This document presents a study that aims to develop correlations between uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and point load index (I50) for single and double jointed rocks. Over 180 plaster samples were prepared with different joint conditions like orientation, roughness, and number of joints. Samples were tested for UCS and I50. Statistical analysis identified two groups of jointed rocks that showed different trends between UCS and I50. Multiple linear regression was used to develop new correlation equations for each group to predict UCS from I50 for jointed rocks. The proposed equations were compared to previous studies and may be applied to actual rocks like weathered limestone.
Evaluation of shear strength of model rock joints by experimental studyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This paper involves an experimental investigation on the flexural behaviour of curved beams and comparison of its results with conventional beams. Curved beams of size 1200 x 150 x 100 mm with varying initial curvature as 4000mm, 2000mm and the concrete strength as M40 is considered. Various reinforcement are provided in the curved beams to predict which reinforcement detail would give more resistant over maximum loading. The material properties of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and the compressive strength of concrete cube were found out. A total of 12 specimens of curved beams were casted with various combination of reinforcement along with three control specimens. The beams are tested under two point loading both horizontally and vertically. The deflection and maximum moment carrying capacity are investigated to understand its strength. Also analytical modelling is done to determine the ultimate moment carrying capacity using Finite Element Software ABAQUS to compare with the experimental model.
Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on the Compressive Strength and the Flexural ...IJERA Editor
Concrete structures deflect, crack, and loose stiffness when subjected to external load. Loss of flexural strength of concrete is largely responsible for cracks in structure. In reinforced concrete structures, the mix proportions of the materials of the concrete and aggregate type determine the compressive strength while the composite action of concrete and steel reinforcement supplies the flexural strength. In occasion of loss of stiffness, steel reinforcement no longer supports flexural stresses; concrete in turn is subjected to flexure. The compressive strength and flexural strength therefore play a crucial role. Effect of varying coarse aggregate size on the flexural and compressive strengths of concrete beam was investigated. Concrete cubes and beams were produced in accordance with BS 1881-108 (1983) and ASTM C293 with varying aggregate sizes 9.0mm, 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm, using a standard mould of internal dimension 150x150x150 for the concrete cubes and a mould of internal dimension of 150 x 150 x 750mm for the reinforced concrete beam. The water cement ratio was kept at 0.65 with a mix proportion of 1:2:4. The specimen produced were all subjected to curing in water for 28days and were all tested to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength using Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strength of cubes is 21.26N/mm2, 23.41N/mm2, 23.66N/mm2, and 24.31N/mm2 for coarse aggregate sizes 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm respectively. That of flexural strength of test beams is 4.93N/mm2, 4.78N/mm2, 4.53N/mm2, 4.49N/mm2, 4.40N/mm2 respectively. In conclusion, concrete to be used mostly to resist flexural stresses should be made of finer coarse aggregates.
Evaluation of shear strength of model rock joints by experimental studyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This paper involves an experimental investigation on the flexural behaviour of curved beams and comparison of its results with conventional beams. Curved beams of size 1200 x 150 x 100 mm with varying initial curvature as 4000mm, 2000mm and the concrete strength as M40 is considered. Various reinforcement are provided in the curved beams to predict which reinforcement detail would give more resistant over maximum loading. The material properties of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and the compressive strength of concrete cube were found out. A total of 12 specimens of curved beams were casted with various combination of reinforcement along with three control specimens. The beams are tested under two point loading both horizontally and vertically. The deflection and maximum moment carrying capacity are investigated to understand its strength. Also analytical modelling is done to determine the ultimate moment carrying capacity using Finite Element Software ABAQUS to compare with the experimental model.
Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on the Compressive Strength and the Flexural ...IJERA Editor
Concrete structures deflect, crack, and loose stiffness when subjected to external load. Loss of flexural strength of concrete is largely responsible for cracks in structure. In reinforced concrete structures, the mix proportions of the materials of the concrete and aggregate type determine the compressive strength while the composite action of concrete and steel reinforcement supplies the flexural strength. In occasion of loss of stiffness, steel reinforcement no longer supports flexural stresses; concrete in turn is subjected to flexure. The compressive strength and flexural strength therefore play a crucial role. Effect of varying coarse aggregate size on the flexural and compressive strengths of concrete beam was investigated. Concrete cubes and beams were produced in accordance with BS 1881-108 (1983) and ASTM C293 with varying aggregate sizes 9.0mm, 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm, using a standard mould of internal dimension 150x150x150 for the concrete cubes and a mould of internal dimension of 150 x 150 x 750mm for the reinforced concrete beam. The water cement ratio was kept at 0.65 with a mix proportion of 1:2:4. The specimen produced were all subjected to curing in water for 28days and were all tested to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength using Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strength of cubes is 21.26N/mm2, 23.41N/mm2, 23.66N/mm2, and 24.31N/mm2 for coarse aggregate sizes 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm respectively. That of flexural strength of test beams is 4.93N/mm2, 4.78N/mm2, 4.53N/mm2, 4.49N/mm2, 4.40N/mm2 respectively. In conclusion, concrete to be used mostly to resist flexural stresses should be made of finer coarse aggregates.
This paper presents part of the results of an ongoing laboratory study carried out to study on
strength and durability characteristics of ternary concrete made with and without ternary mixtures of
cement-fly ash- silica fume. In the present work an attempt has been made to study the strength
properties of ternary concrete in compression, tension and flexure and also durability aspects of
ternary blended concrete. In the investigation, M25 Grade concrete mix is designed with different
percentages of cementitious materials (5%, 7.5%, 10% & 12.5%) and tests are conducted for
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strengths at 7, 28 and 56 days. Test results
indicate that the replacement of cement by 10% had attained a maximum strength in M25 Grade
concrete. The results obtained thus are encouraging for partial replacement.
Finite Element Analysis of honeycomb using AbaqusUdayan Ghosh
Prepared 3D CAD model of honeycomb in SolidWorks; studied structural behavior for static and dynamic loading
Performed mesh refinement, verification, validation and error analysis for the FEA
Numerical study of behavior of square footing on geogrid reinforced flyash be...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
“Influence of particle index of coarse aggregate and its influences on proper...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
LABORATORY MODEL TESTS TO EFFECT OF DENSITY TO FILL MATERIAL ON THE PERFORMAN...IAEME Publication
The effective functioning of reinforced earth structures is very much dependent on the quality of materials and construction. Many times, due to poor quality of the materials used and poor quality control measures exercised, the density of the reinforced soil fill is not up to the design requirements, leading to underperformance or distress of the reinforced soil walls. Therefore, it becomes necessary to evaluate the level of underperformance vis-à-vis that of relative compaction. In view of this, in the present study, a series of laboratory experiments were carried out on a model soil wall of 300 mm high with vertical face, prepared at different density states of 95%, 80% and 70% of MDD of IS HCT. The wall was subjected to monotonic load applied through a model square footing of size (B) equal to 50 mm on the surface at an offset distance of 1(B). Similar tests were carried out on the soil wall reinforced with a Woven Geotextile in wrap around form; to study the effect of density on the performance of reinforced soil wall. The results indicated proportionality between relative compaction level and performance of soil wall without and with reinforcement.
Effect of prism height on strength of reinforced hollow concrete block masonryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
APPRAISAL ON THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE PRODUCED WITH VARYING AGGREGATE SIZEIAEME Publication
Compressive strength is one of the important properties of concrete as it influences the durability requirements of concrete. This work presents the effects of varying size of aggregate on the strength of concrete. The coarse aggregates used for this study were 10mm, 12.5mm and 19mm uncrushed gravel with river sand as fine aggregate. Sieve analysis was carried out on the aggregates. A nominal mix of 1:2:4 was adopted for the mix and the mix proportions were calculated by weight. The concrete test cubes used were made in batches with each batch containing just one coarse aggregate size. Two test cubes each were made respectively for each batch making a total of 18 cubes and cur ed for 7, 21, and 28 days respectively.
This paper presents part of the results of an ongoing laboratory study carried out to study on
strength and durability characteristics of ternary concrete made with and without ternary mixtures of
cement-fly ash- silica fume. In the present work an attempt has been made to study the strength
properties of ternary concrete in compression, tension and flexure and also durability aspects of
ternary blended concrete. In the investigation, M25 Grade concrete mix is designed with different
percentages of cementitious materials (5%, 7.5%, 10% & 12.5%) and tests are conducted for
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strengths at 7, 28 and 56 days. Test results
indicate that the replacement of cement by 10% had attained a maximum strength in M25 Grade
concrete. The results obtained thus are encouraging for partial replacement.
Finite Element Analysis of honeycomb using AbaqusUdayan Ghosh
Prepared 3D CAD model of honeycomb in SolidWorks; studied structural behavior for static and dynamic loading
Performed mesh refinement, verification, validation and error analysis for the FEA
Numerical study of behavior of square footing on geogrid reinforced flyash be...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
“Influence of particle index of coarse aggregate and its influences on proper...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
LABORATORY MODEL TESTS TO EFFECT OF DENSITY TO FILL MATERIAL ON THE PERFORMAN...IAEME Publication
The effective functioning of reinforced earth structures is very much dependent on the quality of materials and construction. Many times, due to poor quality of the materials used and poor quality control measures exercised, the density of the reinforced soil fill is not up to the design requirements, leading to underperformance or distress of the reinforced soil walls. Therefore, it becomes necessary to evaluate the level of underperformance vis-à-vis that of relative compaction. In view of this, in the present study, a series of laboratory experiments were carried out on a model soil wall of 300 mm high with vertical face, prepared at different density states of 95%, 80% and 70% of MDD of IS HCT. The wall was subjected to monotonic load applied through a model square footing of size (B) equal to 50 mm on the surface at an offset distance of 1(B). Similar tests were carried out on the soil wall reinforced with a Woven Geotextile in wrap around form; to study the effect of density on the performance of reinforced soil wall. The results indicated proportionality between relative compaction level and performance of soil wall without and with reinforcement.
Effect of prism height on strength of reinforced hollow concrete block masonryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
APPRAISAL ON THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE PRODUCED WITH VARYING AGGREGATE SIZEIAEME Publication
Compressive strength is one of the important properties of concrete as it influences the durability requirements of concrete. This work presents the effects of varying size of aggregate on the strength of concrete. The coarse aggregates used for this study were 10mm, 12.5mm and 19mm uncrushed gravel with river sand as fine aggregate. Sieve analysis was carried out on the aggregates. A nominal mix of 1:2:4 was adopted for the mix and the mix proportions were calculated by weight. The concrete test cubes used were made in batches with each batch containing just one coarse aggregate size. Two test cubes each were made respectively for each batch making a total of 18 cubes and cur ed for 7, 21, and 28 days respectively.
Spectral Studies of Some Transition Metal Ion complexes with 4-[(E)-(Ferrocen...IOSR Journals
Several new complexes of some transition metal ions with organometallic compounds were derived from ferrocencecarboxylaldehyde and 4-amino-2-hydroxy pyridine. These organometallic complexes were investigated by using some analytical techniques like infrared, mass spectra, electronic spectra, electron spin resonance, thermal analysis, magnetic moment, conductivity and antimicrobial activity. From the obtained elemental analysis data, organometallic compounds complexes shows 1:2 [M: L] ratio and general formula of the complex is [ML2.2H2O]. These complexes revealed a non-electrolytic nature. The magnetic moment values of the complexes exhibited the paramagnetic as well as diamagnetic in nature. The coordination behavior of the metal ions towards to the investigated organometallic compounds takes place through >C=N- and –OH groups. The electronic spectral data shows that all the complexes are covalent in nature, octahedral structure with co-ordination number six. Organometallic compound complexes were loses two water molecules subjected to simultaneous thermo gravimetric analysis, to study their decomposition mechanism and thermal stability. Mass spectra of the organometallic compound and their complexes are matched with theoretical values of the masses. The prepared organometallic compounds and their metal complexes were screened for their antibacterial activity against some bacterial species, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus Pyogones. The Antimicrobial activity data show the metal complexes to be more active than the parent organometallic compounds.
A Novel Edge Detection Technique for Image Classification and AnalysisIOSR Journals
Abstract: The main aim of this project is to propose a new method for image segmentation. Image
Segmentation is concerned with splitting an image up into segments (also called regions or areas) that each
holds some property distinct from their neighbor. Simply, another word for the Object Detection is
“Segmentation “. Segmentation is divided into two types they are Supervised Segmentation and Unsupervised
Segmentation. Segmentation consists of three types of methods which are divided on the basis of threshold, edge
and region. Thresholding is a commonly used enhancement whose goal is to segment an image into object and
background. Edge-based segmentations rely on edges found in an image by edge detecting operators. Region
based segmentations basic idea is to divide an image into zones of maximum homogeneity, where homogeneity
is an important property of regions. Edge detection has been a field of fundamental importance in digital image
processing research. Edge can be defined as a pixels located at points where abrupt changes in gray level take
place in this paper one novel approach for edge detection in gray scale images, which is based on diagonal
pixels in 2*2 region of the image, is proposed. This method first uses a threshold value to segment the image
and binary image. And then the proposed edge detector. In order to validate the results, seven different
kinds of test images are considered to examine the versatility of the proposed edge detector. It has been
observed that the proposed edge detector works effectively for different gray scale digital images. The results of
this study are quite promising. In this project we proposed a new algorithm for edge Detection. The main
advantage of this algorithm is with running mask on the original image we can detect the edges in the images by
using the proposed scheme for edge detection.
Keywords: Edge detection, segmentation, thresholding.
ON M(M,m)/M/C/N: Interdependent Queueing ModelIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper deals with a multiple server Queueing system in which arrivals and services are
intredependent and follow a bivariate Poisson process and having startup delay. Using the Supplementary
Varible Techniue these models are analyzed. The expected length of the Dorment period, the busy period,
expected number of units in the queue are derived and analyzed in the light of the dependence paramater
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Ethnobotanical Importance of Some Highly Medicinal plants of District Muzaffa...IOSR Journals
An ethnobotanical exploration was carried out in Muzaffarabad and its adjoining areas including
Jhelum Valley of the District Muzaffarabad during 2010-2011. All the plants with the ethnobotanical
importance were identified and segregated separately. The region is entirely mountainous, having sub-tropical
to dry temperate climate with distinct seasonal variations. This study mainly focused on the information
regarding traditional uses of plants over the years by local inhabitants. The informations were then confirmed
by Hakims and the old people of the areas. During the survey informations were collected from various sites,
i.e. Noon Bagla, Rahim Kot, Danna Kachilee, Kot Terhala, Sanwarrian, Chikar, Chikothi, Kathiee, Qazi Nag,
Rashian, Daokhun, Mojee, Lamnian, Nardaggian, Pandu, Hatian Balla, Ghahi Dopatta, Chinnari, Rabanee,
Bani Hafiz, Domel, Hattian Dopatta, Khanssian, Nandi Ka Sar, Sing Paharee,Nari Bela, Khalla Butt and
Leepa. The plants were used medicinally and for other purposes. The investigations resulted that usually one
plant or a mixture of two or more plant is used. The unplanned exploitation had resulted in the loss of
medicinally important plant species. It was concluded that afforestation programme followed by proper
protection is need of time.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Behavioural Investigation on the use of Nanosilica as An Additive in ConcreteIDES Editor
Influence of Nano science in the Civil Engineering
industry outbreaks significant solutions for numerous
unidentified blending of materials evolve from a Nano product,
which can create gigantic changes in the world of Concrete
both technically and economically. The Significance of
Nanosilica as an additive in my experimental research
congeals the behaviour of Concrete considerably. Essential
manipulations are carried out here by using a distinctive
methodology and by conducting various tests to innovate a
better performance concrete thereby found the enhancement
of its property. Nano silica as an additive in added mainly to
fill up the deviation arises with the addition of flyash, which
consequently deviates the strength after its initial setting
period. “Ref. [3]” This presence of Nanosilica constructs the
silica (S) in the sand, which ultimately reacts with calcium
hydrate (CH) in the cement at Nano scale to form C-S-H
bond as its improve the strengthening factor of concrete, which
are in turn helpful in the achieving high compressive strength
even in early days. Here the addition of Nanosilica are done
partially with an previously fly ash replaced concrete in a
gradual basis, as the comparative results of a Fly ash concrete
and Fly ash with Nanosilica added concrete are tested
experimentally. The flexural behaviour of the Nano concrete
found to be imperative part as analyzed from the Beam Column
joint test setup. It has been clearly concluded in the results
identified along with the ductility behaviour and the Load vs.
Deflection analysis done for the specimen casted. The standard
types of toughness test are carried out, which generated data
under specific loading conditions with respect to their
component design approaches. Also an overview on the
experimental tests conducted in relation with the strength
and durability of concrete were presented under the influence
of Nanosilica in concrete.
MODELLING OF AN INFILL WALL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF A BUILDING FRAME SUBJECTED TO...IAEME Publication
In general the analysis of a building frame is carried out with a bare frame but the presence of masonry infill in a framed structure results in high stiffness and influence the distribution of lateral load and also the response of the framed buildings. It can be noted that there is a large variation of mechanical properties of bricks. Masonry, a combination of brick and mortar, behaves in a highly nonlinear manner. The infill panel needs to be modelled in the analysis of a structural frame subjected to lateral load to obtain its true behaviour. In order to model the masonry infill, its properties required. In order to determine the properties of brick masonry compression tests were conducted on masonry infill panels and prisms.
NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS UNDER PUNCHIN...IAEME Publication
This paper presents an implementation of a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model for evaluating the behavior of reinforced concrete slabs under centric load. The concrete was idealized by using eight-nodded solid elements. While flexural reinforcement and the shear were modeled as line elements, a perfected bond between solid elements and line elements was assumed. The nonlinear behavior of concrete in compression is simulated by an elasto-plastic work-hardening model, and in tension a suitable post-cracking model based on tension stiffening and shear retention models are employed. The steel was simulated using an elastic-full plastic model. The validity of the theoretical formulations and the program used was verified through comparison with available experimental data, and the agreement has proven to be good. A parametric study has been also carried out to investigate the influence of the slab thickness on column-slab connection response
Study of behaviour of composite beams with truss type shear connectoreSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite action of two concrete members is achieved by the interface shear transfer between the two members; this mechanism is of great significance. The interface shear carrying capacity is dependent on the surface properties and shear connectors provided. In the current research ATENA is used, it is FEM based software in which the interface properties between materials can be modeled to a great level of detail. In the present study the influence of angle of inclination, size and the depth of embedment of truss connector on the load carrying behavior is studied with the help of a beam model. The angles of inclination varied are 30o, 45o, 60o and 75o with varying bar diameters of 8mm, 10mm and 12mm. Angles between 60o to 75o are found most efficient with no significant changes when diameters are varied. The ultimate load for a given connector is found to be independent of the depth of embedment. Composite beams are also modeled to study the influence of cohesion and friction coefficient, and are compared with behavior of solid and non-composite beams.
Keywords: Truss shear connector, Composite slab, ATENA, Slab flexure test, Interface shear capacity
A STUDY ON EFFECTS OF GEOSYNTHETIC ENCASEMENT ON FLOATING STONE COLUMNIAEME Publication
There is tremendouseffort required to treat the soft soil for laying foundation over it. In recentera researchers found little success to treat such a heterogeneous soft soil.The Geosynthetically encased stone column for improving such soft soil is nowproven to be most effective one. Many researchers worked and proven theeffectiveness of this method. Plenty of researchers worked on soft soilimprovement using Geosynthetically encased stone column. Most of the researchwork done on unit cell idealization basis and the stone column rested overrigid bottom base of unit cell. However it is not necessary to have firm layeralways available during actual field condition. So the present research work isall about treating the soft soil with Geosynthetically reinforced floatingstone column. The bottom of the stone columns is rested over soft soil itself.Four types of Geosynthetic materials are used as an encasement. The loadsettlement responses were measured to know the effects of types ofreinforcement on load settlement behaviour of floating stone column.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
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A1303050107
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 13, Issue 3 Ver. V (May- Jun. 2016), PP 01-07
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1303050107 www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
Prediction of Uniaxial Compressive Strength Using Point Load
Index for Jointed Rocks
N.Kabilan1
, M.Muttharam2
, A.Siva3
, Nowell Philips4
1,2,3
(Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy/ Anna University, India)
4
(Department of Civil Engineering, University of California/ Irvine, USA)
Abstract: Joint orientation, Joint roughness, number of joints and location of joint affects the strength of
jointed rocks. Point load index test needs less sample preparation, easy to handle and quick test while
comparing with uniaxial compressive test. Lot of researchers comes out with a lot of correlations between
uniaxial compressive strength and point load index for intact rocks. But there is only few reported research
work in jointed rocks. So here with present study to create a equation relating uniaxial compressive strength
and point load index for for both single and double jointed rocks by varying different joint orientation(0̊, 30̊, 45̊,
60̊, 90̊) and joint roughness(Smooth, Rough & joint filled with clay). Plaster of Paris and optimum moisture
content of 38% was used as model material to prepare jointed rocks. One hundred and eighty different samples
with different joint conditions were casted and tested on both uniaxial compression test and point load index
testing machine. And the new correlation was formed using multi linear regression technique using SPSS
software. The proposed equation is compared with previous work. And proposed equation may be compared
with actual rooks like weathered limestone.
Keywords: Correlation, Joint Conditions, Joint Roughness, Point load index & Unaxial Compressive Strength
I. Introduction
In most cases foundation material will be rock for several civil and mining engineering projects. Rock
discontinuities play a major role to determine strength nature of rocks. Usually discontinuity planes in rock
offers low tensile strength compared to joint free rocks (Intact rocks). Rocks can get fail in multiple ways like
tension, compression or shear and it is mainly depends on the presence of discontinuities, distribution and
configuration of load. Engineers dealing with rock commonly use uniaxial compressive strength to design
structures resting as foundation bed on rock. Both International Society of Rock Mechanics and American
society of testing and materials given procedure for perform uniaxial compressive strength [1-2]. This above
said standardized method to determine uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) takes more time & cost on
comparing with point load index [I50]. Easy procedure makes many researchers to create different correlations
to predict unixial compressive strength using point load index [3-8]. These correlations are mainly for intact
rocks and less number work has been done for jointed rocks. Previously, N.Kabilan and M.Muttharam formed a
correlation between UCS & I50 for single jointed rocks by varying joint orientation and joint roughness [9]. So
present work is to create an equation correlating uniaxial compressive strength and point load index for both
single and double jointed rocks by varying different joint orientation (0̊, 30̊, 45̊, 60̊, 90̊) and joint
roughness(Smooth, Rough & joint filled with clay). Modeling of rocks is done, by the mixture of plaster of paris
and water. Vekinis et al. [10] says that Plaster of Paris has very good potential as model material for ceramics,
rock and cement because of its brittle, porous solid and easy to shape nature. Special equipment was created to
simulate different joint roughness conditions [11]. Finally the degree of correlation and variability test results
was analyzed statistically.
II. Research Significance
The Strength data to be made available through point load testing is used for numerical geotechnical
analysis and empirical rock mass classification like coal mine roof rating (CMRR).
III. Methodology
1. Mould and Sample Preparation:
Mould preparation is a important and difficult process in this study because of different joint
orientation and joint roughness condition. To achieve this PVC Pipe of 50 mm diameter is purchased from local
shop. To maintain length to diameter ratio as 2, the purchased 50 mm diameter pipe is cutted at a interval of 100
mm height. So by this length to diameter is maintained constant throughout the experiment. Initially
measurements of required joint orientations (0̊, 30̊, 45̊, 60̊, & 90̊) and number of joints (single & double joints
are marked in the moulds. Saw toothed blade is used to cut the marked portions in the moulds. Two Clamps
were used in upper and lower part of each mould to hold it properly. Thus finally different moulds are prepared
2. Prediction of Uniaxial Compressive Strength Using Point Load Index for Jointed Rocks
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1303050107 www.iosrjournals.org 2 | Page
for various joint conditions. This separate mould makes the sample preparation job very easier. It is not possible
to core the rock specimen for proposed different joint conditions. So combination of plaster of Paris and water
was used as a model material to bring the different joint conditions. Optimum moisture content is determined by
testing intact specimen with different water content and it was 38%. Samples are prepared by using maximum
moisture content and air voids are removed using kneading compaction technique.
2. Making Joints roughness in Specimens:
After casting, joint roughness should be created immediately along the joint orientation of the mould.
In some cases there is no enough time to make joints because of its quick hardening property. So joints should
be made as fast as possible. Slight delay leads to the situation of wasting the model material. To make this
process easier, equipment is used to make different joints roughness conditions (single joint, double joint and
joint filled with clay) is shown in Figure 1. By cutting along pre-existing joints in the prepared mould using this
equipment can get desired samples with different joint roughness condition like smooth, rough and joint filled
with bentonite clay.
Figure 1 Equipment Used To Make a Joint
3. Test Procedures:
Over 180 samples was prepared with different joint conditions like smooth joint, rough joint and joint
filled with clay for both single and double joint. Thus prepared samples were tested in both uniaxial
compressive strength and point load index as International society for rock mechanics. Flat and smooth samples
are prepared with length to diameter ratio of 2 and met the tolerance limits of 2 to 2.5. Figure 2 shows the
schematic diagram of uniaxial compressive testing machine. The point load index machine used for conducting
the experiment is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 2 Uniaxial Compressive Testing Machine
3. Prediction of Uniaxial Compressive Strength Using Point Load Index for Jointed Rocks
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1303050107 www.iosrjournals.org 3 | Page
Figure 3 Point Load Testing Machine
4. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis:
Multiple regression analysis is an advancement of simple linear regression. It gives better correlation
compared to linear regression when we want to predict the value of a variable based on the value of two or more
variables. Depended variable or criterion variable is the variable to find. When variable is used to find the value
of the dependent variable is known as independent variable. Overall fit of the model is also achieved through
multiple regression analysis. So, multi linear regression analysis by SPSS software was chosen for our
prediction. By using multiple regressions analysis a correlation is created between uniaxial compressive strength
and point load index for jointed rocks.
IV. Test Results And Discussions
1. Uniaxial Compressive Strength Test Results
The uniaxial compressive strength tested readings was reported along with mean, standard deviation,
coefficient of variation and 95% confidence interval in Table 1. These statistical parameters are determined to
check the accuracy of tested results. Both Single and double jointed Specimens with different joint roughness
conditions exhibit a lower value of uniaxial compressive during Joint orientation at 300
. This unfavorable
orientation is the weakest plane because of it less resistance against loading. Double jointed specimen offer
lesser strength value while comparing with Single joint specimen. Uniaxial compressive strength values for 900
joint orientation shows a higher value while comparing with other orientation. This is mainly due to the loading
direction is perpendicular to the plane of 900
joint orientation. On comparing the UCS of smooth joint with that
of joint filled with clay, the UCS values gets reduced about 83.8% for 300
orientation, 86.22% for 450
orientation, 49.9% for 600
orientation and 36.22% for 900
orientation .This may be due to the reduction in
friction of joint because of the plastic nature of clay filled in joint.
Table 1 Uniaxial Compressive Strength Results
Different Joint Condition Mean UCS
(Mpa)
Standard
Deviation
Coefficient of
Variation
95% Confidence
Intervals(Mpa)
00
Single Joint Rough Joint 2.61 0.055 2.10 2.55 to 2.67
Smooth Joint 2.28 0.191 8.40 2.06 to 2.49
Joint Filled 1.36 0.17 12.44 1.17 to 1.55
Double Joint Rough Joint 1.91 0.041 2.17 1.86 to 1.96
Smooth Joint 1.79 0.070 3.91 1.71 to 1.86
Joint Filled 0.96 0.045 4.77 0.9 to 1.01
300
Single Joint Rough Joint 1.46 0.035 2.39 1.42 to 1.5
Smooth Joint 1.04 0.092 8.90 0.93 to 1.14
Joint Filled 0.17 0.015 8.81 0.15 to 0.19
Double Joint Rough Joint 0.91 0.015 1.66 0.89 to 0.93
Smooth Joint 0.84 0.032 3.81 0.8 to 0.87
Joint Filled 0.16 0.020 10.82 0.14 to 0.18
450
Single Joint Rough Joint 1.72 0.052 3.07 1.66 to 1.77
Smooth Joint 1.54 0.176 11.38 1.34 to 1.74
Joint Filled 0.20 0.020 10.07 0.18 to 0.23
Double Joint Rough Joint 1.34 0.06 4.47 1.27 to 1.4
Smooth Joint 1.25 0.095 7.63 1.14 to 1.35
Joint Filled 0.17 0.010 5.88 0.15 to 0.18
4. Prediction of Uniaxial Compressive Strength Using Point Load Index for Jointed Rocks
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1303050107 www.iosrjournals.org 4 | Page
600
Single Joint
Rough Joint 2.68 0.035 1.30 2.64 to 2.72
Smooth Joint 2.33 0.208 8.92 2.09 to 2.56
Joint Filled 1.23 0.112 9.11 1.10 to 1.36
Double Joint Rough Joint 2.09 0.123 5.88 1.95 to 2.23
Smooth Joint 1.93 0.085 4.39 1.83 to 2.02
Joint Filled 0.88 0.026 3.00 0.85 to 0.90
900
Single Joint Rough Joint 3.38 0.07 2.07 3.30 to 3.46
Smooth Joint 2.92 0.157 5.38 2.74 to 3.09
Joint Filled 1.85 0.068 3.66 1.77 to 1.93
Double Joint Rough Joint 2.52 0.040 1.58 2.47 to 2.56
Smooth Joint 2.31 0.075 3.23 2.23 to 2.4
Joint Filled 1.32 0.100 7.56 1.20 to 1.43
2. Point Load Index Test Results
For the joint oriented at 900
shows a higher index value comparing with other orientation for all joint
conditions. Plane offered by 900
joint orientation is usually a strong plane. This plane act normal to the path of
loading. So it offer higher resistance index with other planes. But in the case of 00
joint orientations does not
show any resistance against loading. This is mainly because of loading path exactly coincides with the plane of
00
joint orientation. Because of the slippery nature for joint filled condition makes the specimen to offer
resistance against only for 900
joint orientations.
Table 2 Point Load Index Test Results
Different Joint Condition Mean Point Load
Index(Mpa)
Standard
Deviation
Coefficient of
Variation
95% Confidence
Intervals(Mpa)
00
Single Joint
Rough Joint - - - -
Smooth Joint - - - -
Joint Filled - - - -
Double Joint
Rough Joint - - - -
Smooth Joint - - - -
Joint Filled - - - -
300
Single Joint
Rough Joint 0.07 0.005 7.87 0.06 to 0.07
Smooth Joint 0.06 0.017 28.86 0.04 to 0.07
Joint Filled - - - -
Double Joint
Rough Joint 0.04 0.005 13.32 0.03 to 0.04
Smooth Joint 0.03 0.011 31.49 0.02 to 0.04
Joint Filled - - - -
450
Single Joint
Rough Joint 0.10 0.005 5.58 0.09 to 0.10
Smooth Joint 0.08 0.015 18.33 0.06 to 0.10
Joint Filled - - - -
Double Joint
Rough Joint 0.06 0.005 8.66 0.06 to 0.07
Smooth Joint 0.05 0.005 10.82 0.04 to 0.05
Joint Filled - - - -
600
Single Joint
Rough Joint 0.12 0.005 4.68 0.11 to 0.12
Smooth Joint 0.09 0.011 12.37 0.08 to 0.10
Joint Filled - - - -
Double Joint
Rough Joint 0.11 0.005 5.09 0.10 to 0.11
Smooth Joint 0.08 0.011 13.32 0.07 to 0.09
Joint Filled - - - -
900
Single Joint
Rough Joint 0.16 0.005 3.68 0.15 to 0.16
Smooth Joint 0.14 0.01` 8.05 0.13 to 0.15
Joint Filled 0.09 0.015 15.8 0.07 to 0.11
Double Joint
Rough Joint 0.13 0.005 4.22 0.13 to 0.14
Smooth Joint 0.11 0.01 9.09 0.09 to 0.12
Joint Filled 0.06 0.005 8.66 0.06 to 0.07
V. Analysis Of Uniaxial Compressive Strength And Point Load Index
There are two major clusters showing different trend while plotting uniaxial compressive strength
against point load index shown in figure 4. The formed two rock groups are listed in Table 3. The Predicted
equations for Group a jointed rocks and Group B jointed rocks are given below as equations (1) and (2)
respectively.
5. Prediction of Uniaxial Compressive Strength Using Point Load Index for Jointed Rocks
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1303050107 www.iosrjournals.org 5 | Page
Figure 4 Scatter Plot of Ucs Against Indirect Tension For All The Tested Joint Rocks
Table 3 Jointed Rock Groups Identified by Scatter Plot of UCS and Point Load Index
Jointed Rock Group A Jointed Rock Group B
0° , 30°and 45° Joint Orientation 60°and 90° Joint Orientation
: UCS = -8.3I50 + 2.04 J.C -0.05 J.O ≤ 45° (1)
J.C – rough – 1, smooth – 0.88, filled -0.35
: UCS = 12.11I50 + 0.4 J.C +0.7 J.O ˃ 45° (2)
J.C – rough – 1, smooth – 0.92, filled -0.35
Where,
UCS – Unconfined compressive strength
I50 - Point Load Index
J.C – Joint Condition
J.O - Joint Orientation
In Figure 5 & 6 we can check the accuracy of created equation 1& 2.
Figure 5 Predicted Ucs Vs Actual Ucs For Jointed Rock Group A
6. Prediction of Uniaxial Compressive Strength Using Point Load Index for Jointed Rocks
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1303050107 www.iosrjournals.org 6 | Page
Figure 6 predicted ucs vs actual ucs for jointed rock group b
From Figure 5 & 6, we can see the accuracy of predicted values to that of observed values. It is noticed
that jointed rock group 2 shows higher closeness value to observed value. The deviation maximum for the joint
filled with clay & oriented at 30° while predicting the values for jointed rock group 1.
VI. Regreesion STATISTICS
Regression statistics of jointed rock group 2 shows higher strength value while comparing with jointed
rock group 1. Regression statistics for group A rock and group B rock are given detailed in the Table 4. The
strength of equation is mainly concluded with the R value closeness to 1.
Table 4 Regression Statistics
S.No Name J.O. ≤ 45° J.O. ˃ 45°
1 Multiple R 0.84 0.94
2 R square 0.70 0.89
3 Adjusted R square 0.66 0.87
4 Standard Error 0.41 0.25
VII. Results And Discussion
The observed reading of point load index is substituted in proposed formula & previous formula is
listed in Table 5. It is noticed that proposed formula for joint orientation greater than 45˚ shows a close
matching of predicted value with observed value irrespective of different joint conditions. But in the case of
joint orientation lesser than 45˚ shows only a fair prediction of UCS. While increasing joint conditions like
double joint makes the equation (1) as stronger than previous proposed equation but it is not much effective for
equation (2). This is mainly because of missing values in point load index.
Table 5 Comparison of Predicted UCS with Observed UCS
No *Sample
type
Observed
I50(MPa)
Observed
UCS(MPa)
Predicted UCS (MPa) N.Kabilan and
Muttharam 2015 [9]
UCS(MPa) by
Proposed Formula
1 S-0˚-R 0 2.61 2.4 1.99
2 S-30˚-R 0.07 1.46 1.47 1.40
3 S-45˚-R 0.10 1.72 1.08 1.16
4 S-60˚-R 0.12 2.68 1.87 2.55
5 S-90˚-R 0.16 3.36 2.11 3.03
6 S-0˚-S 0 2.28 2.02 1.78
7 S-30˚-S 0.06 1.04 1.23 1.28
8 S-45˚-S 0.08 1.54 0.96 1.12
9 S-60˚-S 0.09 2.33 1.50 2.14
10 S-90˚-S 0.14 2.92 1.80 2.75
11 S-0˚-JF 0 1.36 0.76 0.66
12 S-30˚-JF 0 0.17 0.76 0.66
13 S-45˚-JF 0 0.20 0.76 0.66
14 S-60˚-JF 0 1.23 0.31 0.84
15 S-90˚-JF 0.09 1.85 0.86 1.92
16 D-0˚-R 0 1.91 2.4 1.99
17 D-30˚-R 0.04 0.91 1.87 1.65
7. Prediction of Uniaxial Compressive Strength Using Point Load Index for Jointed Rocks
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1303050107 www.iosrjournals.org 7 | Page
18 D-45˚-R 0.06 1.34 1.61 1.49
19 D-60˚-R 0.11 2.09 1.81 2.43
20 D-90˚-R 0.13 2.52 1.93 2.67
21 D-0˚-S 0 1.79 2.02 1.78
22 D-30˚-S 0.03 0.84 1.62 1.53
23 D-45˚-S 0.05 1.25 1.36 1.37
24 D-60˚-S 0.08 1.93 1.44 2.02
25 D-90˚-S 0.11 2.31 1.62 2.39
26 D-0˚-JF 0 0.96 0.76 0.66
27 D-30˚-JF 0 0.16 0.76 0.66
28 D-45˚-JF 0 0.17 0.76 0.66
29 D-60˚-JF 0 0.88 0.31 0.84
30 D-90˚-JF 0.06 1.32 0.68 1.56
*
S – 0˚ - R = Single Joint – 0˚ Joint orientation – Rough joint condition
S – 45˚ - S = Single Joint– 45˚ Joint orientation – Smooth joint condition
S – 90˚ - JF = Single Joint– 90˚ Joint orientation – Joint filled condition
D – 60˚ - R = Double Joint – 60˚ Joint orientation – Rough joint condition
D – 30˚ - S = Double Joint– 30˚ Joint orientation – Smooth joint condition
D – 90˚ - JF= Double Joint– 90˚ Joint orientation – Joint filled condition
VIII. Conclusion
The unconfined compressive strength tests and point load index were carried out on various joint
orientations with different joint condition. And the following conclusions have been made.
1. From the Laboratory results, a new correlation was proposed for predicting UCS of jointed rocks specimens
from point load index test.
2. Through a review on previous correlation for jointed rocks, it was observed that the proposed equation for
joint orientation greater than 45˚ shows good prediction. But the equation is not effective for joint orientation
less than 45˚.
3. The proposed correlation for “Simulate jointed rocks”, study may be possible to compare actual rocks like
weathered limestone.
4. In future we can create the correlation through Artificial Neural Network. By this we can predict the missing
values in point load index for jointed rocks.
References
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[2]. E. Broch, and J.Franklin, J. Rock Mech. Min.Sci, 9(6), 1972, 669-697.
[3]. M.Akram and M.Z.A Bakar, Correlation between Uniaxial Compressive Strengt And Point Load Index For Salt-Range Rocks, pak.
J. Engg. &Appl.Sci, 1, 2007, 1-8.
[4]. R.Farah, Correlations Between Index Properties and Unconfined Compressive Strength of Weathered Ocala Limestone, UNF
Theses and Dissertations, 2011, 142.
[5]. Zuhair Kadhim Jahanger and Azad Abbas Ahmed, Correlation Between Point Load Index and Very Low Uniaaill Compressive
Strength of Some Iraqi Rocks, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7, 2013, 216-229.
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Compressive Strength of Rocks:A Review Paper, Journal Technology, 2015, 43-50
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Scientific Research and Essay, 5(16), 2017-2118.
[9]. N.Kabilan and M.Muttharam, Correlation between Uniaxial Compression strength and point load index for jointed rocks,
International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, 8(2), 2015, 542-546.
[10]. Vekinis G, Ashby M.F and Beaumont W.R, Plaster of paris as a model material for brittle porous solids, Journal of material science,
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[11]. Mahendra Singh and Bhawani Singh, Laboratory and Numerical Modelling of a Jointed Rock mass, The 12th
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