handle. The new Burn-cut design contains less number of blast-holes and Reamer than earlier Decked-Burn-cut. Decked system has been removed to make the charging operation easier. This enables to increase explosives energy in a hole and to reduce stemming length in order to eliminate above blast failures. Moreover, requirement of Detonators is reduced, as Decked system has been abolished. Total explosives quantity has been reduced marginally. Thus, drilling efficiency and cost effectiveness has been achieved. Entire process has been done by changing the original pattern / system in three phases.
This document outlines standard operating procedures for secondary blasting at a mine site in Sierra Leone. It describes two methods of secondary blasting - popping and plaster/mud blasting. The procedure highlights how to safely conduct popping for boulder and toe blasting. It details steps for preparation, marking, drilling, charging, stemming, and firing of boulders and toes. Guidelines are provided for determining blasthole positions, depths, and explosive charges based on the size and geometry of boulders and average depths of toes. The objective is to break oversized rocks and toes using the minimum explosive charge while minimizing risks of airblast and flyrocks.
1) Short holes have advantages like following irregular contacts but have disadvantages like low productivity and high costs. Long holes have high productivity but are limited to regular deposits.
2) Common mining methods include overhand stoping, breast stoping, cut-and-fill stoping, and shrinkage stoping.
3) Drilling methods include jumbo drilling, handheld drills, and long hole down-the-hole hammer drilling. Drilling parameters like depth, diameter, and speed depend on the specific method and machine used.
This document discusses short delay blasting in underground mining. Short delay blasting involves detonating explosive charges in a specified sequence over milliseconds to improve blasting efficiency. It allows for a free face for subsequent rounds and increases rock fragmentation. Common arrangements include single and multi-row patterns with delays between 20-30 milliseconds. Short delay blasting is used in conditions like hazardous gas mines. It provides control over rock movement direction. Typical applications include vertical crater retreat mining where holes are drilled vertically and horizontal slices are blasted from the bottom up.
This document provides an overview of rock blasting fundamentals, including the types of explosives, initiation systems, circuits, blasthole loading, blast design, and geology considerations. It describes the main categories of explosives as nitroglycerin-based, dry blasting agents, and slurries. Detonators and delay series are discussed as the means of initiation. The three main circuit types - series, parallel-series, and parallel - are also summarized. Guidelines for blasthole loading, blast design based on geology, and selecting powder factors are presented at a high level.
This document discusses rock excavation methods, focusing on blasting techniques. It describes how the geologic structure of the rock mass is the most important consideration for blasting. Factors like discontinuity sets, orientations, and slope dip can influence the success of blasting and potential for slope failures. The document provides illustrations of how different joint orientations can impact end break, back break, and the final slope face quality when blasting.
This document discusses surface mining techniques. It begins by explaining open-pit mining, which involves forming a large hole or pit by extracting minerals. Strip mining extracts long, narrow strips of minerals using excavation equipment. The most common types of surface mining are open-pit mining, strip mining, and quarrying. Open-pit mines are divided into horizontal benches of around 12-15 meters thick for efficient excavation of the deposit.
This document discusses blasting in mining operations. It begins by explaining that blasting is used to break rock into smaller pieces for mining and quarrying, or to create space. The objectives of blasting are to extract material at minimum cost while meeting production quality and quantity requirements. It then covers the different types of explosions, explosives, detonation and deflagration processes, properties and types of explosives, initiating systems including electrical, non-electric, detonating cord, and blast design considerations like burden, spacing, stemming, and bench height.
This document provides information about drilling and blasting techniques used at Suez Cement quarries. It discusses drilling methods, including rotary and rotary percussion drilling. It also covers topics like blast hole patterns, burden calculations, deviation control, and factors that affect drilling and blasting performance. The document then discusses explosive types like ANFO, emulsion, and dynamite used in quarry blasting and compares their properties.
Blast hole drilling is a technique used in mining where holes are drilled into rock, packed with explosives, and detonated. The seminar discusses the blast hole drilling process, which involves drilling holes, loading explosives into the holes, detonating the explosives to blast the rock, ventilating smoke and fumes, removing blasted rock, and installing ground support. Different drill hole patterns, explosives, and the typical drilling and blasting cycle are also covered.
Optimisation of drilling and blasting focussing on fly rockSafdar Ali
This document discusses optimizing drilling and blasting to minimize fly rock in surface mining. Fly rock, which is rock propelled from the blast area, is a major safety hazard and cause of accidents. The document reviews factors that influence fly rock like burden, stemming, charging, and geology. It presents three models for predicting maximum fly rock distance and discusses field data collection and analysis from limestone quarry blasts to validate the models. Recommendations are provided to control fly rock through improved blast design, site controls, crew experience, and covering exposed areas.
IRJET- Laboratory Investigation on the Strength Property of Field Collected C...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a laboratory investigation that examined the compressive strength of coal samples collected from the field. Coal samples were subjected to impact loading using a Protodyakonov strength index test apparatus. This involved dropping a hammer onto coal samples from a height of 600 mm a varying number of blows from 5 to 25. The crushed coal was measured to calculate the Protodyakonov strength index (PSI), which was then used to determine the compressive strength of each coal sample. The results found that coal samples had a maximum compressive strength of 0.24 MPa after 25 blows and a minimum of 0.12 MPa after 5 blows. Thus, the number of blows impacted the measured
The document summarizes a study that used a direct shear box test to determine the shear strength characteristics of rockfill material from the Beas River in India. Rockfill samples of varying particle sizes from 1-12.5 mm were tested under normal pressures from 1-2 kg/cm2. The results showed that shear strength, as indicated by the angle of shearing resistance, increased as particle size decreased at a given void ratio. However, shear stress generally decreased with increasing particle size. A direct shear box with internal dimensions of 30x30x12 cm was used to test the rockfill samples based on standard methodologies for such tests.
The document discusses techniques for open pit mining blasts, including:
- Major factors like attitude, communication, blast design, and geological effects influence blast efficiency
- Proper blast design considers uniform energy distribution, confinement, energy level, and design adjustments for conditions
- Geological effects like rock properties, structure, water, and seam orientations impact blasting results more than explosive properties
- Basic blast design considerations include bench height, hole diameter, burden, spacing, stemming, and decking
This document discusses rock fragmentation in mining through blasting. It describes the objectives of fragmentation and factors that control fragment size, such as specific charge, spacing and burden. It explains the mechanisms of blasting including detonation shock waves and gas pressure. Methods for quantifying and optimizing fragmentation are provided, such as mean fragment size and oversize content. A case study reports on blasting results from a Tata Steel mine in India. The document also discusses secondary blasting and modeling fragmentation using the Kuz-Ram model and software.
This document discusses mitigation of flyrocks in surface mining during blasting. It defines flyrocks as rock projected beyond the normal blast area due to blasting. Factors causing flyrocks are controllable, like burden to spacing ratio, and uncontrollable, like natural joints. Techniques to mitigate flyrocks include decking in joints/fractures, proper explosive quantity, and blasting crew skills. Case studies show how modified blast designs reduced flyrocks in a limestone quarry from 200-300m to 10-16m. A flyrock incident at a cement plant laboratory was also described.
Buffer blasting presentation for Coal 2016.rev1John Latilla
Targeted buffer blasting is used at Ukhaa Khudag coal mine in Mongolia to stabilize slopes containing bedding plane shears by disrupting the shear planes. Buffer blasts increase slope stability by raising the cohesion and friction angle of the rock mass. Analysis shows buffer blasting can allow slopes up to 13 degrees above the dip of the coal seams. Of the cases studied, 86% of buffer blasts successfully stabilized slopes. Improved planning is needed to proactively identify areas needing buffer blasts.
Explosives, Theory Of Breakage And Blasting Operationspartha sharma
This document discusses explosives and blasting operations. It defines different types of explosives and their ingredients and functions. It explains how to compare explosives based on their properties like strength, detonation velocity, density etc. It describes drilling systems and the theory of rock breakage through radial cracking and flexural rupture. Finally, it discusses blast design factors and different controlled blasting techniques like line drilling, cushion blasting, smooth-wall blasting and pre-splitting used to control overbreak.
Its a presentation about the design aspect of open cast mine. The author believes it will surely help the mining engineering students at the beginning level.
Firing patterns and its effect on muckpile shape parameters and fragmentation...eSAT Journals
Abstract Proper use of firing pattern vis-à-vis the blast requirements can provide optimal blast performance in terms of fragmentation, throw, wall control etc. This is largely attributed to the importance of firing burden in any blast round. By changing the firing patterns the firing burden, and, thereby the ratio of spacing to burden is also subject to change. Proper initiation timing is as important for fragmentation as the burden, spacing, sub drilling, stemming etc. Simultaneous initiation leads to the problems, such as, coarser fragmentation, blasting of a large number of holes at a given time which leads to the other problems. The present research study which was conducted in three limestone quarries where major problems such as of improper fragmentation, poor wall control, and poor heave characteristics of the muckpile were observed. Designed firing pattern was not able to provide the requisite fragmentation, and, even the throw. Modifications in firing pattern were implemented to obtain the required blast results. Keywords: Firing pattern, fragmentation, progressive relief, throw, drop, muckpile
This document discusses several controlled blasting methods used in tunneling and surface excavation to improve rock stability and reduce maintenance costs. It describes line drilling, presplitting, perimeter blasting, and cushion blasting. Presplitting involves drilling closely-spaced holes along the perimeter and detonating them before the main blast to create a plane of weakness. Perimeter blasting is similar but used underground, with holes drilled parallel to the excavation face and detonated last. Cushion blasting trims excess material from final walls using a single row of small, well-distributed charges along the perimeter.
New burn cut blast design in drives enhances drilling blasting efficiency wit...partha sharma
A new Burn-Cut blast pattern has been designed for drives, declines and ramps in underground metal mines, to replace a design (of Decked-Burn with more number of holes), which was giving number of blast failures, such as ‘Under_Blast’ - difficult to handle. The new Burn-cut design contains less number of blast-holes and Reamer than earlier Decked-Burn-cut. Decked system has been removed to make the charging operation easier. This enables to increase explosives energy in a hole and to reduce stemming length in order to eliminate above blast failures. Moreover, requirement of Detonators is reduced, as Decked system has been abolished. Total explosives quantity has been reduced marginally. Thus, drilling efficiency and cost effectiveness has been achieved. Entire process has been done by changing the original pattern / system in three phases.
This document outlines standard operating procedures for secondary blasting at a mine site in Sierra Leone. It describes two methods of secondary blasting - popping and plaster/mud blasting. The procedure highlights how to safely conduct popping for boulder and toe blasting. It details steps for preparation, marking, drilling, charging, stemming, and firing of boulders and toes. Guidelines are provided for determining blasthole positions, depths, and explosive charges based on the size and geometry of boulders and average depths of toes. The objective is to break oversized rocks and toes using the minimum explosive charge while minimizing risks of airblast and flyrocks.
1) Short holes have advantages like following irregular contacts but have disadvantages like low productivity and high costs. Long holes have high productivity but are limited to regular deposits.
2) Common mining methods include overhand stoping, breast stoping, cut-and-fill stoping, and shrinkage stoping.
3) Drilling methods include jumbo drilling, handheld drills, and long hole down-the-hole hammer drilling. Drilling parameters like depth, diameter, and speed depend on the specific method and machine used.
This document discusses short delay blasting in underground mining. Short delay blasting involves detonating explosive charges in a specified sequence over milliseconds to improve blasting efficiency. It allows for a free face for subsequent rounds and increases rock fragmentation. Common arrangements include single and multi-row patterns with delays between 20-30 milliseconds. Short delay blasting is used in conditions like hazardous gas mines. It provides control over rock movement direction. Typical applications include vertical crater retreat mining where holes are drilled vertically and horizontal slices are blasted from the bottom up.
This document provides an overview of rock blasting fundamentals, including the types of explosives, initiation systems, circuits, blasthole loading, blast design, and geology considerations. It describes the main categories of explosives as nitroglycerin-based, dry blasting agents, and slurries. Detonators and delay series are discussed as the means of initiation. The three main circuit types - series, parallel-series, and parallel - are also summarized. Guidelines for blasthole loading, blast design based on geology, and selecting powder factors are presented at a high level.
This document discusses rock excavation methods, focusing on blasting techniques. It describes how the geologic structure of the rock mass is the most important consideration for blasting. Factors like discontinuity sets, orientations, and slope dip can influence the success of blasting and potential for slope failures. The document provides illustrations of how different joint orientations can impact end break, back break, and the final slope face quality when blasting.
This document discusses surface mining techniques. It begins by explaining open-pit mining, which involves forming a large hole or pit by extracting minerals. Strip mining extracts long, narrow strips of minerals using excavation equipment. The most common types of surface mining are open-pit mining, strip mining, and quarrying. Open-pit mines are divided into horizontal benches of around 12-15 meters thick for efficient excavation of the deposit.
This document discusses blasting in mining operations. It begins by explaining that blasting is used to break rock into smaller pieces for mining and quarrying, or to create space. The objectives of blasting are to extract material at minimum cost while meeting production quality and quantity requirements. It then covers the different types of explosions, explosives, detonation and deflagration processes, properties and types of explosives, initiating systems including electrical, non-electric, detonating cord, and blast design considerations like burden, spacing, stemming, and bench height.
This document provides information about drilling and blasting techniques used at Suez Cement quarries. It discusses drilling methods, including rotary and rotary percussion drilling. It also covers topics like blast hole patterns, burden calculations, deviation control, and factors that affect drilling and blasting performance. The document then discusses explosive types like ANFO, emulsion, and dynamite used in quarry blasting and compares their properties.
Blast hole drilling is a technique used in mining where holes are drilled into rock, packed with explosives, and detonated. The seminar discusses the blast hole drilling process, which involves drilling holes, loading explosives into the holes, detonating the explosives to blast the rock, ventilating smoke and fumes, removing blasted rock, and installing ground support. Different drill hole patterns, explosives, and the typical drilling and blasting cycle are also covered.
Optimisation of drilling and blasting focussing on fly rockSafdar Ali
This document discusses optimizing drilling and blasting to minimize fly rock in surface mining. Fly rock, which is rock propelled from the blast area, is a major safety hazard and cause of accidents. The document reviews factors that influence fly rock like burden, stemming, charging, and geology. It presents three models for predicting maximum fly rock distance and discusses field data collection and analysis from limestone quarry blasts to validate the models. Recommendations are provided to control fly rock through improved blast design, site controls, crew experience, and covering exposed areas.
IRJET- Laboratory Investigation on the Strength Property of Field Collected C...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a laboratory investigation that examined the compressive strength of coal samples collected from the field. Coal samples were subjected to impact loading using a Protodyakonov strength index test apparatus. This involved dropping a hammer onto coal samples from a height of 600 mm a varying number of blows from 5 to 25. The crushed coal was measured to calculate the Protodyakonov strength index (PSI), which was then used to determine the compressive strength of each coal sample. The results found that coal samples had a maximum compressive strength of 0.24 MPa after 25 blows and a minimum of 0.12 MPa after 5 blows. Thus, the number of blows impacted the measured
The document summarizes a study that used a direct shear box test to determine the shear strength characteristics of rockfill material from the Beas River in India. Rockfill samples of varying particle sizes from 1-12.5 mm were tested under normal pressures from 1-2 kg/cm2. The results showed that shear strength, as indicated by the angle of shearing resistance, increased as particle size decreased at a given void ratio. However, shear stress generally decreased with increasing particle size. A direct shear box with internal dimensions of 30x30x12 cm was used to test the rockfill samples based on standard methodologies for such tests.
The document discusses various mechanical properties of rocks including uniaxial compressive strength, elastic moduli, point load index, shear box testing, rebound hammer testing, sonic velocities, shear durability index, Brazilian tensile strength testing, rock density, porosity, permeability, specific gravity, unit weight, void ratio, moisture content, and degree of saturation. It provides details on methods to measure these properties and factors that influence the measurements.
This document summarizes a study on using copper slag as backfill material in retaining walls. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the shear strength properties and seismic performance of copper slag compared to sand. Direct shear tests showed that copper slag has higher shear strength and angle of internal friction than sand. Shake table tests on retaining wall models found that walls with copper slag backfill experienced less displacement and lower lateral earth pressures under seismic loading compared to sand backfill. The study concludes that copper slag can be effectively used as a backfill material in retaining walls due to its higher density and shear strength properties.
IRJET- Effects of Excavation-Geometry on Blast- Geometry with Reference t...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effects of excavation geometry on blast geometry with reference to blast hole diameter and bench height. It analyzes data collected from coal mines in India to investigate the relationship between these factors and develop a new multiple regression model. The study finds that blast hole depth and spacing are statistically significant predictors of hole diameter. While burden is included in the final model, its impact is less significant. The regression model can help mining professionals accurately design blasting operations.
Evaluation of shear strength of model rock joints by experimental studyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document presents a study that aims to develop correlations between uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and point load index (I50) for single and double jointed rocks. Over 180 plaster samples were prepared with different joint conditions like orientation, roughness, and number of joints. Samples were tested for UCS and I50. Statistical analysis identified two groups of jointed rocks that showed different trends between UCS and I50. Multiple linear regression was used to develop new correlation equations for each group to predict UCS from I50 for jointed rocks. The proposed equations were compared to previous studies and may be applied to actual rocks like weathered limestone.
“Influence of particle index of coarse aggregate and its influences on proper...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Framework for assessment of shear strength parameters ofIAEME Publication
This document discusses a framework for assessing the shear strength parameters of residual tropical soils. It begins by providing background on shear strength and how it is typically measured through laboratory tests like direct shear tests and triaxial tests. However, these tests have limitations in simulating field conditions. The objective of the paper is then presented - to develop a phenomenological model to predict shear strength parameters from index properties that are easier to measure, like liquid limit and maximum dry density. This could provide a way to rapidly estimate shear strength when traditional testing methods are not available or feasible. The paper reviews previous studies on correlating index properties with shear strength and predicting unsaturated soil strength. It then discusses soil state and volumetric strain, and defines bulk modulus as
The paper reveals the issue of improving the quality of rock mass crushing in
quarries of building materials. The analysis of methods for improving the quality of
crushing has been performed. A method to increase the time of impact of explosion
products on a mountain massif by changing charge design has been proposed. The
method was tested and the results of explosions at the quarry of Leningrad region were
presented. The experimental data show: theoretical calculations are consistent with
experimental data and have a slight deviation; the parameters of the rock mass
disruption allow using wheel loaders in the quarry. Yet, the use of new charge designs
enabled improving the quality of crushing, namely, increasing percentage of output of
an average piece of conditioned fraction, therefore, optimizing operation of the mining
entity as a whole.
Rock mass is a matrix consisting of rock material and discontinuities such as joints and fractures. It is a heterogeneous, discontinuous material that is challenging to characterize and model for engineering purposes. Various rock mass classification systems have been developed to relate site investigation data to parameters relevant for design, such as excavation stability and support requirements. These include systems based on the Rock Quality Designation (RQD), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Q-value, Geological Strength Index (GSI), and others. The classifications involve assessing properties of the intact rock and discontinuities to categorize the rock mass into classes that correlate to expected engineering behavior.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Laboratory modelling of rock joints under shear and constant normal loadingeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Prof G.K.Pradhan successfully demonstrted the use of empty plastic bottles in explosives column during blasting. Resulted is savings in blasting cost and immense benefits attached environmental problems.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The effect of disturbance factor on the stability of tunnels (Case study: Tun...IJRES Journal
Disturbance factor (D) is related to excavation method and cause damage and stress relief in the rock masses. The convergence and plastic zone around tunnels depends on the disturbance factor of rocks.This study has been in the tunnel No.2 of Kurdistan in NW of Iran which is composed of shale rocks. In tunnel modeling, different disturbance factors(0 to 1) areanalyzed using phase2 software and the amount of displacement and extent of plastic zone in around the tunnelis determined. The obtain results show that by increasing of disturbance factor, the displacement and plastic zone around the tunnel has increased and the most increase has occurred in disturbance factors 0.8 to 1. Therefore, for excavation of this tunnel, the blasting method should not be used and instead of it, the mechanical methods must be used.
This document discusses rock fragmentation in opencast mines. It defines rock fragmentation as an index used to estimate the effect of blasting. Control of fragmentation is challenging, as it depends on rock mass properties and blast design parameters like burden, spacing, stemming length, and powder factor. The document outlines methods to predict fragmentation, including the Kuz-Ram model and RES model, and analyzes the effect of various blast parameters on fragmentation through case studies. It concludes that proper blast design considering all key parameters is needed to achieve optimal fragmentation according to rock properties and production demands.
Effect of cold swaging on the mechanical and microstructure characteristics o...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this experimental investigation, the post sintering mechanical treatment was implemented by cold swaging the produced tungsten alloy rods with composition (90W-7Ni-3Fe %wt) by cold isostatic press with 300 MPa, and appling different reductions of cross sectional area varying from 10% up to 50%. On the mechanical and microstructure properties of the tungsten heavy alloy (89.97W-7Ni-3Fe-0.03 Y2O3 %wt). Elemental powders were mixed for 120 min. Green compacted by cold isostatic press with 300 MPa, and Finally the specimens were sintered at 1480ºC for 90 min under vacuum atmosphere. It was found that the ultimate tensile strength and hardness were remarkably increased by about 39% and 45% respectively, by the application of 50% area reduction by swaging, relative to the sintered specimens. On the other hand, ductility and impact resistance were deeply decreased by about 75% and 53% respectively, by also, the application of 50% area reduction by swaging. Keywords: Cold Swaging, Liquid Phase Sintering, Tungsten Heavy Alloy, Powder Metallurgy.
Effect of fines on liquefaction using shake table testeSAT Journals
calamities resulting into considerable damages. One of the most detrimental
effects caused due to earthquake is liquefaction. This paper deals with experimental investigation of effects of fines content on
liquefaction behavior using shake table test. A test program consisted of total 19 tests conducted on saturated cohesionless sand
with varying amount of non-plastic silt. The behavior of such silty sand in the relative density range 30 to 60% has been studied
by subjecting the specimens to a specific acceleration of 0.54g. Effect of silt content and the relative density on generation of pore
pressure and thereby initiation of liquefaction has been studied. The results obtained from the present study showed that cyclic
stress ratio (CSR) values decrease with the increase in fines content for lower relative densities. Delay in development of pore
pressure is observed with the increasing fines content. This indicates that higher silt contents at higher densities offer better
resistance to liquefaction. Further, for lower densities and lesser silt contents liquefaction occurred at pore pressure ratio even
less than one. The trend observed for CSR and relative density is similar when compared with triaxial test reported in literature.
The points where liquefaction has occurred in the field, when checked in the present study, they lie in ‘YES’ zone of liquefaction.
Keywords: Relative Density, Cyclic Stress Ratio, Pore Pressure Ratio, Liquefaction Resistance, Initiation of
Liquefaction
Similar to Assessment of powder factor in surface bench blasting using schmidt rebound number of rock mass (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
Assessment of powder factor in surface bench blasting using schmidt rebound number of rock mass
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 132
ASSESSMENT OF POWDER FACTOR IN SURFACE BENCH BLASTING
USING SCHMIDT REBOUND NUMBER OF ROCK MASS
Bhanwar S. Choudhary1
, Kumar Sonu2
1
Assistant Professor, 2
B.Tech Student, Department of Mining Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826004,
bhanwarschoudhary@gmail.com, kumars.kvlgj@gmail.com
Abstract
Rock mass characterisation helps in selection and optimum usage of explosive in bench blasting. There are various methods to
characterize the rock mass but use of Schmidt hammer in rock characterization before blasting may be a good option. Schmidt
hammer, since its simplicity and capability of instant data production, has so far been a powerful tool utilized by many researchers to
predict compressive strength of rocks. In this light the present study was conducted in opencast coal mines to see the effect of Schmidt
hammer rebound number or transformed compressive strength of rocks on powder factor. The correlation was found sufficiently
reliable to enable the determination of optimum powder factor for surface bench blast in different rock types maintaining the required
blasting results in terms of fragmentation.
Keywords: Powder factor, Schmidt hammer, Rebound number, Rock mass, Overburden bench
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1. INTRODUCTION
Rock mass comprises several different rock types and is
affected by different degrees of fracturing in varying stress
condition. The strength of rock mass decreases with the
increase in frequency of joints, bedding planes, fractures,
pores and fissures and the deformability of rocks depend on
their orientation [1]. Therefore, properties of rock mass are
governed by the parameters of rock joints and rock material,
as well as boundary conditions. Presence of discontinuities can
affect the blasting result up to higher degree and play a very
important role in achieving required blasting results with the
charged explosive. The aim of rock blasting is to achieve the
optimum fragmentation without generation of any other blast
induced nuisances. Nuisances may be controlled by use of
proper quantity of explosive, its generated energy and finally
powder factor. There is a term optimum powder factor, which
may be defined as the powder factor required for the optimum
fragmentation, throw, ground vibration, etc. for a specified
blast condition to minimize the overall mining cost. Presently,
the powder factor is established through the trial blasts.
However, powder factor may be approximated using rock,
blast design and explosive parameters. The powder factor is
closely related with the efficient blasting [2]. Higher energy
explosives, such as those containing large amounts of
aluminum powder, higher density can break more rock per
unit weight than lower energy explosives. Most of the
commonly used explosive products have similar energy values
and, thus, have similar rock breaking capabilities. Soft, low
density rock requires less explosive than hard, dense rock.
Large hole patterns require less explosive per volume of rock.
Poor explosive distribution in larger diameter blast holes
frequently results in coarser fragmentation. Massive rock with
few existing planes of weakness requires a higher powder
factor than a rock unit with numerous, closely spaced joints or
fractures. The more free faces a blast has to break to, the lower
the powder factor requirement.
To determine the powder factor several approaches have been
made by different researchers. These approaches consider
those rock mass properties which are the most significant
parameters in a rock--explosive interaction. A review of the
same has been aimed in this paper and establishes a
relationship between powder factor and uniaxial compressive
strength (UCS) of the rock which was obtained through
rebound number.
1.1 Powder Factor
The quantity of explosive required to fragment 1 m3 or 1
tonne of rock is known as powder factor [2]. It can serve a
variety of purposes, such as an indicator of hardness of the
rock, or the cost of the explosives needed, or even as a guide
to planning a shot. There are several possible combinations
that can express the powder factor. Ashby (1981) developed
an empirical relationship to describe the powder factor
required for adequate blast based on the fracture frequency
representing the density of fracturing and effective friction
angle representing the strength of structured rock mass [3].
According to Ashby the powder factor of rock with ANFO
may be determined either from the graph (Fig.1) drawn for the
purpose or from the following equation—
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Powder Factor =
0.56×ρ ×tan (ϕ+i)
fracture /meter
3 kg/cu.m.
Where,
ϕ = Basic Friction angle,
= in-situ density of rock formation,
i = Roughness angle,
(ϕ+i) = friction angle, fracture/meter represents the fracture
frequency.
Fig.1: Empirical relation between powder factor, fracture,
frequency and joint shear strength [3]
Table 1: Classification of the uniaxial compressive strength of
rocks [4,5]
Rock Type UCS(MPa) P.F.(kg/m3)
Very Low Strength 1 - 5 0.15 -0.25
Low Strength 5 – 25 0.25-0.35
Medium Strength 25 - 30 0.4 – 0.5
High Strength 50 - 100 0.7 – 0.8
Very high strength 100 - 250
Extremely high strength > 250
1.2 Schmidt Hammer
The Schmidt hammer rebound hardness test is a simple and
non-destructive test originally developed in 1948 for a quick
measurement of UCS [6] and later was extended to estimate
the hardness and strength of rock [7,8]. The mechanism of
operation is simple: a hammer released by a spring, indirectly
impacts against the rock surface through a plunger and the
rebound distance of the hammer is then read directly from the
numerical scale or electronic display ranging from 10 to 100.
In other words, the rebound distance of the hammer mass that
strikes the rock through the plunger and under the force of a
spring, indicates the rebound hardness. Obviously, the harder
the surface, the higher the rebounds distance. Its rebound is
dependent on the hardness of the rock and is measured by the
test equipment suggested by ASTM C805-08. By reference to
the conversion chart, the rebound value can be used to
determine the compressive strength.
This test is quick, cheap and non-destructive. In rock
engineering, it is widely used for its simplicity, portability and
the capability of instant data production. Today varieties of
Schmidt hammers are available for use, such as the models of
L-type and N-type. ASTM D5873 describes the procedure for
testing of rock. Presently, Schmidt hammer can be used to
predict the uniaxial compressive strength of rocks, the
performances of tunnel boring machines (TBM), advance
speed of drilling machines as well as the evaluation of
discontinuities in rock formations. The following three of
widely accepted test procedures with different Schmidt
hammer rebound techniques were selected and applied on rock
samples
Test Procedure: 1- Poole and Farmer [9] suggested that the
peak value from at least five continuous impacts at a point
should be selected.
Test Procedure: 2- Hucka [10] recommended that the peak
value from at least ten continuous impact at a point should be
selected.
Test procedure: 3- ISRM [4] suggested that twenty rebound
values from single impacts separated by at least a plunger
diameter should be recorded and the upper ten values
averaged.
Each testing method was repeated at least three times on any
rock type and the average value was recorded as the rebound
number.
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Fig.2: Details of an L type Schmidt hammer [11]
The surface texture significantly affects the rebound (R)
number obtained. Tests performed on a rough-textured finish
will typically result in crushing of the surface paste, resulting
in a lower number. Alternately, tests performed on the same
concrete that has a hard, smooth texture will typically result in
a higher R-number. Therefore, it is recommended that test
areas with a rough surface be ground to a uniform smoothness.
This can be achieved easily with a Carborundum stone or
similar abrasive stone.
The device itself should be serviced and verified annually or
whenever there is a reason to doubt proper performance.
Verification of proper performance of the device includes the
use of a test anvil. The required dimensions and steel hardness
is listed in ASTM C805. Impacting the proper test anvil with a
properly functioning device will typically result in rebound
numbers of 80 ± 2. If the device is believed to not be
functioning properly, it is recommended to send it back to the
manufacturer or experienced facility for repairs and re-
verification.
2. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of
rock mass strength on explosive requirement for surface bench
blasting in different rock types, maintaining the required
blasting results in terms of fragmentation
3. FIELD DESCRIPTION AND RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
To meet the stated objective, a field study was conducted on
10 working rock faces (benches) of an opencast coal mine of
BCCL, a subsidiary of Coal India Ltd. (CIL). The study
benches were 10m and 15m high which were subsequently
excavated by 5m3 rope shovels in conjunction with 35 &50
tonne rear dump trucks. Rock strata are highly fractured. It
comprises of sandstone, massive sandstone, burnt sandstone,
shale, alluvium soil, sillstone. Rock uniaxial compressive
strength varies from 24 MPa to 73 MPa. The general strike of
formation and associated coal seam is NW-SE and the dip
varied from 4 to 5 degree towards South West. Mine’s
stripping ratio was approximately equal to 3. The blast holes
sizes was 160mm and were blasted by the emulsion
explosives.
Fig.3: Study mine showing shovel benches
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Fig.4: Blast whole section and firing sequence
The tests included the application of an NR-type Schmidt
hammer to assess the hardness of the rock in as many points as
practicable in the coal production areas. At each point about
20 cm by 20 cm surface of the rock was prepared by cleaning
the area and performing about 50 impact in grid pattern on
each bench before blasting (fig. 5). Among the numbers
obtained, the mean value was considered as the Schmidt
number for that bench. This procedure of performing Schmidt
test was a compromise to the ISRM suggested method [12]
where ten higher numbers are selected from twenty tests in the
selected area. It is argued that the ISRM suggested method
suffers from some shortcomings due to very selective nature
of the procedure [13]. The reasoning behind this is the fact
that eliminating a great number of the low numbers inevitably
results in erroneous outcomes as low numbers might be the
reaction of inherently weak portion of the rock and not merely
the effect of test deficiencies.
Fig.5: Rock testing with Schmidt hammer at field scale
Table 2: Rebound values and corresponding uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) obtained from conversion chart
Blast No. Rebound Values
Angle of impact
(Deg.)
Average Rebound
Values
UCS, MPa
B-1 Varies between 33-46 90 39 32
B-2 Varies between 34-52 90 40 34
B-3 Varies between 34-47 90 41 36
B-4 Varies between 33-53 90 41 36
Grid prepared at benches/face for recording rebound value
points of tests
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B-5 Varies between 33-51 90 40 34
B-6 Varies between 36-58 0 45 50
B-7 Varies between 36-61 0 46 52
B-8 Varies between 36-68 0 46 52
B-9 Varies between 36-60 0 47 54
B-10 Varies between 38-61 0 49 57
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The study was conducted for the 10 blasts. To calculate the
uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of the rock, 50 impact
value in grid pattern on each bench were recorded (fig. 5). In
this mine all the blasts were drilled on square drilling pattern
and fired on row to row firing pattern with inter-row and inter
whole delays. A representative drilling and firing pattern is
given in Fig. 4. The blast holes were bottom initiated with
shock tube initiation system. These data are given in table 1
and table 2.
Table 3:-Blast design parameters at overburden benches for blast B1 to B5
Parameters B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5
Burden (m) 4 4.5 4 4.5 3.5
Spacing (m) 4.5 5 4.5 5 4
Hole depth (m) 12.5 14 12.5 14.5 15
Sub-grade (m) 1.25 1.4 1.25 1.45 0.5
No. of holes 7 12 8 14 25
Bench height (m) 11.25 12.6 11.25 14.05 14.5
Length of bench (m) 18 30 18 35 20
Width of bench (m) 8 9 8 9 17.5
Types of explosive SME+
Primer
SME+
Booster
SME+ Primer
SME+
Booster
SME+
Booster
Explosive Quantity (kg) 1085 2200 1280 3120 4675
Primer/Booster (Kg) 8.4 3.6 9.6 4.2 7.5
Rebound Number(N) 39 40 41 41 40
UCS(MPa) of rock mass
(from rebound value)
32 34 36 36 34
P.F(kg/m3) 0.77 0.65 0.80 0.91 0.91
Excavated volume of rock (m3) 1418 3402 1620 3443 5150
Fragmentation assessment by
visual inspection
Good Good Good Good
Not
satisfactory
Excavator (Shovel) cycle time
(sec)
24 25 26 25 26
Table 4:- Blast design parameters at overburden benches for blast B6 to B10
Parameters B-6 B-7 B-8 B-9 B-10
Burden(m) 4 4.5 4 3.5 3.5
Spacing(m) 4.2 5 4.5 4 4
Hole depth(m) 12.5 14.5 14.5 14 15
Sub-grade (m) 1.25 1.45 1.45 1.4 0
No. of holes 27 16 9 14 30
Bench height (m) 11.25 13.05 13.05 12.6 15
Length of bench (m) 37.8 40 13.5 28 24
Width of bench(m) 12 9 12 7 17.5
Types of explosive
SME+
Primer
SME+
Booster
SME+
Booster
SME+
Primer
SME+ Primer
Explosive Quantity (kg) 4260 3420 1935 2660 5610
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Primer/Booster (Kg) 37.6 4.8 2.7 19.6 9
Rebound Number (N) 45 46 46 47 49
UCS(MPa) of rock mass
(from rebound value)
50 52 52 54 57
P.F(kg/m3) 0.84 0.73 0.92 1.08 0.89
Excavated volume of rock(m3) 5103 4698 2114 2470 5619
Fragmentation assessment by
visual inspection
Good Good Good Good Good
Excavator (Shovel) cycle time
(sec)
27 25 26 25 26
4.1 Relationship between Rebound Number (N) of
Rock and Powder Factor (PF)
Rebound number (N) versus (vs) powder factor (PF)
relationship for analyzed blasts is deduced from tables 3 and 4.
The results are plotted graphically and are shown in Fig.6
Fig.6: Rebound number (N) of rock vs Powder factor
It is evident from the figure 6 that the powder factor is
increases as the Schmidt hammer rebound number is
increases. Increase in rebound means rock mass is compact
which requires more chemical energy to break. Therefore,
more explosives were charged in the holes to get the required
blasting results in terms of improved fragmentation.
4.2 Relationship between Uniaxial Compressive
Strength (UCS) of Rock and Powder Factor (PF)
Uniaxial compressive strength vs PF relationship for analyzed
blasts is deduced from tables 3 and 4. The results are plotted
graphically and are shown in Fig.7.
Fig.7: Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rock vs
Powder factor (PF)
It is evident from the figure 7 that the powder factor is
increases as the uniaxial compressive strength of rock is
increases. Increase in UCS means rock mass is strong which
requires more explosive energy to break. Therefore, more
explosives were charged in the holes to get the required
blasting results in terms of improved fragmentation. It was
also observed that the cycle times of the excavators were
remain almost constant due to the uniformity in obtained
fragment sizes in each blast.
CONCLUSIONS
Blasting is still the cheapest means of breaking rock. The
suitable results of blasting can only be obtained when the rock
is properly understood. It is well known that rock nature
changes from bench to bench and mines to mines. Therefore,
rock mass characterization for each bench is essential to
optimise the blasting results. Rock mass characterisation can
also help in selection and optimum usage of explosive to
improve the overall economy of the project. The use of
Schmidt hammer in rock characterising before blasting may be
a good option.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
35 40 45 50
PF(Kg/M3)
Rebound Number (N)
Rebound number vs Uniaxial
compressive strength (UCS)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
PF(Kg/M3)
UCS (MPa)
Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) vs
Powder factor (PF)
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In this study it was observed that to maintain the rock
fragmentation for best utilization of excavators the quantity of
explosive for breaking the same volume of rock or powder
factor is increases as the rebound value or uniaxial
compressive strength is increases.
REFERENCES
[1] A.K. Sirveiya ,N.R. Thote (2013). Assessing the effect
of rock mass properties on rock fragmentation”,
Measurement and Analysis of Blast Fragmentation –
Sanchidrián & Singh (Eds) Taylor & Francis Group,
London, ISBN 978-0-415-62140-3, pp:139-144.
[2] Jimeno C. L., Jimeno E, & Carcedo (1995). Drilling
and Blasting of Rocks, A.A. Balkema Publishers.
[3] Ashby John P (1981). Production blasting and the
development of open pit slopes, Proceedings of the 3rd
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in Open Pit Mining, Vancover, B.C.
[4] Dyno Nobel (2010); Blasting and Explosives Quick
Reference Guide-2010, REF0110/0210/AZZAUS/2K
[5] Schmidt, E. (1951). A non-destructive concrete tester.
Concrete, 59(8), pp: 34–5.
[6] Cargill, J.S. and Shakoor A. (1990). Evaluation of
empirical methods for measuring the uniaxial strength
of rock. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 27, pp: 495–503.
[7] Torabi, S. R. (2005). Reliability of the application of
Schmidt hammer in determination of the UCS, Final
project report, in Persian, Shahrood University of
Technology, Shahrood, Iran.
[8] Poole, RW, and Farmer, I W. (1980). Consistency and
repeatability of Schmidt hammer rebound data during
field testing (Technical Note) Int. Journal Rock Mech
Mm Sei Geomech Abstr 17, pp: 167-171
[9] Hucka VA, (1965). A rapid method determining the
strength of rocks m-situ Int Journal Rock Mech Mm
Sei Geomech Abstr 2, pp:127-134
[10] ISRM (1981). Rock characterization testing and
monitoring ISRM suggested methods, suggested
methods for determining hardness and abrasiveness of
rocks, Part 3,101–3.
[11] Torabi, S. R., Ataei, M., and Javanshir, M. (2010).
Application of Schmidt rebound number for estimating
rock strength under specific geological conditions.
Journal of Mining & Environment,, Vol.1, No.2, 2010,
pp:1-8.
[12] Brown, E.T. (1981). ISRM suggested methods - rock
characterization, testing and monitoring, Pergamon
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[13] Goktan, R.M. and Ayday, C. (1993). A suggested
improvement to the schmidt rebound hardness ISRM
suggested method with particular reference to rock
machineability”, Technical Note, Int. J. Rock Mech.
Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr., 30(3), pp: 321-322.
BIOGRAPHIES
Dr. B.S. Choudhary is working as Assistant
Professor in the Department of Mining
Engineering, ISM, Dhanbad since 2010. He
has more than 6 years industrial experience in
surface and underground metal mining. His
areas of expertise include mine planning,
drilling and blasting technology, underground metal mining
and underground space technology. He has a PhD in Mining
Engineering.
Kumar Sonu is student in the Department of
Mining Engineering, Indian School of Mines,
Dhanbad. He took admission by qualifying
IIT Joint Entrance Examination in the year-
2011.