Prof G.K.Pradhan successfully demonstrted the use of empty plastic bottles in explosives column during blasting. Resulted is savings in blasting cost and immense benefits attached environmental problems.
IRJET- Effects of Excavation-Geometry on Blast- Geometry with Reference t...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effects of excavation geometry on blast geometry with reference to blast hole diameter and bench height. It analyzes data collected from coal mines in India to investigate the relationship between these factors and develop a new multiple regression model. The study finds that blast hole depth and spacing are statistically significant predictors of hole diameter. While burden is included in the final model, its impact is less significant. The regression model can help mining professionals accurately design blasting operations.
An Investigation of the Interlayer Adhesion Strength in Deeper Layers of the ...AM Publications
A road pavement structure is typically composed of different layers arranged one on top of the other, all supported by a natural or improved subgrade. The main purpose of this configuration is to provide the most effective structure with adequate potential to spread traffic loading from the surface to the subgrade with minimum damage. In spite of material properties and construction techniques, researchers have shown that the overall pavement performance is significantly influenced by the interlayer adhesion condition throughout the pavement structure ([8], [11], [21], [22]). Lack of intimate contact between layers results in them acting as individuals rather than as a thick bonded unit. This therefore induces overloading of layers which leads to premature deterioration of the entire structure due to traffic induced distresses. This work, therefore investigated the interlayer adhesion characteristics between the granular base and the lightly cemented subbase of a typical South African pavement structure. The influence of bonding condition on the overall pavement performance was also studied. A series of interlayer direct shear tests was run on 300 x 300 mm samples made of two layers: a 100mm G2 Granular Base (GB) compacted on top of the 100mm Cement Treated Subbase (CTSB) composed of a G5 material stabilised with 1.8% of cement. Effects of the CTSB scarification, normal pressure and moisture conditions were analysed whereby the results of the interlayer strength tests were compared with those of intra-layer strength tests. The comparative analysis showed that scarifying the CTSB before laying the GB enhances intimate contact between two layers and stimulates the unison interaction which, according to structural modelling results, improves the overall pavement performance.
Fatigue Study of Ijuk-Aren Interaction on Soil Cement Pavement Model for Elas...AM Publications
This document summarizes a study that examined the fatigue behavior of soil-cement mixtures with palm fiber reinforcement as a pavement material. Laboratory tests were conducted on sandy clay soil stabilized with 6% cement and 0% or 0.5% palm fibers by dry weight of soil. Repeated load testing was performed and resilient modulus and microstructural observations were analyzed. The results showed that 0.5% palm fiber reinforcement increased the resilient modulus degradation by 6.5% after 28 days. Microstructural observations indicated cement hydration bound soil particles and covered the surface of palm fibers, improving the strength of the soil-cement mixture. The fiber reinforcement improved the strength and longevity of the soil-cement pavement material.
This document analyzes the use of geotextile reinforcement in road embankments built on soft soil using the PLAXIS 2D finite element method. Three analyses were conducted: 1) stability without reinforcement, 2) determining optimal reinforcement length, and 3) stability with varying tensile strengths of geotextile reinforcement. The results showed that factor of safety increased with higher tensile strength up to an optimum value of 600 kN/m. Displacement along the base was also reduced but did not significantly impact the optimum strength determination. The study concluded the optimum tensile strength is influenced by achieving sufficient factor of safety for embankment stability.
This study evaluated the use of stone dust to stabilize soil for road construction. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples with varying percentages of stone dust added. The optimum stone dust content was found to be 30% based on compaction and CBR tests. Pavement thickness designs were calculated for unstabilized soil and soil stabilized with 30% stone dust according to Indian code specifications. The results showed that using stone dust to stabilize the soil reduced the required pavement thickness by about 115 mm or 18%, which could provide substantial cost savings for road construction.
Effect of Stone Dust On Some Geotechnical properties Of SoilIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the effect of adding stone dust on some geotechnical properties of soil. Laboratory tests were conducted by mixing stone dust with soil at percentages of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by dry weight. The results showed that:
1) Maximum dry density of the soil increased with higher stone dust content while optimum moisture content decreased.
2) CBR value initially increased with up to 30% stone dust but then decreased at higher percentages.
3) Specific gravity first increased and then decreased with varying stone dust content, with 30% being optimal.
4) In conclusion, adding 30% stone dust improved soil properties like CBR and density the most.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the compressive behavior of rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam at strain rates up to 200 s-1. Tests were conducted on PVC foam samples with densities ranging from 45 to 200 kg/m3 in directions parallel and perpendicular to the foam's rise direction. Both quasi-static and dynamic compression tests were performed using a customized drop tower device. The results showed that strain rate effects were observed at higher densities when loading in the foam rise direction, with increased compressive strength and plateau stress at higher strain rates. However, no significant strain rate effect was observed when loading perpendicular to the foam rise direction. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that plastic hinges were the primary deformation
The document summarizes a study that used a direct shear box test to determine the shear strength characteristics of rockfill material from the Beas River in India. Rockfill samples of varying particle sizes from 1-12.5 mm were tested under normal pressures from 1-2 kg/cm2. The results showed that shear strength, as indicated by the angle of shearing resistance, increased as particle size decreased at a given void ratio. However, shear stress generally decreased with increasing particle size. A direct shear box with internal dimensions of 30x30x12 cm was used to test the rockfill samples based on standard methodologies for such tests.
IRJET- Effects of Excavation-Geometry on Blast- Geometry with Reference t...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effects of excavation geometry on blast geometry with reference to blast hole diameter and bench height. It analyzes data collected from coal mines in India to investigate the relationship between these factors and develop a new multiple regression model. The study finds that blast hole depth and spacing are statistically significant predictors of hole diameter. While burden is included in the final model, its impact is less significant. The regression model can help mining professionals accurately design blasting operations.
An Investigation of the Interlayer Adhesion Strength in Deeper Layers of the ...AM Publications
A road pavement structure is typically composed of different layers arranged one on top of the other, all supported by a natural or improved subgrade. The main purpose of this configuration is to provide the most effective structure with adequate potential to spread traffic loading from the surface to the subgrade with minimum damage. In spite of material properties and construction techniques, researchers have shown that the overall pavement performance is significantly influenced by the interlayer adhesion condition throughout the pavement structure ([8], [11], [21], [22]). Lack of intimate contact between layers results in them acting as individuals rather than as a thick bonded unit. This therefore induces overloading of layers which leads to premature deterioration of the entire structure due to traffic induced distresses. This work, therefore investigated the interlayer adhesion characteristics between the granular base and the lightly cemented subbase of a typical South African pavement structure. The influence of bonding condition on the overall pavement performance was also studied. A series of interlayer direct shear tests was run on 300 x 300 mm samples made of two layers: a 100mm G2 Granular Base (GB) compacted on top of the 100mm Cement Treated Subbase (CTSB) composed of a G5 material stabilised with 1.8% of cement. Effects of the CTSB scarification, normal pressure and moisture conditions were analysed whereby the results of the interlayer strength tests were compared with those of intra-layer strength tests. The comparative analysis showed that scarifying the CTSB before laying the GB enhances intimate contact between two layers and stimulates the unison interaction which, according to structural modelling results, improves the overall pavement performance.
Fatigue Study of Ijuk-Aren Interaction on Soil Cement Pavement Model for Elas...AM Publications
This document summarizes a study that examined the fatigue behavior of soil-cement mixtures with palm fiber reinforcement as a pavement material. Laboratory tests were conducted on sandy clay soil stabilized with 6% cement and 0% or 0.5% palm fibers by dry weight of soil. Repeated load testing was performed and resilient modulus and microstructural observations were analyzed. The results showed that 0.5% palm fiber reinforcement increased the resilient modulus degradation by 6.5% after 28 days. Microstructural observations indicated cement hydration bound soil particles and covered the surface of palm fibers, improving the strength of the soil-cement mixture. The fiber reinforcement improved the strength and longevity of the soil-cement pavement material.
This document analyzes the use of geotextile reinforcement in road embankments built on soft soil using the PLAXIS 2D finite element method. Three analyses were conducted: 1) stability without reinforcement, 2) determining optimal reinforcement length, and 3) stability with varying tensile strengths of geotextile reinforcement. The results showed that factor of safety increased with higher tensile strength up to an optimum value of 600 kN/m. Displacement along the base was also reduced but did not significantly impact the optimum strength determination. The study concluded the optimum tensile strength is influenced by achieving sufficient factor of safety for embankment stability.
This study evaluated the use of stone dust to stabilize soil for road construction. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples with varying percentages of stone dust added. The optimum stone dust content was found to be 30% based on compaction and CBR tests. Pavement thickness designs were calculated for unstabilized soil and soil stabilized with 30% stone dust according to Indian code specifications. The results showed that using stone dust to stabilize the soil reduced the required pavement thickness by about 115 mm or 18%, which could provide substantial cost savings for road construction.
Effect of Stone Dust On Some Geotechnical properties Of SoilIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the effect of adding stone dust on some geotechnical properties of soil. Laboratory tests were conducted by mixing stone dust with soil at percentages of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by dry weight. The results showed that:
1) Maximum dry density of the soil increased with higher stone dust content while optimum moisture content decreased.
2) CBR value initially increased with up to 30% stone dust but then decreased at higher percentages.
3) Specific gravity first increased and then decreased with varying stone dust content, with 30% being optimal.
4) In conclusion, adding 30% stone dust improved soil properties like CBR and density the most.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the compressive behavior of rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam at strain rates up to 200 s-1. Tests were conducted on PVC foam samples with densities ranging from 45 to 200 kg/m3 in directions parallel and perpendicular to the foam's rise direction. Both quasi-static and dynamic compression tests were performed using a customized drop tower device. The results showed that strain rate effects were observed at higher densities when loading in the foam rise direction, with increased compressive strength and plateau stress at higher strain rates. However, no significant strain rate effect was observed when loading perpendicular to the foam rise direction. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that plastic hinges were the primary deformation
The document summarizes a study that used a direct shear box test to determine the shear strength characteristics of rockfill material from the Beas River in India. Rockfill samples of varying particle sizes from 1-12.5 mm were tested under normal pressures from 1-2 kg/cm2. The results showed that shear strength, as indicated by the angle of shearing resistance, increased as particle size decreased at a given void ratio. However, shear stress generally decreased with increasing particle size. A direct shear box with internal dimensions of 30x30x12 cm was used to test the rockfill samples based on standard methodologies for such tests.
This document presents a non-polynomial framework for analyzing the bending behavior of multi-scale hybrid laminated nanocomposite (MHLNC) reinforced circular and annular plates under different boundary conditions and external pressures. The key points are:
- A state-space based differential quadrature method is used to examine the bending of MHLNC reinforced circular/annular plates considering various boundary conditions.
- Halpin-Tsai equations and fiber micromechanics are used to predict the effective material properties of the multi-scale composite at different hierarchical levels.
- A parametric study is conducted to analyze the effects of laminate stacking, plate type, and pressure type on the bending characteristics and stress-strain response
Improving the Properties of Self-compacted Concrete with Using Combined Silic...Pouyan Fakharian
The viscosity is the main property of self- compacted concrete (SCC) and using of pozzolan material such as metakaolin (MK) and Silica fume (SF) can help to achieve that goal. The effect of simultaneous substitution of MK and SF instead of cement on the rheological and mechanical properties of self-compacted concrete was experimentally investigated in this paper. Seventeen mix designs were cast with a substitution weight percentage (5, 10, 15, 20 %) in water to adhesive material ratio equal 0.32. All mixes were examined by compressive, tensile strengths and water absorption tests with an appropriate fluidity, without having signs of segregation or instability. The test results were indicated that the SCC mixes containing MK and SF had higher compressive and tensile strengths in comparison with no-pozzolan concrete. The comparison of linear multiple regression techniques (LMRT) and nonlinear multiple regression technique outputs with experimental results showed an appropriate similarity.
This document presents a study that aims to develop correlations between uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and point load index (I50) for single and double jointed rocks. Over 180 plaster samples were prepared with different joint conditions like orientation, roughness, and number of joints. Samples were tested for UCS and I50. Statistical analysis identified two groups of jointed rocks that showed different trends between UCS and I50. Multiple linear regression was used to develop new correlation equations for each group to predict UCS from I50 for jointed rocks. The proposed equations were compared to previous studies and may be applied to actual rocks like weathered limestone.
LABORATORY MODEL TESTS TO EFFECT OF DENSITY TO FILL MATERIAL ON THE PERFORMAN...IAEME Publication
The effective functioning of reinforced earth structures is very much dependent on the quality of materials and construction. Many times, due to poor quality of the materials used and poor quality control measures exercised, the density of the reinforced soil fill is not up to the design requirements, leading to underperformance or distress of the reinforced soil walls. Therefore, it becomes necessary to evaluate the level of underperformance vis-à-vis that of relative compaction. In view of this, in the present study, a series of laboratory experiments were carried out on a model soil wall of 300 mm high with vertical face, prepared at different density states of 95%, 80% and 70% of MDD of IS HCT. The wall was subjected to monotonic load applied through a model square footing of size (B) equal to 50 mm on the surface at an offset distance of 1(B). Similar tests were carried out on the soil wall reinforced with a Woven Geotextile in wrap around form; to study the effect of density on the performance of reinforced soil wall. The results indicated proportionality between relative compaction level and performance of soil wall without and with reinforcement.
Efficacy of overlying coarse aggregate and geosynthetic separator on cbr valu...eSAT Journals
Abstract Soft subgrade soil poses challenge for construction of pavements. These soft subgrade soils have a tendency to absorb high moisture content and exhibit high compressibility. Under loads. Because of which the life of pavement constructed over these is highly suffered. Among notable properties plasticity index is a reliable property as listed in literature for identifying these soft soil and nature of compressibility. Soil stabilization is one of the techniques listed in literature for improving these soft soils. Often the stabilization suffers due to high cost particularly improving deep deposits of soft soil and time consuming. . Providing stiff layer with gravelly soil can solve the problem to majority extent. These gravelly layer of soils bear the load and distribute through arch action, to, minimize the stresses to soft soil. .However the efficiency of these gravely layer depends on their relative thickness and prevention from mixing with soft subsoil. This paper discusses the efficacy of overlying aggregate to improve CBR values of soft subgrade in the presence of separator geotextile. The thickness of aggregate is varied and expressed by Hr (a fraction to soil thickness given as Ha/Hs.). Laboratory CBR tests are conducted on four subgrade types with varying in plasticity & fines content overlying with gravelly aggregate with Hr varied from 0, to 0.5 in increments of 0.1.It is observed that PI, Hr and fines content effect CBR. The influence is more pronounced with Plasticity and percent fines. Also the increase (%) is marginal for samples with high Hr. The problem of mixing of aggregate with soft soil tested without separator is more with Hr. Keywords: Plasticity index, CBR value, Separator geotextile, Subgrade, CBR
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Model studies on footing beam resting on geogrid reinforced soil bedAlexander Decker
This document describes a 2D finite element analysis of a square footing resting on a geogrid-reinforced soil bed consisting of an upper compacted soil layer and lower loose soil layer. The analysis models different geogrid materials and placement depths to optimize geogrid performance. It is found that geogrid reinforcement significantly reduces settlement, contact pressure, and elastic strain compared to an unreinforced system. Polypropylene geogrid provides the best reinforcement, with settlement reduced over 90% and contact pressure and strain reduced over 80%. Optimal geogrid placement is immediately below the footing, and increased thickness up to a ratio of 1 offers marginal additional benefits beyond a ratio of 0.5.
Predicting Resilient Modulus of Clayey Subgrade Soils by Means of Cone Penetr...Pouyan Fakharian
Resilient modulus (Mr) of subgrade soils is considered as one of the most important factors for designing flexible pavements using empirical methods as well as mechanistic-empirical methods. The resilient modulus is commonly measured by a dynamic triaxial loading test, which is complex and expensive. In this research, back-propagation artificial neural network method has been employed to model the resilient modulus of clayey subgrade soils based on the results of the cone penetration test. The prediction of the resilient modulus of clayey subgrade soil can be possible through the developed neural network based on the parameters of the cone tip resistance (qc), sleeve friction (fs), moisture content (w), and dry density (γd). The results of the present study show that the coefficients of determination (R2) for training and testing sets are 0.9837 and 0.9757, respectively. According to the sensitivity analysis results, the moisture content is the least important parameter to predict the resilient modulus of clayey subgrade soils, while the importance of other parameters is almost the same. In this study, the effect of different parameters on the resilient modulus of clayey subgrade soil was evaluated using parametric analysis and it was found that with increasing the cone tip resistance (qc), the sleeve friction (fs) and the dry density (γd) and also with decreasing the moisture content (w) of soils, the resilient modulus of clayey subgrade soils increases.
The document discusses the use of computed tomography (CT) scanning to analyze the pore structure of rocks. CT scanning allows the internal density distribution of materials to be detected. Researchers have used CT scanning to observe pore morphology, fractures, and changes in rock microstructure under loading. The document focuses on using digital image processing and fractal theory to analyze CT images of rock samples and characterize pore structure. Specifically, it examines calculating the fractal dimension directly from gray-scale CT images to quantify the complexity and self-similarity of pore distributions, avoiding errors from binarizing images. Nine rock samples with different pore ratios were CT scanned at high resolution and their fractal dimensions were computed and compared.
Properties of the cake layer in the ultrafiltration of polydisperse colloidal...eSAT Publishing House
The document discusses a study analyzing the properties of cake layers formed during ultrafiltration of polydisperse silica colloid dispersions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to analyze fouled membranes and directly compare the particle arrangement and average thickness of cake layers formed under different conditions. Results from SEM and AFM analysis corresponded in terms of particle arrangement and average cake thickness. A resistance model was used to estimate specific cake resistance from filtration rate and cake layer thickness analysis via SEM.
Properties of the cake layer in the ultrafiltration of polydisperse colloidal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The properties of the cake layer formed during the ultrafiltration of polydisperse silica colloid using the Karman Cozeny equation have been studied and are compared to the experimental results obtained from SEM and AFM analysis. AFM analysis is used to give a direct comparison to SEM analysis in order to give a better understanding of the cake properties formed at different compositions and different pH’s. The trend of the filtration rate of binary mixtures of silica particles (W30 and X30) were analysed and correlated to the results of the specific resistance obtained from SEM analysis. The study involves analysing the fouled membrane from the top view and from the cross sectional view. This present work has found that results from the SEM and AFM analysis corresponded to each other in terms of particle arrangement and the average cake thickness. Keywords: polydisperse; cake resistance, colloidal -interaction
An increase in bone-implant contact and an increase in surface hydrophilicity are the two important factors involved in
improving osseointegration. Therefore, three-dimensional elliptical vibration turning method is applied to increase the
hydrophilicity of titanium surface by the generation of hierarchical nano- and micro-textures. That being the case, face
turning process at different cutting conditions is carried out in this research. Surface roughness and the contact angle of
water drops with machined surfaces were selected to be measured for the analysis of surface hydrophilicity. The results
show that an additional surface area can be achieved by the generation of micro- or nano-textures, resulting in a lower
contact angle. Furthermore, intermittent movement of cutting tool in vibration cutting causes the process to be more
stable, achieving the desired range of surface roughness.
1. The document analyzes embankments supported by stone columns with and without geosynthetic encasement using finite element modeling.
2. Parameters like stone column diameter, length-to-diameter ratio, encasement stiffness, and undrained shear strength were varied to analyze their effects.
3. The results show that encasing stone columns with geosynthetics significantly reduces settlement and lateral displacement of the embankment compared to unencased stone columns. Increasing stone column diameter and undrained shear strength also reduces displacement.
The document discusses the compression behavior of natural soils from Tirupati, India. One-dimensional compression tests were conducted on soil samples from 8 locations to analyze their compression index before and after yield. The results show that natural soils initially exhibit stiff behavior up to a yield stress value, after which greater compression occurs. When void ratio is plotted against log pressure, the compression behavior of natural soils is located on the left of the normal compression line, similar to overconsolidated soils, and merges with the line at higher stresses. This indicates that the normal compression line represents the state boundary for natural soils. Analysis of compression indices before and after yield can help understand soil settlement behavior under loading.
Shear Strength Prediction of Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Using ANN, GMDH-N...Pouyan Fakharian
To provide lateral resistance in structures as well as buildings, there are some types of structural systems such as shear walls. The utilization of lateral loads occurs on a plate on the wall's vertical dimension. Conventionally, these sorts of loads are transferred to the wall collectors. There is a significant resistance between concrete shear walls and lateral seismic loading. To guarantee the building's seismic security, the shear strength of the walls has to be prognosticated by using models. This paper aims to predict shear strength by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Neural Network-Based Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH-NN), and Gene Expression Programming (GEP). The concrete's compressive strength, the yield strength of transverse reinforcement, the yield strength of vertical reinforcement, the axial load, the aspect ratio of the dimensions, the wall length, the thickness of the reinforced concrete shear wall, the transverse reinforcement ratio, and the vertical reinforcement ratio are the input parameters for the neural network model. And the shear strength of the reinforced concrete shear wall is considered as the target parameter of the ANN model. The results validate the capability of the models predicted by ANN, GMDH-NN, and GEP, which are suitable for use as a tool for predicting the shear strength of concrete shear walls with high accuracy.
Framework for assessment of shear strength parameters ofIAEME Publication
This document discusses a framework for assessing the shear strength parameters of residual tropical soils. It begins by providing background on shear strength and how it is typically measured through laboratory tests like direct shear tests and triaxial tests. However, these tests have limitations in simulating field conditions. The objective of the paper is then presented - to develop a phenomenological model to predict shear strength parameters from index properties that are easier to measure, like liquid limit and maximum dry density. This could provide a way to rapidly estimate shear strength when traditional testing methods are not available or feasible. The paper reviews previous studies on correlating index properties with shear strength and predicting unsaturated soil strength. It then discusses soil state and volumetric strain, and defines bulk modulus as
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental estimate of ultimate bearing capacity and settlement for rectangIAEME Publication
The document summarizes experimental tests conducted to estimate the ultimate bearing capacity and settlement of rectangular footings on sand. Laboratory model tests were performed on footings with varying sizes (100mm x 125mm, 100mm x 150mm, etc.) and a constant depth of sand cushion below the footing of 900mm. The tests measured how loading intensity affected settlement. Log-load vs log-settlement curves were plotted from the results, and the point of intersection was used to determine ultimate bearing capacity and corresponding settlement. Bearing capacity factors were computed and compared to theoretical values. The tests found that as footing size increased, ultimate bearing capacity and settlement values also increased, while the bearing capacity factor decreased.
2.evaluation of crack propagation phenomenon in bituminous mixEditorJST
Crack propagation was experimentally simulated using semicircular specimen with a crack initiated on one side. The work shows that the rate of crack propagation can be described by a power relationship between the stiffness of the mixture and the number of cycles to failure, which is mixture and binder dependent.
mine dump on seismic load and introduction of geogrid preview Joydeep Atta
1) The document discusses the use of numerical modeling to analyze the stability of overburden dump slopes in open cast mines under blast loading and seismic excitation, with and without the use of geogrid reinforcement.
2) Laboratory tests are proposed to determine material properties of the dump material and geogrid, which will be inputs for the numerical model in PLAXIS.
3) The numerical model will analyze the factor of safety of slopes under dynamic loading conditions and with geogrid to see how it increases stability and allows steeper slopes.
Wall control blasting practices at ksladag gold mineAlan Monzon
This document summarizes wall control blasting practices at the Kisladag Gold Mine in Turkey. It describes the benchmark presplit and trim blast designs used, which generally produced high quality pit walls with minimal crest loss. However, a minor slope failure occurred, prompting an evaluation. Modified designs were implemented, including 10m benches at a 70° slope and changes to presplit and trim designs. These minimized crest loss to less than 1.5m. A heat map of crest loss for the entire pit was also prepared based on lithology and rock structure to further improve wall stability.
This document presents a non-polynomial framework for analyzing the bending behavior of multi-scale hybrid laminated nanocomposite (MHLNC) reinforced circular and annular plates under different boundary conditions and external pressures. The key points are:
- A state-space based differential quadrature method is used to examine the bending of MHLNC reinforced circular/annular plates considering various boundary conditions.
- Halpin-Tsai equations and fiber micromechanics are used to predict the effective material properties of the multi-scale composite at different hierarchical levels.
- A parametric study is conducted to analyze the effects of laminate stacking, plate type, and pressure type on the bending characteristics and stress-strain response
Improving the Properties of Self-compacted Concrete with Using Combined Silic...Pouyan Fakharian
The viscosity is the main property of self- compacted concrete (SCC) and using of pozzolan material such as metakaolin (MK) and Silica fume (SF) can help to achieve that goal. The effect of simultaneous substitution of MK and SF instead of cement on the rheological and mechanical properties of self-compacted concrete was experimentally investigated in this paper. Seventeen mix designs were cast with a substitution weight percentage (5, 10, 15, 20 %) in water to adhesive material ratio equal 0.32. All mixes were examined by compressive, tensile strengths and water absorption tests with an appropriate fluidity, without having signs of segregation or instability. The test results were indicated that the SCC mixes containing MK and SF had higher compressive and tensile strengths in comparison with no-pozzolan concrete. The comparison of linear multiple regression techniques (LMRT) and nonlinear multiple regression technique outputs with experimental results showed an appropriate similarity.
This document presents a study that aims to develop correlations between uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and point load index (I50) for single and double jointed rocks. Over 180 plaster samples were prepared with different joint conditions like orientation, roughness, and number of joints. Samples were tested for UCS and I50. Statistical analysis identified two groups of jointed rocks that showed different trends between UCS and I50. Multiple linear regression was used to develop new correlation equations for each group to predict UCS from I50 for jointed rocks. The proposed equations were compared to previous studies and may be applied to actual rocks like weathered limestone.
LABORATORY MODEL TESTS TO EFFECT OF DENSITY TO FILL MATERIAL ON THE PERFORMAN...IAEME Publication
The effective functioning of reinforced earth structures is very much dependent on the quality of materials and construction. Many times, due to poor quality of the materials used and poor quality control measures exercised, the density of the reinforced soil fill is not up to the design requirements, leading to underperformance or distress of the reinforced soil walls. Therefore, it becomes necessary to evaluate the level of underperformance vis-à-vis that of relative compaction. In view of this, in the present study, a series of laboratory experiments were carried out on a model soil wall of 300 mm high with vertical face, prepared at different density states of 95%, 80% and 70% of MDD of IS HCT. The wall was subjected to monotonic load applied through a model square footing of size (B) equal to 50 mm on the surface at an offset distance of 1(B). Similar tests were carried out on the soil wall reinforced with a Woven Geotextile in wrap around form; to study the effect of density on the performance of reinforced soil wall. The results indicated proportionality between relative compaction level and performance of soil wall without and with reinforcement.
Efficacy of overlying coarse aggregate and geosynthetic separator on cbr valu...eSAT Journals
Abstract Soft subgrade soil poses challenge for construction of pavements. These soft subgrade soils have a tendency to absorb high moisture content and exhibit high compressibility. Under loads. Because of which the life of pavement constructed over these is highly suffered. Among notable properties plasticity index is a reliable property as listed in literature for identifying these soft soil and nature of compressibility. Soil stabilization is one of the techniques listed in literature for improving these soft soils. Often the stabilization suffers due to high cost particularly improving deep deposits of soft soil and time consuming. . Providing stiff layer with gravelly soil can solve the problem to majority extent. These gravelly layer of soils bear the load and distribute through arch action, to, minimize the stresses to soft soil. .However the efficiency of these gravely layer depends on their relative thickness and prevention from mixing with soft subsoil. This paper discusses the efficacy of overlying aggregate to improve CBR values of soft subgrade in the presence of separator geotextile. The thickness of aggregate is varied and expressed by Hr (a fraction to soil thickness given as Ha/Hs.). Laboratory CBR tests are conducted on four subgrade types with varying in plasticity & fines content overlying with gravelly aggregate with Hr varied from 0, to 0.5 in increments of 0.1.It is observed that PI, Hr and fines content effect CBR. The influence is more pronounced with Plasticity and percent fines. Also the increase (%) is marginal for samples with high Hr. The problem of mixing of aggregate with soft soil tested without separator is more with Hr. Keywords: Plasticity index, CBR value, Separator geotextile, Subgrade, CBR
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Model studies on footing beam resting on geogrid reinforced soil bedAlexander Decker
This document describes a 2D finite element analysis of a square footing resting on a geogrid-reinforced soil bed consisting of an upper compacted soil layer and lower loose soil layer. The analysis models different geogrid materials and placement depths to optimize geogrid performance. It is found that geogrid reinforcement significantly reduces settlement, contact pressure, and elastic strain compared to an unreinforced system. Polypropylene geogrid provides the best reinforcement, with settlement reduced over 90% and contact pressure and strain reduced over 80%. Optimal geogrid placement is immediately below the footing, and increased thickness up to a ratio of 1 offers marginal additional benefits beyond a ratio of 0.5.
Predicting Resilient Modulus of Clayey Subgrade Soils by Means of Cone Penetr...Pouyan Fakharian
Resilient modulus (Mr) of subgrade soils is considered as one of the most important factors for designing flexible pavements using empirical methods as well as mechanistic-empirical methods. The resilient modulus is commonly measured by a dynamic triaxial loading test, which is complex and expensive. In this research, back-propagation artificial neural network method has been employed to model the resilient modulus of clayey subgrade soils based on the results of the cone penetration test. The prediction of the resilient modulus of clayey subgrade soil can be possible through the developed neural network based on the parameters of the cone tip resistance (qc), sleeve friction (fs), moisture content (w), and dry density (γd). The results of the present study show that the coefficients of determination (R2) for training and testing sets are 0.9837 and 0.9757, respectively. According to the sensitivity analysis results, the moisture content is the least important parameter to predict the resilient modulus of clayey subgrade soils, while the importance of other parameters is almost the same. In this study, the effect of different parameters on the resilient modulus of clayey subgrade soil was evaluated using parametric analysis and it was found that with increasing the cone tip resistance (qc), the sleeve friction (fs) and the dry density (γd) and also with decreasing the moisture content (w) of soils, the resilient modulus of clayey subgrade soils increases.
The document discusses the use of computed tomography (CT) scanning to analyze the pore structure of rocks. CT scanning allows the internal density distribution of materials to be detected. Researchers have used CT scanning to observe pore morphology, fractures, and changes in rock microstructure under loading. The document focuses on using digital image processing and fractal theory to analyze CT images of rock samples and characterize pore structure. Specifically, it examines calculating the fractal dimension directly from gray-scale CT images to quantify the complexity and self-similarity of pore distributions, avoiding errors from binarizing images. Nine rock samples with different pore ratios were CT scanned at high resolution and their fractal dimensions were computed and compared.
Properties of the cake layer in the ultrafiltration of polydisperse colloidal...eSAT Publishing House
The document discusses a study analyzing the properties of cake layers formed during ultrafiltration of polydisperse silica colloid dispersions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to analyze fouled membranes and directly compare the particle arrangement and average thickness of cake layers formed under different conditions. Results from SEM and AFM analysis corresponded in terms of particle arrangement and average cake thickness. A resistance model was used to estimate specific cake resistance from filtration rate and cake layer thickness analysis via SEM.
Properties of the cake layer in the ultrafiltration of polydisperse colloidal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The properties of the cake layer formed during the ultrafiltration of polydisperse silica colloid using the Karman Cozeny equation have been studied and are compared to the experimental results obtained from SEM and AFM analysis. AFM analysis is used to give a direct comparison to SEM analysis in order to give a better understanding of the cake properties formed at different compositions and different pH’s. The trend of the filtration rate of binary mixtures of silica particles (W30 and X30) were analysed and correlated to the results of the specific resistance obtained from SEM analysis. The study involves analysing the fouled membrane from the top view and from the cross sectional view. This present work has found that results from the SEM and AFM analysis corresponded to each other in terms of particle arrangement and the average cake thickness. Keywords: polydisperse; cake resistance, colloidal -interaction
An increase in bone-implant contact and an increase in surface hydrophilicity are the two important factors involved in
improving osseointegration. Therefore, three-dimensional elliptical vibration turning method is applied to increase the
hydrophilicity of titanium surface by the generation of hierarchical nano- and micro-textures. That being the case, face
turning process at different cutting conditions is carried out in this research. Surface roughness and the contact angle of
water drops with machined surfaces were selected to be measured for the analysis of surface hydrophilicity. The results
show that an additional surface area can be achieved by the generation of micro- or nano-textures, resulting in a lower
contact angle. Furthermore, intermittent movement of cutting tool in vibration cutting causes the process to be more
stable, achieving the desired range of surface roughness.
1. The document analyzes embankments supported by stone columns with and without geosynthetic encasement using finite element modeling.
2. Parameters like stone column diameter, length-to-diameter ratio, encasement stiffness, and undrained shear strength were varied to analyze their effects.
3. The results show that encasing stone columns with geosynthetics significantly reduces settlement and lateral displacement of the embankment compared to unencased stone columns. Increasing stone column diameter and undrained shear strength also reduces displacement.
The document discusses the compression behavior of natural soils from Tirupati, India. One-dimensional compression tests were conducted on soil samples from 8 locations to analyze their compression index before and after yield. The results show that natural soils initially exhibit stiff behavior up to a yield stress value, after which greater compression occurs. When void ratio is plotted against log pressure, the compression behavior of natural soils is located on the left of the normal compression line, similar to overconsolidated soils, and merges with the line at higher stresses. This indicates that the normal compression line represents the state boundary for natural soils. Analysis of compression indices before and after yield can help understand soil settlement behavior under loading.
Shear Strength Prediction of Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Using ANN, GMDH-N...Pouyan Fakharian
To provide lateral resistance in structures as well as buildings, there are some types of structural systems such as shear walls. The utilization of lateral loads occurs on a plate on the wall's vertical dimension. Conventionally, these sorts of loads are transferred to the wall collectors. There is a significant resistance between concrete shear walls and lateral seismic loading. To guarantee the building's seismic security, the shear strength of the walls has to be prognosticated by using models. This paper aims to predict shear strength by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Neural Network-Based Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH-NN), and Gene Expression Programming (GEP). The concrete's compressive strength, the yield strength of transverse reinforcement, the yield strength of vertical reinforcement, the axial load, the aspect ratio of the dimensions, the wall length, the thickness of the reinforced concrete shear wall, the transverse reinforcement ratio, and the vertical reinforcement ratio are the input parameters for the neural network model. And the shear strength of the reinforced concrete shear wall is considered as the target parameter of the ANN model. The results validate the capability of the models predicted by ANN, GMDH-NN, and GEP, which are suitable for use as a tool for predicting the shear strength of concrete shear walls with high accuracy.
Framework for assessment of shear strength parameters ofIAEME Publication
This document discusses a framework for assessing the shear strength parameters of residual tropical soils. It begins by providing background on shear strength and how it is typically measured through laboratory tests like direct shear tests and triaxial tests. However, these tests have limitations in simulating field conditions. The objective of the paper is then presented - to develop a phenomenological model to predict shear strength parameters from index properties that are easier to measure, like liquid limit and maximum dry density. This could provide a way to rapidly estimate shear strength when traditional testing methods are not available or feasible. The paper reviews previous studies on correlating index properties with shear strength and predicting unsaturated soil strength. It then discusses soil state and volumetric strain, and defines bulk modulus as
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental estimate of ultimate bearing capacity and settlement for rectangIAEME Publication
The document summarizes experimental tests conducted to estimate the ultimate bearing capacity and settlement of rectangular footings on sand. Laboratory model tests were performed on footings with varying sizes (100mm x 125mm, 100mm x 150mm, etc.) and a constant depth of sand cushion below the footing of 900mm. The tests measured how loading intensity affected settlement. Log-load vs log-settlement curves were plotted from the results, and the point of intersection was used to determine ultimate bearing capacity and corresponding settlement. Bearing capacity factors were computed and compared to theoretical values. The tests found that as footing size increased, ultimate bearing capacity and settlement values also increased, while the bearing capacity factor decreased.
2.evaluation of crack propagation phenomenon in bituminous mixEditorJST
Crack propagation was experimentally simulated using semicircular specimen with a crack initiated on one side. The work shows that the rate of crack propagation can be described by a power relationship between the stiffness of the mixture and the number of cycles to failure, which is mixture and binder dependent.
mine dump on seismic load and introduction of geogrid preview Joydeep Atta
1) The document discusses the use of numerical modeling to analyze the stability of overburden dump slopes in open cast mines under blast loading and seismic excitation, with and without the use of geogrid reinforcement.
2) Laboratory tests are proposed to determine material properties of the dump material and geogrid, which will be inputs for the numerical model in PLAXIS.
3) The numerical model will analyze the factor of safety of slopes under dynamic loading conditions and with geogrid to see how it increases stability and allows steeper slopes.
Wall control blasting practices at ksladag gold mineAlan Monzon
This document summarizes wall control blasting practices at the Kisladag Gold Mine in Turkey. It describes the benchmark presplit and trim blast designs used, which generally produced high quality pit walls with minimal crest loss. However, a minor slope failure occurred, prompting an evaluation. Modified designs were implemented, including 10m benches at a 70° slope and changes to presplit and trim designs. These minimized crest loss to less than 1.5m. A heat map of crest loss for the entire pit was also prepared based on lithology and rock structure to further improve wall stability.
Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Drilling of Sandwich Composites:...IOSR Journals
A composite material is made out of a mixture or a combination of two or more distinctly differing
materials which are insoluble in each other and differ in form or chemical composition. The technological and
commercial interest in composite material lies in their superior properties of strength-to-weight, stiffness-toweight,
fatigue and thermal expansion compared to metals. Extensive use of composite in application such as
rockets, satellites, missiles, light combat aircraft, advanced light helicopter and trainer air craft has shown that
India is on par with the advanced countries in the development and use of composites in this area.
Drilling is probably the most important conventional mechanical process and it is the most widely used
machining operation. Prediction of cutting forces for any set of cutting parameters is essential in optimal design
and manufacturing of products. It has been predicted that most of the problem associated with hole making
operation, such as drilling, can be attributed to the force generated during cutting operation. Many
developments and experiments are going on drilling of Sandwich composite for damage free drilling along with
the quality of the hole and the effect of tool geometry and tool material.
This paper aims at the comprehensive analytical and experimental investigation work done on the
composites material. The conclusion of the paper discusses the development and outlines the trends for the
research in this field.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Assessment of powder factor in surface bench blasting using schmidt rebound n...eSAT Journals
Abstract Rock mass characterisation helps in selection and optimum usage of explosive in bench blasting. There are various methods to characterize the rock mass but use of Schmidt hammer in rock characterization before blasting may be a good option. Schmidt hammer, since its simplicity and capability of instant data production, has so far been a powerful tool utilized by many researchers to predict compressive strength of rocks. In this light the present study was conducted in opencast coal mines to see the effect of Schmidt hammer rebound number or transformed compressive strength of rocks on powder factor. The correlation was found sufficiently reliable to enable the determination of optimum powder factor for surface bench blast in different rock types maintaining the required blasting results in terms of fragmentation. Keywords: Powder factor, Schmidt hammer, Rebound number, Rock mass, Overburden bench
The effect of disturbance factor on the stability of tunnels (Case study: Tun...IJRES Journal
Disturbance factor (D) is related to excavation method and cause damage and stress relief in the rock masses. The convergence and plastic zone around tunnels depends on the disturbance factor of rocks.This study has been in the tunnel No.2 of Kurdistan in NW of Iran which is composed of shale rocks. In tunnel modeling, different disturbance factors(0 to 1) areanalyzed using phase2 software and the amount of displacement and extent of plastic zone in around the tunnelis determined. The obtain results show that by increasing of disturbance factor, the displacement and plastic zone around the tunnel has increased and the most increase has occurred in disturbance factors 0.8 to 1. Therefore, for excavation of this tunnel, the blasting method should not be used and instead of it, the mechanical methods must be used.
IRJET- RCC Fly Ash Silo Repair based on Visual Inspection and PDT/NDTsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the repair of a reinforced concrete fly ash silo based on visual inspection and partial/non-destructive testing. The silo was 61.6 meters tall and used for storing 5000 metric tons of fly ash. Visual inspection and non-destructive tests like ground penetrating radar and ultrasonic pulse velocity were performed to evaluate the condition of the silo. Based on the inspection and test results, an appropriate repair methodology was developed using repair materials and techniques to strengthen affected areas. The repaired silo was then re-evaluated using post-repair non-destructive testing to confirm the repair's effectiveness in improving strength and ensuring longevity.
This document summarizes a study on using mixes of recycled aggregate and crusher dust as sub-base and base materials for road construction. The following key points are made:
- Crusher dust and recycled aggregate were obtained and mixed in varying proportions from 10-60% crusher dust. Modified proctor tests found maximum dry densities occurred at 20-30% crusher dust.
- CBR tests showed strength increased as crusher dust decreased, with mixes containing 20-40% crusher dust achieving CBR>50, qualifying them as base materials. Mixes with CBR>30 could be used as sub-base.
- Gradation analyses found mixes met specifications for sub-base and base
This document discusses rock fragmentation in opencast mines. It defines rock fragmentation as an index used to estimate the effect of blasting. Control of fragmentation is challenging, as it depends on rock mass properties and blast design parameters like burden, spacing, stemming length, and powder factor. The document outlines methods to predict fragmentation, including the Kuz-Ram model and RES model, and analyzes the effect of various blast parameters on fragmentation through case studies. It concludes that proper blast design considering all key parameters is needed to achieve optimal fragmentation according to rock properties and production demands.
Study of Materials Properties Made of Steel, Stainless Steel, Aluminium, and ...ijtsrd
The number of areas in units is currently reducing daily due to the large population. Earlier, when populations werent as large, they continued to employ the horizontal arrangement due to the large area available per person . However, individuals today choose the vertical system tall building due to scarcity of area . All of the forces acting on the structure, including its own weight and the grounds ability to support it, must be taken into consideration. STAAD PRO will facilitate the process. Static analysis, seismic analysis, and natural frequency are examples of problems that STAAD PRO can address with IS CODE. Mohammed Uvaish Mansoori | Rajesh Misra "Study of Materials Properties Made of Steel, Stainless Steel, Aluminium, and Concrete While Applying the Total Load to the Geometry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52787.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52787/study-of-materials-properties-made-of-steel-stainless-steel-aluminium-and-concrete-while-applying-the-total-load-to-the-geometry/mohammed-uvaish-mansoori
This document discusses how different explosive energies used in blasting can influence the strength of resulting rock fragments and the throughput of a SAG mill. Experimental studies found that higher explosive energies produced weaker rock fragments through cracking and damage. To validate this, granite samples were blasted using explosives with different velocities and the fragments were tested. Comminution parameters showed the fragments were weaker when higher energies were used. Modelling found this pre-conditioning of fragments could increase SAG mill throughput by up to 20%.
Experimental Study on Strength and Durability of Concrete with Bagasse Ash an...IRJET Journal
The document presents an experimental study on the strength and durability of concrete with bagasse ash and manufactured sand (m-sand). Bagasse ash, a byproduct of sugar production, was used to partially replace cement at ratios of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight. River sand was fully replaced with m-sand. Tests were conducted to determine the compressive strength, split tensile strength, water sorptivity, and weight loss of hardened concrete. The results indicate that 10% was the optimal bagasse ash replacement ratio for cement, as strength increased up to 10% replacement but decreased at higher replacements. Concrete with bagasse ash and m-sand showed improved durability. A mathematical model was
The document discusses factors that influence blast design and describes the various components of bench blast design. It provides background on how the blast design must balance parameters to achieve desired fragmentation. The factors affecting blast design are classified as uncontrollable geological variables and controllable variables like hole diameter, burden, spacing, stemming, and firing system. Formulas are provided for calculating the values of bench blast design components like burden, spacing, subdrilling, hole depth, and stemming height using the Ash approach. Examples are worked out using initial assumptions of a 115mm hole diameter, emulsion explosive, and medium rock density. The document concludes with discussing powder factor calculation and the basic steps for successful blast design.
EFFECT OF GEOGRID REINFORCEMENT ON LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF A COARSE SAND BEDIAEME Publication
A series of laboratory model tests was conducted to study the improvement in bearing capacity of coarse sands compacted to a relative density of 50%. A surface footing plate of diameter 60 mm was used as the shallow foundation. Circular geogrids of diameter 120 mm were used as horizontal reinforcement layers. The number of geogrids and the spacing between them were varied in the study. It was found that the bearing capacity of loose sand layers improved with introduction of horizontal geogrid reinforcement layer. Bearing capacity was found to improve further with increase in number of geogrid layers and with decrease in spacing between them. The depth to the geogrid layer from the base of the foundation was also varied in the study.
Strength Study of copper slag & Fly Ash With Replacement Of Aggregate's In Co...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on using industrial byproducts like fly ash and copper slag to replace aggregates in concrete for road construction. The study aims to address issues with excessive sand usage by finding sustainable alternatives. Concrete samples of different grades were produced by replacing natural sand with copper slag at varying percentages. The samples were tested for load carrying capacity and flexural strength. The results showed that concrete with 100% copper slag replacement performed similarly to normal concrete, indicating that copper slag can successfully replace sand in concrete for roads. The document also reviews several other studies on using industrial wastes in construction and their findings.
Effects of drilling parameters on delamination ofprjpublications
This document summarizes a study on the effects of drilling parameters on delamination of hemp fiber reinforced composites. The researchers conducted drilling experiments using different speed and feed rate levels in a Taguchi design of experiments. They measured delamination factors for the top and bottom surfaces of the drilled holes. Analysis of variance showed that both speed and feed rate significantly affected peel up delamination, while feed rate and speed affected push down delamination. The optimal parameters to minimize delamination were a feed rate of 100 mm/min and speed of 2000 rpm.
Experimental and Analytical Study on Uplift Capacity -Formatted Paper.pdfSamirsinh Parmar
Horizontal Plate Anchor,
Cohesion less soil,
Uplift anchor,
The uplift capacity of the anchor,
Breakout factor,
ground anchors,
Experimental analysis,
Analytical Verification,
Embedment Ratio
Numerical Investigation on the Stability of an Underground Mine Opening in ...Premier Publishers
The stability of an underground opening is an essential factor in the mine operation; the proper prediction of the stability is mandatory for the optimum support design and smooth mine operation. Previous researchers have identified the presence of pre-existing natural fractures as a critical factor for the stability of subsurface opening. However, the variation of natural fracture impact due to different fracture parameter value is yet to be identified. Fracture intensity, orientation, and opening are the most dominant parameters that determine the magnitude of the impact on stability. This study has built an underground mine tunnel model using Itasca’s software 3DEC and analysed the sensitivity of the aforementioned essential parameters. Moreover, the built model has been analysed for varying fracture density, orientation, scaling exponent and distribution and the corresponding displacements of the tunnel in different directions are simulated. The outcome of this study is helpful for the prediction of the mine opening stability and the optimization of support system design.
A New geotechnical method for natural slope exploration and analysisRasika Athapaththu
Geotechnical investigation of natural slopes is challengeable especially when
natural slopes having higher gradients and access is difficult. Also, it is even more prob-
lematic to find the shear strength parameters spatially to evaluate the stability of slopes as
most of the methods available to find the shear strength parameters in the literature are
uneconomical or such methods cannot be applied in vegetated slopes. Recently, authors
have conducted a series of in situ investigations based on the newly developed lightweight
dynamic cone penetrometer to examine its applicability in analyzing the slopes covered
with weathering remnants of decomposed granite. Six patterns were identified based on the
penetration resistance varies with the depth. Spatial variability analysis conducted on
different grid spaces showed that the coefficient of variation of cone resistance varies from
0 to 35 %. Semi-variogram analysis showed that the Spherical Models can be used to
evaluate the spatial variability of weathering remnants of decomposed granite. A series of
laboratory calibration tests based on the lightweight dynamic cone penetration tests and
direct shear tests with pore pressure measurements were conducted at different void ratios
and degrees of saturation. Based on the laboratory calibration test results, a method to
determine the void ratio, e, from the data of qd was presented. Based on this, two formulas
to evaluate the shear strength parameters, apparent cohesion and friction angle, were
established with the cone resistance and degree of saturation. Slight modification was
proposed in evaluating the apparent cohesion with respect to the different fine content in
the soils. As a whole, the proposed method can be successfully applied to individual slopes
to determine the profile thickness and to evaluate the shear strength parameters spatially.
Based on this, hazard assessment of individual slopes can be made.
Similar to Use of plastic bottles in blasting (20)
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Trichogramma spp. is an efficient egg parasitoids that potentially assist to manage the insect-pests from the field condition by parasiting the host eggs. To mass culture this egg parasitoids effectively, we need to culture another stored grain pest- Rice Meal Moth (Corcyra Cephalonica). After rearing this pest, the eggs of Corcyra will carry the potential Trichogramma spp., which is an Hymenopteran Wasp. The detailed Methodologies of rearing both Corcyra Cephalonica and Trichogramma spp. have described on this ppt.
1. Productivity Improvement in Aggregate Quarry vis-a-vis Fragmentation
by Blasting
Ramesh MurldiharBhatawdekar
Centre of Tropical Geoengineering (GEOTROPIK), UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor, Malaysia
EdyTonnizam Mohamad
Centre of Tropical Geoengineering (GEOTROPIK), UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor, Malaysia
DanialJahedArmaghani
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 15914, Tehran,
Iran.
SaksaridChangthan
Siam City Concrete Co, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
Gyandera Kumar Pradhan
AKS University, Madhya Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT: Blasting for primary fragmentation, needs of an aggregate quarry has a unique role as compared
with normal blasting in mining. The percentage recovery of aggregates, dictate the overall mine economics.
Blasting design program has been a complex in mine feasibility stage as well as throughout the life of the
mine. Selection of drilling, explosives, initiation system over the years has attracted a lot of scientific inputs.
While geology and GSI have an overriding effect, inputs like mean block size, RQD%, powder factor, MC,
ratios of hole diameter, spacing, stemming with burden, hold key to the success for determining mean
fragment size. R2
value with ANN is 0.845 as compared to 0.674 with MVRA.Excavator output improved
from 200 TPH to 245 TPH with reduction in mean fragment size from 0.27 m to 0.13 m. Productivity
improvement without compromising on HSE norms and regulatory framework in Thailand Quarry are
presented.
Keywords: Artificial neural network (ANN), Geotechnical strength Index (GSI), RQD%, Powder factor,
Maximum charge per delay (MC)
1 INTRODUCTION
In Thailand, world class infrastructure is
developed in and around Bangkok. Number of
construction aggregate quarries and limestone
quarries are developed as shown in Figure 1.
Construction aggregates consists of Permian
Ordovician limestone, Cretaceous granite and
Tertiary basalt. Typical large quarries utilize 200
mm diameter drill hole which carries powder factor
from 0.4 to 0.66 kg/ cu m (Tangchawal, 2017).
Maximum charge per delay varies from 64.31 to
160.85 kg per delay for a distance of 150 m and
534.91 to 643.40 kg per delay for a distance of
300m. For smaller quarries burden to spacing pattern
of 1.5m X 1.8 m to 3.5 m X 3.5 m patterns are used.
For larger quarries burden to spacing pattern from 5
m x 6 m to 6 m X 8 m are used.
The aggregate quarry under this study has annual
production capacity of 2.5 MTPA and has expanded
its capacity to 5 MTPA. The existing quarry use 76
mm diameter DTH drills, 2.2 Cum back hoe
excavators and 25 T dump trucks. Feed size to
primary crusher is 800 mm. The objective of this
study is listed as follows: a) to classify the rock mass
based on Geological Strength Index (GSI) b) to
investigate key parameters influencing blast
fragmentation through multi variate regression
analysis (MVRA) and artificial neural network
(ANN) c) to evaluate the efficiency of excavator
with fragmentation.
Analysis by previous researchers (Ash, 1968;
Hustrulid, 1999; Jimeno et al., 1995) shows that
fragmentation depends upon rock mass properties
and geological discontinuities, properties of
explosives, blast hole diameter, burden, spacing,
bench height, stemming length, blast hole alignment
and deviation, type of blast hole pattern rectangular
or staggered, blast hole sub drilling, Prediction of
blast fragmentation depends upon three main factors
– rock mass properties, instant release of explosive
energy and blast design.
2. Figure 1: Small and large aggregate quarries around Bangkok,
(Tangchawal, 2017)
In situ block size and distribution with
discontinuities play an important role in blastability
of rock mass (Wang et al.,1991. 1992; Lu and
Latham 1996; Lu 1997). As per blast fragmentation
study by Kulatilake et al. (2010, 2012) and
Mehrdanesh et al. (2017), mean in situ block size
plays crucial role in predicting mean blast fragment
size. RQD is a measure of unweathered drill core
longer than 10 cms (Deere, 1966). RQD being easy,
quick and hence used to indicate joint density for
core hole logs. For blasting face, to establish mean
fragment size, RQD of blasting face is considered
one of important parameter (Chakraborty et al.,
2004; Saliu and Akande (2007); Mehrdanesh et al.,
2017).
A condition of blasted block size distribution
from a condition of in situ block size distribution is
through blasting process (Latham and Lu, 1999).
Explosive energy which results in breakage of rock
during blasting can be considered in two ways. Over
all rock mass to explosives consumed which is
represented by powder factor. Instantly gas pressure
is created to break rock after hole is fired. Maximum
charge per delay in each blast can be correlated with
maximum release of energy instantaneously.
Various studies carried out to predict mean blast
fragment size, powder factor is considered as crucial
parameter (Chakraborty et al., 2004; Morin and
Ficarazzo, 2006; Saliu and Akande, 2007; Gheibie et
al., 2009; Kulatilake et al., 2010, 2012; Singh et al.,
2016; Sharma and Rai 2017; Mehrdanesh et al.,
2017). Maximum charge per delay to predict blast
fragmentation is demonstrated by Monjezi et al.
(2009) and Faramarzi et al. (2013).
Studies by NIRM and CIMFR in India
recommended that minimum hole diameter should
be one hundredth of the bench height.On the other
hand, Adhikari (1999) proposed the maximum hole
diameter to be 0.01666 of the bench height.
Bhandari (1997) proposed burden to be 15 to 40
times of hole diameter for effective blasting in
opencast mines. For good blast fragmentation,
stiffness ratio should be between 2 to 4 as per Konya
and Walter (1990). Research studies at limestone
quarries show that with increase in stemming length
higher boulders are generated mainly from
stemming portion (Venkatesh et al., 1999 and
Cevizci and Ozkahraman, 2012). Thus, from various
studies it is observed that instead of single parameter
of hole diameter, burden, spacing and bench height,
various ratios of these parameters contribute to blast
performance. To predict mean blast fragmentation
size, various ratios of burden to blast hole diameter,
bench height to burden, spacing to burden and
stemming length to burden play an important role
(Chakraborty et al., 2004; Kulatilake et al., 2010,
2012; Faramarzi et al., 2013; Singh et al., 2016;
Sharma and Rai 2017; Mehrdanesh et al., 2017).
Figure 2: Limestone quarry at Thailand
3. The selected limestone quarry at Thailand is well
developed with number of benches as shown in
Figure 2. There is a variation in block size,
orientation of joints and spacing of joints.
2 METHODS
Knowledge of rock mass classification based on
GSI is useful for blast design. Every blasting face
was classified based on four types of rocks identified
based on GSI for jointed rock mass (Marinos and
Hoek, 2000). For this study, rock mass is classified
as blocy, very blocky, blocky/seamy and
disintegrated.
GSI depends upon fundamental geological
processes consisting of blockiness of rockmass and
condition of joints (Marinos et al., 2007). From
visual examination of each blasting face, GSI is
assessed based on lithology, structure, joint
condition. Average in-situ block size and RQD%
were measured at each blasting face and GSI
recorded for each blast.
Blast design parameters consisting of hole
diameter, burden, spacing, bench height, stemming
height were recorded from individual blast design to
determine various ratios. Maximum charge per
delay, powder factor were also recorded. For
individual blast, photographs were taken by placing
ball at blasted muck pile and further image analysis
by software.
Following input parameters are considered to
predict mean fragment size: Mean block size (XB),
RQD%, powder factor, maximum charge per delay,
(BD) burden to hole diameter ratio, (SB) spacing to
burden ratio, stiffness ratio (HB) consisting of ratio
of bench height to burden, (TB) stemming height to
burden ratio.
Total 78 blasting data set were collected for
analysis. Methodology of multivariate regression
analysis (MRA) and Artificial Regression Analysis
(ANN) was adopted to predict mean blast fragment
size (XB). Data on excavator output in Tonnes per
hour (TPH) for each blast was collected. Excavator
output was compared with fragment size greater than
800 mm (Boulder) and mean fragment size (X50).
Drilling output was recorded based drilling output in
meters per meter for each size of drill.
Table 1 : Summary of data collection:
Parameter Source of data/
methodology
GSI Visual examination of face
RQD% Actual field measurement
Insitu block size
Burden, spacing
Blast design of individual blast
Hole diameter
Bench height
Stemming height
Powder factor
Maximum charge per
delay
Powder factor
Mean fragment size Photograph of blasted face &
analysis with software
Excavator efficiency Blast wise loading rate by
excavator in TPH based on a)
Boulders >800mm per 100 T b)
mean fragment size X50
Drill efficiency Drill hole diameter, drilling output
in meters per hour
2.1 Multivariate Regression Analysis
The objective of multivariate regression analysis
(MRA) is to resolve equivalent factors of a function
to contribute best fit based on a set of data
observations. This technique results with a function
which is linear (straight-line) equation. In
circumstances where more than one independent
variable occurs, MRA is utilized to form the best-fit
equation. A least square fit is performed to resolve
engineering problems through MRA. While
applying this technique, some coefficients are
proposed by mode of backlash operator. The MRA
equation is given as follows (Tonnizam Mohamad et
al., 2017):
z = x+y1m1+ y2m2+ y3m3+….+ynmn (1)
where m1, m2, m3 ….mn are independent
variables, y1, y2, y3, …. yn are coefficients of
independent variables, x is constant andz is the
output of the system.
In order to develop a MRA equation for
prediction of fragment size, using the mentioned
system inputs, Excel software was selected and
utilized. All 78 datasets were divided to 2 sections;
training (57 datasets) and testing (21 datasets) and
then, considering only training datasets, a MRA
equation was constructed as follows:
BS is burden to spacing ratio. RQD is expressed
in %. MC is maximum charge per delay in Kg. PF is
powder factor in Kg per cum of blasted material. BD
is burden to hole diameter ratio. HB is bench height
to burden ratio. TB is stemming height to burden
ratio.
After developing the above equation, there is a
need to evaluate it through 21 testing datasets.
Results of training and testing datasets showed that
an acceptable performance prediction can be
achieved by the developed MRA equation. Several
4. performance indices consisting of coefficient of
determination (R2
), root mean square error (RMSE)
and variance account for (VAF) were used to
evaluated predictive models in this study where their
equations can be found in other studies (Armaghani
et al., 2017). More discussion regarding the
developed MRA will be given later.
2.2 Artificial Neural Network
By studying the the human-brain information
process motivated to develop ANN as soft
computation technique. Network architecture,
learning rule, and transfer function are three major
factors of ANN. Recurrent and feed-forward are two
major groups of ANNs. The study by Shahin et al.
(2002) proposes that if there is no time-vulnerable
factor in the ANN, the feed-forward ANN (FF-
ANN) can be carried out. The multi-layer perceptron
(MLP) neural network is one of well-known FF-
ANNs (Haykin 1999). This type of ANN is linked to
each other by means of various weights to a number
of neurons in different layers (input, hidden and
output layers). Kalinli et al. (2011) expressed the
great performance of MLP-ANNs in approximating
different functions in high-dimensional spaces. After
providing the data into ANNs and before finding the
solution, still, the ANN requires training. Dreyfus
(2005) reported that the back-propagation (BP)
algorithm is the most popular algorithms among
various category of learning algorithms for training
the MLP feed-forward neural networks.
Kuo et al. (2010) interpretedthat in a classical
BP-ANN, the imported data in the input layer kicks
off to generate to hidden nodes through connection
weights. In the BP-ANN, the flexible connection or
weight, Wij is multiplied by the input from each
neuron in the preceding layer, li.The sum of the
weighted input signals is calculated at each node and
subsequently, this value is combined to obtain a
threshold value recognized as the bias value, Bij,
(see Eq. 2). The output of node is produced (see
Eq.3) by combining input, Ji, and then passing
through a non-linear transfer function f (Jj), for
instance a sigmoidal function.The output of each
neuron, generally, produces the input to the next
layer neuron.This procedure is pursued until the
output is obtained.Yet, to pick up the error,
subsequently the generated output is analysed with
the expected output.The major reason for BP
training is to substitute the weights between the
neurons in iterative manner that reduces the mean
square error (MSE) to least of the system.In classic
artificial intelligence book by Fausett (1994), the BP
algorithm is illustrated.
(2)
(3)
Khamesi et al. (2015) illustrated that as a part of
ANN modelling procedure, the prepared database
was normalized during first stage in order to
simplify the design procedure and given below:
Znorm = (Z – Zmin) / (Zmax- Zmin) (4)
where Z and Znorm are the measured and
normalized values, respectively. Zmax and Zmin are
the maximum and minimum values of the Z.
Researchers, in the past, have suggested different
percentages for the testing datasets. Amounts of
20%, 25% and a range of 20%-30% of total datasets
were recommended for testing dataset in the
previous studies (Swingler, 1996). Hence, as
mentioned earlier, in the present study, 80% and
20% of total datasets were practiced for model
development and confirming the developed models,
respectively. In ANN modelling, choosing of the
ANN training algorithm and also decision of
selecting the network architecture are the most
challenging task. Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) was
chosen among all ANN training algorithms and
utilised to train the ANN systems. On the contrary,
as stated by many scholars (e.g. Singh et al. 2006),
an ANN network with only one hidden layer can
evaluate almost all engineering problems, therefore,
an ANN network with one hidden layer was applied.
Another important issue in designing an ANN model
is number of hidden nodes where the maximum
number of hidden nodes were reported by Hecht-
Nielsen (1987) as 2Ni + 1. In this study, with Ni =
8, the maximum number of hidden node can be
equal or less than 17. Hence, many ANN models
were built based on the different number of hidden
nodes and finally, according to obtained
performance indices, a model with 11 hidden nodes
outperforms the other models. The results
demonstrated that by developing new ANN model,
accuracy of the developed model was increased
significantly compared to created model by MRA.
Evaluation of the selected ANN model is given later.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 GSI
Geological study was undertaken, and rock mass
was classified based on geological strength index.
Rock mass at different locations was classified into
four categories (a) Blocky limestone (b) Very blocky
limestone (c) Blocky/ seamy limestone and (d) Dis-
integrated limestone as shown in Figure 3.
5. From 78 blasting data sets, it is observed that GSI
based rock mass classification, mean in-situ block
size range for blocky limestone is 0.8 to 1.2 m, very
blocky limestone is 0.5 to 0.8 m, blocky / seamy
limestone is 0.3 to 0.6 m and disintegrated limestone
is 0.1 to 0.3 m.
Figure 3: Rock mass classification based on GSI (Bhatawdekar et al., 2016)
Figure 4: Photographs of blasted limestone at Thailand Quarry for image analysis
Figure 4 shows photographs of blasted muck pile.
Based on blast fragmentation as per Figure 4,
blast fragmentation analysis is classified based on
rock mass classification based on blocky, very
blocky, blocky/ seamy and disintegrated.
Figure 5 shows image analysis done with
software and graphs are classified based on
limestone as per GSI stating in situ mean block size
(X) for a given blast. Four graphs consist image
analysis weight % finer Vs mean fragment size.
Figures 5(a), (b), (c) and (d) consist of image
analysis for blocky limestone, very blocky
limestone, blocky/ seamy limestone and
disintegrated limestone respectively. From blast
fragmentation distribution curves in Figure 5, it is
observed that disintegrated limestone has 40%
below 0.1 m and thus maximum fine generation.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.1 1 10
Weight%Finer
m (a)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.1 1 10
Weight%Finer
m (b)
6. Figure 5: Blast fragmentation distribution (a) Blocky limestone (b) Very blocky limestone (c) Blocky/ Seamy limestone (d) Dis-
integrated limestone
3.2 MVRA and ANN
As stated before, R2
, RMSE and VAF were used
to evaluate the obtained results. These performance
indices were calculated for both MRA and ANN
models as shown in Table 5. R2
were achieved as
0.678 and 0.764 for training and testing of MRA,
respectively, while these results were obtained as
0.825 and 0.845 for ANN model. Apart from R2
,
considering RMSE and VAF results, it was found
that ANN is capable to increase accuracy prediction
level of fragment size. By focusing on VAF results,
it can be observed that by developing an ANN
model VAF values were deeply improved from
about 65% to more than 80%. This shows ability of
ANN model in solving problem of predicting
fragment size. Generally, it can be concluded that
ANN model compared to MRA is performed better
and can predict fragment size with higher accuracy
level. The predicted fragment size values by MRA
and ANN models together with their measured
values are shown in Figures 6 and 7, respectively.
These figures proved that ANN predictive model can
provide a higher performance capacity in predicting
fragment size.
Table 2: The obtained results of developed models
Model
Performance Index
R2
RMSE VAF (%)
Train Test Train Test Train Test
MRA 0.678 0.764 0.026 0.038 66.684 64.768
ANN 0.825 0.845 0.182 0.214 82.001 80.286
Figure 6: The predicted fragment size values by MRA model together with their measured
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.1 1 10
Weight%Finer
m (c)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.1 1 10
Weight%Finer
m (d)
7. Figure 7 The predicted fragment size values by ANN model together with their measured values
3.3 Excavator Performance
Table 3 shows excavator output compared with
fragment size greater than 800 mm (boulder) per 100
Tof blasted material. Table 4 shows excavator
output based on mean blast fragment size in ‘m’.
Table 3: Excavator output in TPH compared with fragment > 0.8 m (Boulder) per 100 T
Fragment >
0.8m
per 100 T
Excavator output TPH
200-
205
206-
210
211-
215
216-
220
221-
225
226-
230
231-
235
236-
240
241-
245
246-
250
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Table 4: Excavator output in TPH compared with mean fragment size (X50) in m
Mean
fragmentation
m
Excavator output TPH
From To
200-
205
206-
210
211-
215
216-
220
221-
225
226-
230
231-
235
236-
240
241-
245
246-
250
0.131 0.140
0.141 0.150
0.151 0.160
0.161 0.170
0.171 0.180
0.181 0.190
0.191 0.200
0.201 0.210
0.211 0.220
0.221 0.230
0.231 0.240
0.241 0.250
0.251 0.260
0.261 0.270
Output of excavator varies from 200 to 250 TPH.
For increase in fragment size greater than 0.8 m
(boulder) from 4 to 12 per 100 T of blasted
limestone, excavator output drops from 245 to 200
TPH. For increase in mean fragment size from 0.13
to 0.27 m, excavator output drops from 245 to 200
TPH. Based on 8 variable inputs, it is possible to
predict mean fragment size with ANN model and
improve productivity of excavator.
3.4 Drill performance:
Comparison is made whether to have additional
DTH(Down The Hole) drills or new Top Hammer
8. (TH) drills. New 102 mm diameter TH drills are
procured to meet enhanced drilling requirement.
New TH drill output is 30 m/hour as compared to
old DTH drills output of 12 m/hour.Top hammer
drill has improved productivity from 12m/hour for
DTH drill to 30 m/ hour for Top hammer drill. Hole
diameter increased marginally from 76 mm to 102
mm without having adverse environment impact on
fly rock, ground vibration and air over pressure for
meeting local regulation. Spacing and burden was
proportionately increased. Thus, drilling
productivity has improved from 270 T/ hour to 1300
T/hour of drilling.
4 CONCLUSIONS
• Rock mass classification is an effective tool
for blast design. This has to be done on the
basis of study of geology of the area and
field observations of the blasting face. of
limestone into four types as blocky, very
blocky, blocky/ seamy and disintegrated
limestone supports for blast design based on
observation of blasting face.
• Eighnput Input parameters consisting of
mean block size (XB), RQD%, powder
factor, maximum charge per delay (MC),
(BD) burden to hole diameter ratio, (SB)
spacing to burden ratio, stiffness ratio (HB)
consisting of ratio of bench height to burden,
(TB) stemming height to burden ratio play
significant role are suitable for predicting
mean fragment size are suitable for
predicting mean fragment size (X50).
• R2
achieved as 0.678 and 0.764 for training
and testing of MVRA, respectively.
• R2
achieved as 0.825 and 0.845 for training
and testing of ANN, respectively.
• Excavator output improves from 200 TPH to
245 TPH with reduction in mean fragment
size from 0.27 m to 0.13 m and bigger
fragment size greater than 0.8 m from 12% to
4%
• Introduction of top hammer drill from DTH
drill has improved output 270 to 1300 T/
hour
Thus objectives of improving overall productivity
of aggregate quarry through drilling and blasting
were achieved.
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