IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses experimental investigations into the material properties and compressive/shear behavior of brick masonry with different mortar ratios. Tests were conducted on brick units, mortar cubes/cylinders, and brick prism triplets with varying mortar ratios to evaluate properties like compressive strength, bond strength, and interface behavior. The results were then evaluated and compared to better understand the behavior of unreinforced brick masonry under shear and compression loading for use in numerical simulations.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate by C...IRJET Journal
This document reports on an experimental study that partially replaces coarse aggregate with coconut shells in concrete. Various percentages of replacement (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) were used to make M25 grade concrete. Specimens were tested to determine compressive strength, tensile strength, impact resistance, and flexural strength. The results will help identify the optimum replacement percentage of natural coarse aggregate with coconut shell waste. Testing included slump tests, compressive strength tests of cubes, splitting tensile tests of cylinders, and flexural tests of beams.
Behavior of Red Clay and Fly Ash Bricks under Uniaxial CompressionIRJET Journal
The document describes a study on the behavior of red clay bricks and fly ash bricks under uniaxial compression loading. Prisms made of 5, 6, and 7 layers of each brick type were cast and tested. The red clay brick prisms exhibited higher average basic compressive strength (258.16 N/mm2 for 6 layers) and modulus of elasticity (298.57 N/mm2 for 7 layers) compared to the fly ash brick prisms (51.26 N/mm2 and 78.71 N/mm2 respectively). Failure modes also differed, with red clay brick prisms exhibiting vertical splitting and diagonal cracks, while fly ash brick prisms failed through spalling and corner crushing. The results
Effect of prism height on strength of reinforced hollow concrete block masonryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IRJET- State of Art Review of Experimental Pull Out TestsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes experimental pull-out tests that have been conducted from 1982 to 2018 to evaluate the bond-slip properties between steel reinforcement bars and concrete. It reviews 12 studies that tested specimens with varying bar diameters, concrete strengths, embedment lengths, and under monotonic and cyclic loading. The studies measured bond stress-slip response and failure modes. In general, test results showed that bond strength increases with smaller bar diameter, higher concrete strength, and confinement. Cyclic loading degrades bond strength and stiffness compared to monotonic loading. Splitting was a common failure mode, while pullout occurred in confined specimens.
Influence of Construction Parameters on Performance of Dense Graded Bituminou...IOSR Journals
This document discusses a study that investigated the influence of construction parameters on the properties and performance of dense graded bituminous mixes. Specifically, it varied bitumen content, air void content, and compaction effort to determine their effects on Marshall stability, indirect tensile strength, and predicted fatigue and rutting performance based on mechanistic-empirical pavement design modeling. The study found that bitumen content, air voids, and density significantly impacted mix properties like indirect tensile strength as well as predicted pavement distress. Maintaining optimal bitumen content and air voids through quality control was shown to improve predicted pavement performance.
Precast construction techniques have gained huge popularity in the recent times
due to rapid construction, excellent quality control, lesser site labour costs and more
overall savings. In the current scenario, the most advanced type of prestressed
construction is the manufacture of prestressed hollow core slab construction, which
essentially consists of huge prestressed concrete panel units cast to the required slab
dimensions. The construction is associated with the requirement of huge machinery
for transportation, hoisting and placing operations. In the present study, a partially
prestressed slab of dimensions 4000 mm × 600 mm × 120 mm was designed and cast.
An RCC slab was also designed for comparing the behaviour of the prestressed
hollow slab. The present study discussed about the flexural behaviour of pretensioned
prestressed concrete hollow slab. The slab which was designed for this study
consisted of three hollow cores, each having a diameter of three centimeters. A
special mould was designed for casting, which was capable of withstanding huge
prestressing forces. The hollow core provided within the specimen is an excellent
method to improve material savings, thermal and sound insulation properties, besides
being a provision for mechanical runs. The slab was cast and experimentally tested by
subjecting it to uniformly distributed loads using sand bags to study the flexural
behaviour of the slab.
Study Of Characteristics Strength of Concrete with Admixtures by Flexural and...IJERA Editor
Concrete is widely used in structural engineering with its high compressive strength, low cost and abandoned raw material, but common concrete has some deficiency, such as shrinkage and cracking, low tensile strength and flexural strength, high brittleness, that restrict its applications. To overcome these deficiencies’ additional materials are added to improve the performance of the concrete. Super plasticizer is a chemical added to conventional concrete mix that makes the concrete more workable and it can be placed easily. The aim of this project work to study the characteristics strengths of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, diametric strength and tensile strength by disc bending test. For the experimental work normal concrete M 40 has to be prepared and characteristics strength such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength have to be achieved. This strength has to be performed after 7 days and 28 days curing. After that in addition of super plasticizer the study of the strength have to be performed with various % of plasticizer such as 0.60% to 1.2 % by the weight of cement and study of strength of concrete have to be performed at 7 days and 28 days. A relative comparison of the strength of the concrete with addition of admixtures with normal concrete can be study.
The document discusses experimental investigations into the material properties and compressive/shear behavior of brick masonry with different mortar ratios. Tests were conducted on brick units, mortar cubes/cylinders, and brick prism triplets with varying mortar ratios to evaluate properties like compressive strength, bond strength, and interface behavior. The results were then evaluated and compared to better understand the behavior of unreinforced brick masonry under shear and compression loading for use in numerical simulations.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate by C...IRJET Journal
This document reports on an experimental study that partially replaces coarse aggregate with coconut shells in concrete. Various percentages of replacement (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) were used to make M25 grade concrete. Specimens were tested to determine compressive strength, tensile strength, impact resistance, and flexural strength. The results will help identify the optimum replacement percentage of natural coarse aggregate with coconut shell waste. Testing included slump tests, compressive strength tests of cubes, splitting tensile tests of cylinders, and flexural tests of beams.
Behavior of Red Clay and Fly Ash Bricks under Uniaxial CompressionIRJET Journal
The document describes a study on the behavior of red clay bricks and fly ash bricks under uniaxial compression loading. Prisms made of 5, 6, and 7 layers of each brick type were cast and tested. The red clay brick prisms exhibited higher average basic compressive strength (258.16 N/mm2 for 6 layers) and modulus of elasticity (298.57 N/mm2 for 7 layers) compared to the fly ash brick prisms (51.26 N/mm2 and 78.71 N/mm2 respectively). Failure modes also differed, with red clay brick prisms exhibiting vertical splitting and diagonal cracks, while fly ash brick prisms failed through spalling and corner crushing. The results
Effect of prism height on strength of reinforced hollow concrete block masonryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IRJET- State of Art Review of Experimental Pull Out TestsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes experimental pull-out tests that have been conducted from 1982 to 2018 to evaluate the bond-slip properties between steel reinforcement bars and concrete. It reviews 12 studies that tested specimens with varying bar diameters, concrete strengths, embedment lengths, and under monotonic and cyclic loading. The studies measured bond stress-slip response and failure modes. In general, test results showed that bond strength increases with smaller bar diameter, higher concrete strength, and confinement. Cyclic loading degrades bond strength and stiffness compared to monotonic loading. Splitting was a common failure mode, while pullout occurred in confined specimens.
Influence of Construction Parameters on Performance of Dense Graded Bituminou...IOSR Journals
This document discusses a study that investigated the influence of construction parameters on the properties and performance of dense graded bituminous mixes. Specifically, it varied bitumen content, air void content, and compaction effort to determine their effects on Marshall stability, indirect tensile strength, and predicted fatigue and rutting performance based on mechanistic-empirical pavement design modeling. The study found that bitumen content, air voids, and density significantly impacted mix properties like indirect tensile strength as well as predicted pavement distress. Maintaining optimal bitumen content and air voids through quality control was shown to improve predicted pavement performance.
Precast construction techniques have gained huge popularity in the recent times
due to rapid construction, excellent quality control, lesser site labour costs and more
overall savings. In the current scenario, the most advanced type of prestressed
construction is the manufacture of prestressed hollow core slab construction, which
essentially consists of huge prestressed concrete panel units cast to the required slab
dimensions. The construction is associated with the requirement of huge machinery
for transportation, hoisting and placing operations. In the present study, a partially
prestressed slab of dimensions 4000 mm × 600 mm × 120 mm was designed and cast.
An RCC slab was also designed for comparing the behaviour of the prestressed
hollow slab. The present study discussed about the flexural behaviour of pretensioned
prestressed concrete hollow slab. The slab which was designed for this study
consisted of three hollow cores, each having a diameter of three centimeters. A
special mould was designed for casting, which was capable of withstanding huge
prestressing forces. The hollow core provided within the specimen is an excellent
method to improve material savings, thermal and sound insulation properties, besides
being a provision for mechanical runs. The slab was cast and experimentally tested by
subjecting it to uniformly distributed loads using sand bags to study the flexural
behaviour of the slab.
Study Of Characteristics Strength of Concrete with Admixtures by Flexural and...IJERA Editor
Concrete is widely used in structural engineering with its high compressive strength, low cost and abandoned raw material, but common concrete has some deficiency, such as shrinkage and cracking, low tensile strength and flexural strength, high brittleness, that restrict its applications. To overcome these deficiencies’ additional materials are added to improve the performance of the concrete. Super plasticizer is a chemical added to conventional concrete mix that makes the concrete more workable and it can be placed easily. The aim of this project work to study the characteristics strengths of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, diametric strength and tensile strength by disc bending test. For the experimental work normal concrete M 40 has to be prepared and characteristics strength such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength have to be achieved. This strength has to be performed after 7 days and 28 days curing. After that in addition of super plasticizer the study of the strength have to be performed with various % of plasticizer such as 0.60% to 1.2 % by the weight of cement and study of strength of concrete have to be performed at 7 days and 28 days. A relative comparison of the strength of the concrete with addition of admixtures with normal concrete can be study.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
Evaluation of shear strength of model rock joints by experimental studyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of Fineness Modulus of Manufactured Sand on Mechanical Properties of S...RSIS International
Self compacting concrete (SCC) is one of the innovative construction material based on the performance in both fresh and hardened state. Due to over consumption of natural river sand deposits creating several environmental issues, as an alternate manufactured sand (MSand) are being used as fine aggregate in place of natural river sand. This research is mainly concentrated on gradation of fine aggregate to get required quality by examine the effect of different fineness modulus (FM) of MSand (2.5, 2.7 and 2.9) on the mechanical properties of SCC with blending of binding materials as SCC_25FA_10SF; SCC_25FA_10SF and SCC_25FA_5SF_5MK. The test methods that were conducted are compressive strength and split tensile strength for curing periods of 7,28 and 90 days. Results showed that the strength values of SCC with FM value of 2.7 gave better results than other FM values. Hence, it is revealed that proper gradation of finer and coarser fractions of MSand has to be maintained to obtain desired strength in SCC at hardened state.
Influence of aggregate characteristics on the compressive strength of nwcUniversity of Malaya
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the influence of locally available coarse aggregates from five quarries on the compressive strength of normal weight concrete in Khairpur Mir's, Pakistan. 180 concrete cubes were tested under different curing conditions. The aggregates were collected and characterized, and 10 concrete batches were prepared using different aggregate ratios. The compressive strength and density of each batch was measured and compared to provide guidance for future construction using local materials.
This document presents a study that aims to develop correlations between uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and point load index (I50) for single and double jointed rocks. Over 180 plaster samples were prepared with different joint conditions like orientation, roughness, and number of joints. Samples were tested for UCS and I50. Statistical analysis identified two groups of jointed rocks that showed different trends between UCS and I50. Multiple linear regression was used to develop new correlation equations for each group to predict UCS from I50 for jointed rocks. The proposed equations were compared to previous studies and may be applied to actual rocks like weathered limestone.
Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on the Compressive Strength and the Flexural ...IJERA Editor
Concrete structures deflect, crack, and loose stiffness when subjected to external load. Loss of flexural strength of concrete is largely responsible for cracks in structure. In reinforced concrete structures, the mix proportions of the materials of the concrete and aggregate type determine the compressive strength while the composite action of concrete and steel reinforcement supplies the flexural strength. In occasion of loss of stiffness, steel reinforcement no longer supports flexural stresses; concrete in turn is subjected to flexure. The compressive strength and flexural strength therefore play a crucial role. Effect of varying coarse aggregate size on the flexural and compressive strengths of concrete beam was investigated. Concrete cubes and beams were produced in accordance with BS 1881-108 (1983) and ASTM C293 with varying aggregate sizes 9.0mm, 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm, using a standard mould of internal dimension 150x150x150 for the concrete cubes and a mould of internal dimension of 150 x 150 x 750mm for the reinforced concrete beam. The water cement ratio was kept at 0.65 with a mix proportion of 1:2:4. The specimen produced were all subjected to curing in water for 28days and were all tested to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength using Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strength of cubes is 21.26N/mm2, 23.41N/mm2, 23.66N/mm2, and 24.31N/mm2 for coarse aggregate sizes 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm respectively. That of flexural strength of test beams is 4.93N/mm2, 4.78N/mm2, 4.53N/mm2, 4.49N/mm2, 4.40N/mm2 respectively. In conclusion, concrete to be used mostly to resist flexural stresses should be made of finer coarse aggregates.
A Study on Effect of Sizes of aggregates on Steel Fiber Reinforced ConcreteIJERD Editor
Plain, unreinforced concrete is a brittle material, with a low tensile strength, limited ductility and
little resistance to cracking. In order to improve the inherent tensile strength of concrete there is a need of
multidirectional and closely spaced reinforcement, which can be provided in the form of randomly distributed
fibers. Steel fiber is one of the most commonly used fibers The present experimental study considers the effect
of aggregate size and steel fibers on the modulus of elasticity of concrete. Crimped steel fibers at volume
fraction of 0%.0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% were used. Study on effect of volume fraction of fibers and change of
aggregate size on the modulus of elasticity of concrete was also deemed as an important part of present
experimental investigation. This work aims in studying the mechanical behavior of concrete in terms of modulus
of elasticity with the change of aggregate size reinforced with steel fibers of different series for M30 and M50
grade concretes. The results obtained show that the addition of steel fiber improves the modulus of elasticity of
concrete. It was also analyzed that by increasing the fiber volume fraction from 0%, to 1.5% there was a healthy
effect on modulus of elasticity of Steel Fiber Reinforced concrete.
Improvement of Marine Clay Performance Using Geo-Textile Encased Stone ColumnIJERA Editor
The use of stone columns is a popular ground reinforcing technique for flexible structures like raft foundations,
oil storage tanks, embankments etc. The stone column technique is a cost effective method of improving the
strength parameters like bearing capacity and reduce the settlements. When stone columns in soft soil are
loaded, it undergoes excessive bulging due to low lateral confinement. To avoid this excessive bulging, stone
column is encased with geotextile. In the present study tests were performed with and without encasement of
geotextile. Stone column is encased with geotextile with different lengths of encasement like L/4, L/2, 3L/4 &
L. The tests indicate that the bearing capacity increases with increase of encasement length.
Review on the Effect of Shear Connectors on Composite Deck SlabsIJAEMSJORNAL
This paper presents a review on the effect of shear connectors on composite deck slabs. Composite deck slabs consist of profile deck sheet and concrete. Several researchers have been studying the behaviour of composite slab but due to its complex behaviour yet it is not completely understood. The behaviour of composite slab directly depends on the deformability and contact strength. Here, some important literature reviews regarding composite slab behavior incorporating different profiles were discussed.
LABORATORY MODEL TESTS TO EFFECT OF DENSITY TO FILL MATERIAL ON THE PERFORMAN...IAEME Publication
The effective functioning of reinforced earth structures is very much dependent on the quality of materials and construction. Many times, due to poor quality of the materials used and poor quality control measures exercised, the density of the reinforced soil fill is not up to the design requirements, leading to underperformance or distress of the reinforced soil walls. Therefore, it becomes necessary to evaluate the level of underperformance vis-à-vis that of relative compaction. In view of this, in the present study, a series of laboratory experiments were carried out on a model soil wall of 300 mm high with vertical face, prepared at different density states of 95%, 80% and 70% of MDD of IS HCT. The wall was subjected to monotonic load applied through a model square footing of size (B) equal to 50 mm on the surface at an offset distance of 1(B). Similar tests were carried out on the soil wall reinforced with a Woven Geotextile in wrap around form; to study the effect of density on the performance of reinforced soil wall. The results indicated proportionality between relative compaction level and performance of soil wall without and with reinforcement.
This document reviews research on drilling fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs), specifically focusing on glass, carbon, and natural fiber reinforced polymers. It discusses key quality aspects of drilling FRPs like thrust force, torque, delamination, and surface roughness. Various studies are summarized that examine how drilling parameters like speed, feed rate, drill geometry, and material properties influence these quality aspects. The document concludes that thrust force, torque, and delamination can be reduced by optimizing drilling parameters, and that parameters like feed rate and drill diameter significantly impact drilling performance.
This document summarizes a research study on the effect of consolidation stress on the strength of lime-stabilized soil. Laboratory tests including vane shear tests, unconfined compression tests, and triaxial tests were conducted on natural soil stabilized with 3-9% lime and cured for 7-28 days. The following key findings were reported:
1) Undrained cohesion and UCC strength increased with higher lime content and longer curing periods. However, under a given lime content and curing, undrained cohesion increased but angle of internal friction decreased with higher consolidation stress.
2) Triaxial tests showed the undrained strength of stabilized soil, like natural soil, is dependent on the consolidation stress. Und
- The study analyzed the effect of adding crumb rubber, produced from recycled tire scraps, on the properties of concrete by replacing aggregates.
- Concrete mixes were prepared with 5%, 10%, and 15% replacement of aggregates with crumb rubber. Testing found that initial compressive strength decreased but final strength increased compared to ordinary concrete.
- When replacing fine aggregates, strength initially increased up to 5% replacement and then decreased with more rubber added. Replacing coarse aggregates steadily reduced strength.
Background/Objectives: The Effect of Bottom Ash over the Soil is carried out by conducting Suitable Soil Experiments.
Methods/Statistical Analysis:
Experiments such as Standard Proctor Test (SPT), Unconfined Compressive strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) repeatedly over the soil for different percentages of bottom as such as 8%, 12% and 16% by weights and the results are analyzed with respective to the results obtained for the natural soil. The experiments are conducted as per Indian standards of light compaction.
Findings: The results show the increasing values of maximum dry density and the UCS values for treated sample and there is a decrease of CBR value with the addition of bottom ash. The maximum dry densities obtained for natural soil, treated soil sample with 8%, 12% and 16% of bottom ash are 17KN/m3, 21 KN/m3, 22 KN/m3 and 20 KN/m3 respectively and thus a maximum of 22 KN/m3 for 12% addition of bottom ash.
Improvements/Applications: Thus, the Optimum Moisture Content of 16% for natural soil and 11.5%, 11% and 13% for the 8%, 12% and 16% of treated soil. Similarly, the UCS values for the Natural soil, treated soil for 8%, 12% and 16% as 270 KN/m2, 265 KN/m2, 350 KN/m2 and 230 KN/m2, thus having maximum for 12% of treated soil. But the CBR values are shown poor results as 3.66% for natural soil and 2.18%, 2.35% and 1.98% for respective percentages of treated soil for 8%, 12% and 16% of bottom ash.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET - Study on the Engineering Properties of Fibre-Reinforced Low Plast...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the engineering properties of low plasticity clay reinforced with glass fibers. A series of tests were conducted including compaction tests and unconfined compressive strength tests with varying fiber contents from 0-1.25%. The results showed that the optimum moisture content increased and maximum dry density decreased slightly with the addition of fibers. The unconfined compressive strength significantly improved with the addition of fibers up to a content of 0.75%, showing a 194% increase over the unreinforced soil strength. Above 0.75% fiber content, the strength began to decrease. Therefore, glass fiber reinforcement was found to be an effective method to improve the strength of low plasticity clay soils.
Some Studies on Mode-II Fracture of Light Weight Blended Aggregate ConcreteIOSR Journals
Blended aggregate in concrete and arriving at the structural properties of blended aggregate
concrete is a thrust area. Pumice is very light and porous igneous rock that is formed during volcanic
eruptions.Cinder is a waste material obtained from steel manufacturing units. Shear strength is a property of
major significance for wide range of civil engineering materials and structures. Shear and punching shear
failures particularly in deep beams, in corbels and in concrete flat slabs are considered to be more critical and
catastrophic than other types of failures. This area has received greater attention in recent years. For
investigating shear type of failures, from the literature it is found that double central notched (DCN) specimen
geometry proposed by Prakash Desai and V.Bhaskar Desai is supposed the best suited geometry. In this present
experimental investigation an attempt is made to study the Mode-II fracture property of light weight blended
aggregate cement concrete combining both the pumice and cinder in different proportions, and making use of
DCN test specimen geometry . By blending the pumice and cinder in different percentages of 0, 25, 50, 75 and
100 by volumeof concrete, a blended light weight aggregate concrete is prepared. By using this the property
such as in plane shear strength is studied. Finally an analysis is carried out regarding Mode-II fracture
properties of blended concrete. It is concluded that the Ultimate load in Mode-II is found to decrease
continuously with the percentage increase in Pumice aggregate content. It is also observed that the ultimate
stress in Mode II is found to increase continuously with percentage increase in cinder aggregate content.
Final Year Project To find the Mechanical Properties of Concrete Using Crumb ...Suresh Thakur
This document summarizes a student project studying the mechanical properties of concrete with crumb rubber as a replacement for fine aggregates. The project is conducted by 5 students and examines the effect of adding crumb rubber on the workability, strength, water absorption, and thermal insulation of concrete. Testing is done on concrete mixtures with varying percentages of crumb rubber replacement. The results show that compressive strength, slump, and density decrease with higher crumb rubber content, while water absorption decreases and thermal insulation initially increases then decreases. Future work could examine additional properties and use different forms of waste tire materials.
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into crack propagation and branching in lightly reinforced concrete beams. A total of six beams were cast in two series of varying depths (150mm and 200mm) but with the same width (100mm). Each series included one unreinforced beam and two beams reinforced with steel ratios between 0.25-0.6%. The aim was to observe the effect of beam depth and steel ratio on ductility by investigating crack branching. Testing of the samples was underway and the results would be used to understand flexural behavior and crack development in lightly reinforced concrete beams.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Emotional telugu speech signals classification based on k nn classifiereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Data detection with a progressive parallel ici canceller in mimo ofdmeSAT Publishing House
The document describes a progressive parallel interference canceller (PPIC) for use in a MIMO-OFDM system to suppress inter-carrier interference (ICI). PPIC is compared to parallel interference canceller (PIC) and shows lower complexity and better performance. PPIC architecture is simpler than PIC and more suitable for implementation in wireless communication systems requiring high data rates and mobility. Simulation results show that PPIC combined with LDPC coding achieves lower bit error rates than PIC combined with LDPC coding.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
Evaluation of shear strength of model rock joints by experimental studyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of Fineness Modulus of Manufactured Sand on Mechanical Properties of S...RSIS International
Self compacting concrete (SCC) is one of the innovative construction material based on the performance in both fresh and hardened state. Due to over consumption of natural river sand deposits creating several environmental issues, as an alternate manufactured sand (MSand) are being used as fine aggregate in place of natural river sand. This research is mainly concentrated on gradation of fine aggregate to get required quality by examine the effect of different fineness modulus (FM) of MSand (2.5, 2.7 and 2.9) on the mechanical properties of SCC with blending of binding materials as SCC_25FA_10SF; SCC_25FA_10SF and SCC_25FA_5SF_5MK. The test methods that were conducted are compressive strength and split tensile strength for curing periods of 7,28 and 90 days. Results showed that the strength values of SCC with FM value of 2.7 gave better results than other FM values. Hence, it is revealed that proper gradation of finer and coarser fractions of MSand has to be maintained to obtain desired strength in SCC at hardened state.
Influence of aggregate characteristics on the compressive strength of nwcUniversity of Malaya
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the influence of locally available coarse aggregates from five quarries on the compressive strength of normal weight concrete in Khairpur Mir's, Pakistan. 180 concrete cubes were tested under different curing conditions. The aggregates were collected and characterized, and 10 concrete batches were prepared using different aggregate ratios. The compressive strength and density of each batch was measured and compared to provide guidance for future construction using local materials.
This document presents a study that aims to develop correlations between uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and point load index (I50) for single and double jointed rocks. Over 180 plaster samples were prepared with different joint conditions like orientation, roughness, and number of joints. Samples were tested for UCS and I50. Statistical analysis identified two groups of jointed rocks that showed different trends between UCS and I50. Multiple linear regression was used to develop new correlation equations for each group to predict UCS from I50 for jointed rocks. The proposed equations were compared to previous studies and may be applied to actual rocks like weathered limestone.
Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on the Compressive Strength and the Flexural ...IJERA Editor
Concrete structures deflect, crack, and loose stiffness when subjected to external load. Loss of flexural strength of concrete is largely responsible for cracks in structure. In reinforced concrete structures, the mix proportions of the materials of the concrete and aggregate type determine the compressive strength while the composite action of concrete and steel reinforcement supplies the flexural strength. In occasion of loss of stiffness, steel reinforcement no longer supports flexural stresses; concrete in turn is subjected to flexure. The compressive strength and flexural strength therefore play a crucial role. Effect of varying coarse aggregate size on the flexural and compressive strengths of concrete beam was investigated. Concrete cubes and beams were produced in accordance with BS 1881-108 (1983) and ASTM C293 with varying aggregate sizes 9.0mm, 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm, using a standard mould of internal dimension 150x150x150 for the concrete cubes and a mould of internal dimension of 150 x 150 x 750mm for the reinforced concrete beam. The water cement ratio was kept at 0.65 with a mix proportion of 1:2:4. The specimen produced were all subjected to curing in water for 28days and were all tested to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength using Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strength of cubes is 21.26N/mm2, 23.41N/mm2, 23.66N/mm2, and 24.31N/mm2 for coarse aggregate sizes 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm respectively. That of flexural strength of test beams is 4.93N/mm2, 4.78N/mm2, 4.53N/mm2, 4.49N/mm2, 4.40N/mm2 respectively. In conclusion, concrete to be used mostly to resist flexural stresses should be made of finer coarse aggregates.
A Study on Effect of Sizes of aggregates on Steel Fiber Reinforced ConcreteIJERD Editor
Plain, unreinforced concrete is a brittle material, with a low tensile strength, limited ductility and
little resistance to cracking. In order to improve the inherent tensile strength of concrete there is a need of
multidirectional and closely spaced reinforcement, which can be provided in the form of randomly distributed
fibers. Steel fiber is one of the most commonly used fibers The present experimental study considers the effect
of aggregate size and steel fibers on the modulus of elasticity of concrete. Crimped steel fibers at volume
fraction of 0%.0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% were used. Study on effect of volume fraction of fibers and change of
aggregate size on the modulus of elasticity of concrete was also deemed as an important part of present
experimental investigation. This work aims in studying the mechanical behavior of concrete in terms of modulus
of elasticity with the change of aggregate size reinforced with steel fibers of different series for M30 and M50
grade concretes. The results obtained show that the addition of steel fiber improves the modulus of elasticity of
concrete. It was also analyzed that by increasing the fiber volume fraction from 0%, to 1.5% there was a healthy
effect on modulus of elasticity of Steel Fiber Reinforced concrete.
Improvement of Marine Clay Performance Using Geo-Textile Encased Stone ColumnIJERA Editor
The use of stone columns is a popular ground reinforcing technique for flexible structures like raft foundations,
oil storage tanks, embankments etc. The stone column technique is a cost effective method of improving the
strength parameters like bearing capacity and reduce the settlements. When stone columns in soft soil are
loaded, it undergoes excessive bulging due to low lateral confinement. To avoid this excessive bulging, stone
column is encased with geotextile. In the present study tests were performed with and without encasement of
geotextile. Stone column is encased with geotextile with different lengths of encasement like L/4, L/2, 3L/4 &
L. The tests indicate that the bearing capacity increases with increase of encasement length.
Review on the Effect of Shear Connectors on Composite Deck SlabsIJAEMSJORNAL
This paper presents a review on the effect of shear connectors on composite deck slabs. Composite deck slabs consist of profile deck sheet and concrete. Several researchers have been studying the behaviour of composite slab but due to its complex behaviour yet it is not completely understood. The behaviour of composite slab directly depends on the deformability and contact strength. Here, some important literature reviews regarding composite slab behavior incorporating different profiles were discussed.
LABORATORY MODEL TESTS TO EFFECT OF DENSITY TO FILL MATERIAL ON THE PERFORMAN...IAEME Publication
The effective functioning of reinforced earth structures is very much dependent on the quality of materials and construction. Many times, due to poor quality of the materials used and poor quality control measures exercised, the density of the reinforced soil fill is not up to the design requirements, leading to underperformance or distress of the reinforced soil walls. Therefore, it becomes necessary to evaluate the level of underperformance vis-à-vis that of relative compaction. In view of this, in the present study, a series of laboratory experiments were carried out on a model soil wall of 300 mm high with vertical face, prepared at different density states of 95%, 80% and 70% of MDD of IS HCT. The wall was subjected to monotonic load applied through a model square footing of size (B) equal to 50 mm on the surface at an offset distance of 1(B). Similar tests were carried out on the soil wall reinforced with a Woven Geotextile in wrap around form; to study the effect of density on the performance of reinforced soil wall. The results indicated proportionality between relative compaction level and performance of soil wall without and with reinforcement.
This document reviews research on drilling fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs), specifically focusing on glass, carbon, and natural fiber reinforced polymers. It discusses key quality aspects of drilling FRPs like thrust force, torque, delamination, and surface roughness. Various studies are summarized that examine how drilling parameters like speed, feed rate, drill geometry, and material properties influence these quality aspects. The document concludes that thrust force, torque, and delamination can be reduced by optimizing drilling parameters, and that parameters like feed rate and drill diameter significantly impact drilling performance.
This document summarizes a research study on the effect of consolidation stress on the strength of lime-stabilized soil. Laboratory tests including vane shear tests, unconfined compression tests, and triaxial tests were conducted on natural soil stabilized with 3-9% lime and cured for 7-28 days. The following key findings were reported:
1) Undrained cohesion and UCC strength increased with higher lime content and longer curing periods. However, under a given lime content and curing, undrained cohesion increased but angle of internal friction decreased with higher consolidation stress.
2) Triaxial tests showed the undrained strength of stabilized soil, like natural soil, is dependent on the consolidation stress. Und
- The study analyzed the effect of adding crumb rubber, produced from recycled tire scraps, on the properties of concrete by replacing aggregates.
- Concrete mixes were prepared with 5%, 10%, and 15% replacement of aggregates with crumb rubber. Testing found that initial compressive strength decreased but final strength increased compared to ordinary concrete.
- When replacing fine aggregates, strength initially increased up to 5% replacement and then decreased with more rubber added. Replacing coarse aggregates steadily reduced strength.
Background/Objectives: The Effect of Bottom Ash over the Soil is carried out by conducting Suitable Soil Experiments.
Methods/Statistical Analysis:
Experiments such as Standard Proctor Test (SPT), Unconfined Compressive strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) repeatedly over the soil for different percentages of bottom as such as 8%, 12% and 16% by weights and the results are analyzed with respective to the results obtained for the natural soil. The experiments are conducted as per Indian standards of light compaction.
Findings: The results show the increasing values of maximum dry density and the UCS values for treated sample and there is a decrease of CBR value with the addition of bottom ash. The maximum dry densities obtained for natural soil, treated soil sample with 8%, 12% and 16% of bottom ash are 17KN/m3, 21 KN/m3, 22 KN/m3 and 20 KN/m3 respectively and thus a maximum of 22 KN/m3 for 12% addition of bottom ash.
Improvements/Applications: Thus, the Optimum Moisture Content of 16% for natural soil and 11.5%, 11% and 13% for the 8%, 12% and 16% of treated soil. Similarly, the UCS values for the Natural soil, treated soil for 8%, 12% and 16% as 270 KN/m2, 265 KN/m2, 350 KN/m2 and 230 KN/m2, thus having maximum for 12% of treated soil. But the CBR values are shown poor results as 3.66% for natural soil and 2.18%, 2.35% and 1.98% for respective percentages of treated soil for 8%, 12% and 16% of bottom ash.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET - Study on the Engineering Properties of Fibre-Reinforced Low Plast...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the engineering properties of low plasticity clay reinforced with glass fibers. A series of tests were conducted including compaction tests and unconfined compressive strength tests with varying fiber contents from 0-1.25%. The results showed that the optimum moisture content increased and maximum dry density decreased slightly with the addition of fibers. The unconfined compressive strength significantly improved with the addition of fibers up to a content of 0.75%, showing a 194% increase over the unreinforced soil strength. Above 0.75% fiber content, the strength began to decrease. Therefore, glass fiber reinforcement was found to be an effective method to improve the strength of low plasticity clay soils.
Some Studies on Mode-II Fracture of Light Weight Blended Aggregate ConcreteIOSR Journals
Blended aggregate in concrete and arriving at the structural properties of blended aggregate
concrete is a thrust area. Pumice is very light and porous igneous rock that is formed during volcanic
eruptions.Cinder is a waste material obtained from steel manufacturing units. Shear strength is a property of
major significance for wide range of civil engineering materials and structures. Shear and punching shear
failures particularly in deep beams, in corbels and in concrete flat slabs are considered to be more critical and
catastrophic than other types of failures. This area has received greater attention in recent years. For
investigating shear type of failures, from the literature it is found that double central notched (DCN) specimen
geometry proposed by Prakash Desai and V.Bhaskar Desai is supposed the best suited geometry. In this present
experimental investigation an attempt is made to study the Mode-II fracture property of light weight blended
aggregate cement concrete combining both the pumice and cinder in different proportions, and making use of
DCN test specimen geometry . By blending the pumice and cinder in different percentages of 0, 25, 50, 75 and
100 by volumeof concrete, a blended light weight aggregate concrete is prepared. By using this the property
such as in plane shear strength is studied. Finally an analysis is carried out regarding Mode-II fracture
properties of blended concrete. It is concluded that the Ultimate load in Mode-II is found to decrease
continuously with the percentage increase in Pumice aggregate content. It is also observed that the ultimate
stress in Mode II is found to increase continuously with percentage increase in cinder aggregate content.
Final Year Project To find the Mechanical Properties of Concrete Using Crumb ...Suresh Thakur
This document summarizes a student project studying the mechanical properties of concrete with crumb rubber as a replacement for fine aggregates. The project is conducted by 5 students and examines the effect of adding crumb rubber on the workability, strength, water absorption, and thermal insulation of concrete. Testing is done on concrete mixtures with varying percentages of crumb rubber replacement. The results show that compressive strength, slump, and density decrease with higher crumb rubber content, while water absorption decreases and thermal insulation initially increases then decreases. Future work could examine additional properties and use different forms of waste tire materials.
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into crack propagation and branching in lightly reinforced concrete beams. A total of six beams were cast in two series of varying depths (150mm and 200mm) but with the same width (100mm). Each series included one unreinforced beam and two beams reinforced with steel ratios between 0.25-0.6%. The aim was to observe the effect of beam depth and steel ratio on ductility by investigating crack branching. Testing of the samples was underway and the results would be used to understand flexural behavior and crack development in lightly reinforced concrete beams.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Emotional telugu speech signals classification based on k nn classifiereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Data detection with a progressive parallel ici canceller in mimo ofdmeSAT Publishing House
The document describes a progressive parallel interference canceller (PPIC) for use in a MIMO-OFDM system to suppress inter-carrier interference (ICI). PPIC is compared to parallel interference canceller (PIC) and shows lower complexity and better performance. PPIC architecture is simpler than PIC and more suitable for implementation in wireless communication systems requiring high data rates and mobility. Simulation results show that PPIC combined with LDPC coding achieves lower bit error rates than PIC combined with LDPC coding.
Hybrid aco iwd optimization algorithm for minimizing weighted flowtime in clo...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Sc idt soft computing based intrusion detection technology in smart home secu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses using GIS to assess topographical aspects for locating infrastructure facilities in hilly regions. It notes that traditional 2D maps and sketches used by engineers do not fully consider topography. The study develops a GIS-based methodology to analyze topographical factors and locate proposed facilities at a college campus in India as a case study. The objectives are to model the existing topography and facilities in 3D using GIS to identify suitable and adverse locations for new infrastructure, allowing more sustainable development of the hilly region.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Reuse of inorganic sludge as a coagulant on colloidal suspension removal in r...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Radio frequency optimization of mobile networks in abeokuta, nigeria for impr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effectiveness of multilayer coated tool in turning of aisi 430 f steeleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
1) The document discusses the Roucairol and Carvalho optimization approach for the Ricart-Agrawala distributed mutual exclusion algorithm.
2) The optimization allows a site to enter the critical section multiple times without re-requesting permission, reducing messages to 0-2(N-1) per critical section.
3) However, this compromises fairness by allowing a site to monopolize the critical section, potentially causing starvation for other sites' requests.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance analysis of a liquid column in a chemical plant by using mpceSAT Publishing House
This document discusses the use of model predictive control (MPC) to control the composition of a liquid column in a chemical plant. It provides background on MPC and how it can be used for multivariable processes like liquid columns. The document describes modeling a liquid column process in MATLAB Simulink and comparing the performance of MPC and PID control of the column. The results show that MPC provides better control of the column composition and liquid level than PID control.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Product quality improved using triz a case study in increasing innovative opt...eSAT Publishing House
1. The authors applied TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) to solve a quality issue of particulate matter remaining in engine block pockets after cleaning.
2. Using TRIZ tools like contradiction matrix and Su-Field analysis, the authors determined that the rust preventive oil used in machining was causing dust to adhere in pockets.
3. The authors proposed using a lighter, less viscous oil at the machining stage to reduce adhesion. This solution eliminated manual cleaning and achieved the quality standard of less than 70mg particulate matter after machine cleaning alone.
Influence of Diverse Aggregates on Concrete CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses how different types of aggregates influence the characteristics of concrete. It reviews several studies that examined how aggregate shape, size, texture, and material affect the strength and workability of concrete. Angular aggregates are generally found to produce stronger, more workable concrete than rounded aggregates due to their larger surface area and better interlocking. The document also explores the use of industrial byproducts like marble powder and steel slag as alternative materials in concrete production in order to improve sustainability.
The corrosion in reinforcing steel is the most detrimental effect on endangering the structural behaviour of steel in
concrete. This present study focuses on predicting the corrosion behaviour of concrete in which Manufactured Sand (MSand)
is used as a partial replacement for natural sand. To retain the natural resource such as natural sand an attempt is
made in this research by partially replacing the natural sand with M-Sand. Experimental and numerical investigation has
been carried out for three different levels of corrosion 5%, 10% and 25% to define mild, medium and severe exposure
condition. National Bureau of Standard (NBS) beams have been casted and analysed for thecorrosion performances of steel
that is embedded in concrete by accelerated corrosion technique for concrete of grade M40 replaced with 60%
manufactured sand for river sand which is found optimum. From the experimental investigation, it has been observed that
there is adecline in the load carrying capacity of NBS RC beams due to reinforcement corrosion. Numerical investigation
was made with concrete modelled as solid 65 element and reinforcement modelled as Link 8 elements by ANSYS software
using finite element method.
A Review on Study of the Behavioral Similarities Between Marshal Stability an...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research proposal to examine the behavioral similarities between Marshall stability values and indirect tensile strength values for bituminous concrete mixes containing carbon black and cement. The objectives are to determine the optimum binder content and evaluate the effect of carbon black and cement additions on stability, density, and other properties. Indirect tensile strength values will also be determined. While prior research has studied Marshall stability and indirect tensile strength separately, this study aims to determine if a correlation exists between the two values, and whether indirect tensile strength testing is relevant for mix design. The literature review discusses prior studies that have examined the effect of additives like carbon nanotubes, calcium hydroxide nanoparticles, and plastic waste on bit
A Study on Structural Characteristics of Basalt Fibre Mix ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the structural characteristics of basalt fiber mix concrete. Various basalt fiber lengths (12mm, 18mm, 24mm) and dosages (4 kg/m3, 8 kg/m3, 12 kg/m3) were used to cast concrete specimens. Testing showed that 18mm fiber length with 8 kg/m3 dosage provided optimal compressive strength, while 24mm length at 12 kg/m3 provided optimal flexural and split tensile strength compared to plain concrete. 24mm fibers also performed better than other lengths under elastic properties testing. The study aims to investigate the mechanical and elastic properties of basalt fiber reinforced concrete.
A STUDY ON STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOUR OF TIE CONFINED CONCRETE CONTAINING CERAMI...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the stress-strain behavior of concrete containing ceramic tile waste and waste tire rubber as partial replacements for coarse and fine aggregates. Concrete specimens of standard grade M40 and high-strength M70 were produced with 4% replacement by weight of both aggregates. The specimens were confined with mild steel or HYSD steel ties to investigate the effect of confinement. Testing was conducted to determine compressive strength and stress-strain curves, from which ductility and other parameters were calculated. The results show that confinement increased the ductility and strength of both concrete grades.
Logical assessment of hooked end steel fibre reinforced concrete in m 40 grad...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Road Infrastructure is an important driving force to achieve rapid and sustained economic growth in the changing technological innovation. A decent road system has an essential bearing on the monetary development of the nation. It is the obligation of roadway designer to keep concrete roads in activity commendable state by keeping pace with the fast extension and fortifying of the road arrangement yet they are experiencing issues to keep the roads in great condition. Consequently road development in our nation will be a ceaseless procedure, with concrete road reinforcing to be a real action for a long time to come. When rigid pavements are built, the mix design of concrete is focused around the compressive quality, which is utilized to guarantee that the target flexural quality as visualized in outline is attained to by and by, however exorbitant in beginning speculation, is modest in long run in light of low upkeep costs.
This paper deals with experimental investigation on mechanical properties of M40 grade concrete by incorporating hooked end steel fibres in dosages of 2%, 2.5% and 3.0% by weight of cement into the mix. A comparative analysis has been carried out for conventional concrete to that of the hooked end steel fibre reinforced in relation to compressive and flexural strengths.
Keywords: Hooked end steel fibre, Concrete Mix Design, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength.
IRJET- Flexural Behaviour of RCC Beam with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggreg...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RCC) beams with partial replacement of natural river sand with manufactured sand (M-sand) as fine aggregate. Three RCC beam sections were tested: under-reinforced, balanced, and over-reinforced. Beams were cast with 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% replacement of natural sand with M-sand. Compressive strength cubes were also cast to determine the maximum replacement level. The beams were tested under two-point loading to examine their flexural behavior, load carrying capacity, cracking patterns, and deflection. The results were compared to analyze the behavior and performance of beams made with M-sand versus natural sand. The objective was
This document investigates the effects of different coarse aggregate types on the compressive strength of concrete. Three aggregate types were tested: crushed granite, washed gravel, and unwashed gravel. Concrete cubes using each aggregate type were cured for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Testing found that crushed granite produced the highest compressive strengths, followed by washed gravel, with unwashed gravel having the lowest strengths. This is likely due to coatings on the unwashed gravel hindering bonding. Overall, the study concluded that aggregate properties like shape, texture and coatings can significantly impact concrete strength.
IRJET- Mechanical and Bond Properties of Steel Fibre Reinforced SBR Modified ...IRJET Journal
1) The study evaluated the mechanical and bond properties of steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete modified with Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) latex.
2) Specimens containing 0-15% SBR and 0.5% steel fibers by volume were tested for compressive, tensile, and flexural strength as well as bond strength.
3) The results showed that compressive strength decreased with later curing ages, but flexural, tensile, and bond strength increased significantly with the addition of SBR and steel fibers.
Investigate the Potential of Hypo Sludge and Steel Fiber, Which Can Be Partia...ijtsrd
Concrete and steel are the two main construction materials used in reinforced concrete structures around the world. The material that is utilised the most frequently is concrete, aside from this. These materials manufacturing procedures result in the production of greenhouse gas GHG emissions. GHG emissions can be decreased by lessening the environmental impact and improving the sustainability of cement replacement while maintaining the physical and mechanical characteristics of concrete. These materials disposal seriously pollutes the environment. Hypo Sludge HS , a waste product from the paper industry, is dumped in significant quantities as slurry. Therefore, using HS as a partial replacement for cement in the production of concrete can aid in reducing the problem of environmental pollution. With the aim of determining an acceptable optimum replacement of HS without noticeably reducing physical and mechanical properties compared to regular concrete of the same grade, the current study, which is based on prior research, uses HS as a partial replacement of cement varying up to 40 for concrete manufacturing in combination with the addition of Steel Fibre SF up to 4 with super plasticizer. Naina Dangi | Rajesh Misra "Investigate the Potential of Hypo Sludge and Steel Fiber, Which Can Be Partially Mixed Into the Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52740.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52740/investigate-the-potential-of-hypo-sludge-and-steel-fiber-which-can-be-partially-mixed-into-the-concrete/naina-dangi
This document summarizes research on crumb rubber concrete blocks. The research aims to address challenges in producing concrete with crumb rubber from tires and to improve its properties. Concrete mixes with 5%, 7.5%, and 10% crumb rubber were tested at 7 and 28 days. Compressive and tensile strengths were initially lower than conventional concrete but increased with the addition of silica fume. The document concludes that crumb rubber concrete blocks with 5% rubber and silica fume can be used in colder regions due to increased durability, abrasion resistance, and reduced impacts of freezing and thawing. The research helps advance the use of waste tire rubber in concrete applications.
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE WITH WASTECERAMIC TILE IN CONCRETELokeshShirbhate2
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE WITH WASTECERAMIC TILE IN CONCRETE.
This Presentation is Describe the behavior of concrete after the use of Ceramic tiles in concrete as a replacement of coarse Aggregate.
Effect of gradation of aggregates on marshall properties of sdbc mix designeSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effect of aggregate gradation on Marshall properties of semi-dense bituminous concrete (SDBC) mix design. Five mixes with different gradations within the limits specified by the Indian Roads Congress were tested. The results showed that aggregate gradation significantly impacts Marshall properties like stability, flow, density, air voids and voids filled with bitumen. Specifically, mixes with lower middle grade gradation achieved the highest stability and density values as well as the lowest optimum bitumen content. Mixes with middle grade gradation achieved the highest flow values. Overall, the study demonstrated that aggregate gradation is an important factor influencing the performance characteristics of SDBC mixes.
IRJET - Effect of Mix Proportion on Compressive Strength and Permeability of ...IRJET Journal
The document investigates the effect of mix proportions on the compressive strength and permeability of pervious concrete. Compressive strength and permeability tests were conducted on samples with aggregate to cement ratios of 4:1, 6:1, 8:1 and 10:1 and water to cement ratios of 0.4 and 0.45. The results showed that as the aggregate to cement ratio increased, compressive strength decreased but permeability increased. Mixes with lower aggregate to cement ratios of 4:1 and 6:1 produced higher strength and lower permeability, making them suitable for applications requiring both properties. Mixes with higher ratios of 8:1 and 10:1 were better for applications requiring high permeability but lower strength.
The aggregate is a relatively inert material and it imparts volume stability.
The aggregate provide about 75% of the body of the concrete and hence its influence is extremely important (70 to 80 %)
An aggregate should be of proper shape and size, clean, hard and well graded.
It must possess chemical stability and it must exhibit abrasion resistance.
Classification of Aggregate
I. Classification Based on Size
a. Fine aggregates:
b. Coarse aggregates:
II. Classification Based on Shape
a. Rounded aggregate:
b. Irregular aggregates
c. Angular aggregates
d. Flaky and elongated aggregates
III. Classification based on unit weight
a. Normal weight aggregates
b. Heavy weight aggregates
c. Light weight aggregates
The physical properties of aggregates are;
1. Shape
2. Size
3. Color
4. Texture
5. Gradation
6. Fineness modulus
Effect of aggregate properties on concrete
a. Particle Size, Grading and Dust Content
b. Particle Shape
c. Particle Surface Texture
d. Water Absorption
fineness modulus - According to IS 2386-1963, the sieves that are to be used for the sieve analysis of the aggregate for concrete are 80mm, 40mm, 20mm, 10mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600m, 300m and 150m.
Gradation of aggregates
Gradation refers to the particle size distribution of aggregates.
The gradation of coarse aggregate plays an important role in workability and paste requirements.
The gradation of fine aggregate affects the workability and finishing ability of concrete.
Types of gradation:
a. Well graded
b. Poor / Uniform graded
c. Gap graded
Mechanical Properties
The following are the properties to be analyzed for aggregates, they are
a. Toughness
b. Hardness
c. Specific gravity
d. Bulk Density
e. Porosity and absorption of aggregates
f. Moisture content of aggregate
Mechanical Strength Test
a. Crushing strength Test
b. Impact strength Test
c. Abrasion Test (Los Angeles Test)
Water (for concrete)
Water is the most important material for construction, especially for making concrete.
The purpose of water in concrete are
a. It distributes the cement evenly.
b. It reacts with cement chemically and produces calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel which gives the strength to concrete.
c. It provides for workability, i.e., it lubricates the mix.
d. Hence, for construction, quantity and quality of water is as important as cement.
As water quantity goes up in a mix (ill effect), the following are the effects:
a. Strength decreases
b. Durability decreases
c. Workability increases
d. Cohesion decreases
e. Economy may increase at the expense of quality and reliability.
Quality of water for concrete (IS10500:2012)
a. Chlorides: They can cause corrosion of steel reinforcement, can accelerate setting.
b. Sulphates: They reduce long-term strength levels.
c. Organic matter: If an alga is present, water should not be used. It will affect the setting and strength development.
d. Sugar: It will retard setting time.
e. Wastewater: It should never be used in construction.
Study of Materials Properties Made of Steel, Stainless Steel, Aluminium, and ...ijtsrd
The number of areas in units is currently reducing daily due to the large population. Earlier, when populations werent as large, they continued to employ the horizontal arrangement due to the large area available per person . However, individuals today choose the vertical system tall building due to scarcity of area . All of the forces acting on the structure, including its own weight and the grounds ability to support it, must be taken into consideration. STAAD PRO will facilitate the process. Static analysis, seismic analysis, and natural frequency are examples of problems that STAAD PRO can address with IS CODE. Mohammed Uvaish Mansoori | Rajesh Misra "Study of Materials Properties Made of Steel, Stainless Steel, Aluminium, and Concrete While Applying the Total Load to the Geometry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52787.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52787/study-of-materials-properties-made-of-steel-stainless-steel-aluminium-and-concrete-while-applying-the-total-load-to-the-geometry/mohammed-uvaish-mansoori
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“Influence of particle index of coarse aggregate and its influences on properties of asphalt concrete mixtures”
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 06 | May-2014 | RRDCE - 2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 304
“INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE INDEX OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND
ITS INFLUENCES ON PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT CONCRETE
MIXTURES”
Anirudh N1
, K.M.Mallesh2
, Mohammed Ilyas Anjum3
1
Post Graduate Student, Dept of Civil Engg. JNNCE, Shimoga, Karnataka, India
2
Associate Professor, Dept of Civil Engg, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumkur
3
Professor, Dept of Civil Engg., Ghousia college of Engineering, Ramanagaram
Abstract
Mineral aggregate constitutes approximately 95% of hot mix asphalt by weight. The present study includes the determination of
particle index based on fractured faces counts of coarse aggregate i.e. less than 2, more than or equal to 2 and more than 3 and its
influences on marshall and fatigue properties of hot mix asphalt mixtures. The different particle index values ranging from 9 to 16 for
the coarser size (19-13.2mm) have been determined and the same are used in the marshall mix design. The important factor for
minimizing fatigue property of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture are, the fractured face count for coarse aggregate. The objective of the
study is to evaluate the effect of particle index value on aggregate properties. Asphalt mix with crushed particles produces higher
stability values with the increase in particle index value. The study also found that an increase in the amount of crushed particles
causes decrease in unit weight and an increase in voids in mineral aggregate and optimum asphalt content. As fractured faces counts
increases, the stiffness ratio (TSR) also increases. More the particle index value better will be the resistance to fatigue (Permanent
deformation of the pavement).
Keywords: Particle index, fractured faces and Tensile strength ratio
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Rapidly accelerating pace of construction of modern highways
in the country calls for greater emphasis on the quality of
construction not the least because, by and large, such projects
are being undertaken by soft loans from international agencies
and in such cases, generally, stricter regimes of quality
assurance system are enforced.
Mineral aggregates constitute about 95% of HMA by weight.
The mineral aggregate is made predominantly of coarse
aggregates. Aggregates fractured face, particle shape and
texture is the key parameter that influences on bitumen mixture
properties.. The properties of the aggregate have direct and
significant effects on performance of asphalt pavements.
Aggregate fractured face is one of the important properties that
must be considered in the mix design of asphalt pavements to
avoid premature pavement failure.
Aggregates constitute major part of the pavement structure.
The engineering properties of the aggregates, as well as its
shape (i.e. form and angularity) and texture, substantially affect
the overall performance of the pavement. A number of
researchers reported that form and surface texture of aggregates
have significant effect on the mechanical property of the
bituminous mixes, for example, shear resistance, durability,
stiffness, fatigue resistance, rutting resistance, workability,
bitumen demand etc. The present article briefly discusses the
issues related to fractured face, aggregate shape and texture.
Particle Index, is a definite relationship was found to exist
between the fractured face count and particle shape and texture
of the coarse aggregate. Higher percentages of crushed
particles increase the index of particle shape and texture
significantly and also simultaneously increases the particle
index value. An increase in the particle index value of
aggregates leads to increase in the stability of the pavement
there by reducing the permanent deformation of the pavement.
The fractured face, particle shape and texture play a vital role
in the design and performance of bituminous concrete mixes.
The MORT&H for “Road and bridge works” has specified a
minimum limit for stability and stiffness ratio is 900kg and
80%. When the fractured face of the aggregate improves then
the stability and stiffness ratio increases. The aggregate shape
factor mainly depends on the rock formation and the type of
crusher being used for crushing the aggregates .The most
commonly used crushers in India are jaw crushers, using
which, it is difficult to get more fractured face aggregates.
The fractured face, particle shape and texture of aggregates are
important physical properties of aggregates, which affect the
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 06 | May-2014 | RRDCE - 2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 305
quality of bituminous mixes. As most of the crushers in India
Consists of primary jaw and secondary cone crushers and the
fractured face decreases when the blades of crusher become
older, due to the wear and tear of the blades during crushing
operation. When the particle index decreases then there is a
less interlocking property in between the aggregates tend to
break during traffic operations. Hence there was a need to
study the performance of bituminous mixes for increased
fractured faces. Hence an attempt as been made to study the
effect of fractured faces, particle shape and texture for different
particle index.
Aggregates can either be natural or manufactured. Natural
aggregates are generally extracted from larger rock formations
through an open excavation (quarry). Usually the rock is
blasted or dug from the quarry walls then reduced in size using
a series of screens and crushers. Some quarries are also capable
of washing the finished aggregate.
However, often there is a lack of consistency between the
aggregate specifications and the ability to measure all the
desired properties of aggregates. For example, the most
common test methods for evaluating aggregate angularity and
surface texture are indirect measures at best. Proper selection
and evaluation of aggregate properties will remain necessary to
produce high-quality asphalt concrete mixtures, particularly as
traffic and loads increase. Quantification of aggregate
properties with rational, objective characterization methods is
desirable.
Visual examination is the most common method of judging
aggregate shape, the main objective of this investigation is to
explore the use of different aggregate shapes in bituminous
concrete mixes. The performance of the aggregate shape
factors is evaluated in terms of Marshall Stability test results
and indirect tensile strength test results.
1.1 Importance of the Problem Selected
To large extent quality of road construction depends upon the
quality of aggregates which impart structural strength to a
finished pavement when compared to all physical properties of
aggregates. Fractured faces of the aggregates dominate the
quality of road construction. Fractured face is an important
physical property of the aggregate. If the increase in fractured
face counts of the aggregate it avoids the premature pavement
failure. It has been shown by a number of investigations that
presence of more fractured face of aggregates adversely affects
the properties of bituminous mixes.
The properties of aggregates, in turn, are functions of the
stratum of rock bed, type of rock being crushed, and ratio of
feed opening size to product size and the methods adopted for
crushing of the different physical properties of aggregates,
fractured face, particle shape and texture properties dominate
the quality of road construction, especially, where the strength
of the pavement layer is derived from interlocking of
aggregates.
Hence there is a need to find the effect of volumetric
properties of the mixes, at different proportion of fractured
faces like <2, =2 and >3 with different particle index of 9, 12,
14 and 16.
Elliot, Ford, Ghanim and Tu5 conducted an investigation to
evaluate the effect of variations in the gradation of aggregates
on the properties of asphalt concrete mixtures. The primary
objectives were to determine the effect of gradation variation
on (1) creep behavior as a measure of rutting resistance, (2)
split tensile strength as an indicator of fatigue resistance
potential, (3) Marshall mix properties as a measure of mix
acceptability and (4) resilient modulus as a design parameter.
From this investigation, the authors concluded the following:
a) Gradation variations have the greatest effect when gradation
changes in the general shape of the gradation curve (fine to
coarse or coarse to fine).
b) Coarse to fine gradation variations produce the highest
Marshall flow while fine to coarse gradation variation
produced the lowest Marshall flow.
c) Creep stiffness is lowest for coarse to fine and fine to coarse
gradation variations.
d) Marshall stability is affected by gradation variations, fine
gradations produce highest stability and fine to coarse
gradations produce the lowest stability.
e) Coarse gradation variations produce the lowest tensile
strengths.
Herrin and Goetz conducted a laboratory evaluation to
determine the effect of aggregate shape on the stability of
asphalt concrete mixtures. This laboratory study involved
crushed and uncrushed gravel, crushed limestone for the
coarse aggregate, and natural sand and crushed limestone sand
for the fine aggregate. In their tests, the strength of the
mixture, regardless of the type of coarse aggregate, increased
substantially when the fine aggregate was changed from
rounded sand to crushed limestone. A major finding was that
the strength of the asphalt mixture was affected more by a
chance in the fine aggregate than a change in the coarse
aggregate.
Wedding and Gaynor' 2 evaluated the effect of particle
shape in dense graded asphalt concrete mixtures. The
percentage of crushed and uncrushed coarse aggregates and
the types of fine aggregate which included natural and washed
concrete sands were varied in the mixtures. The analysis of the
different aggregate blends was conducted on specimens
produced by the Marshall procedure. The authors reached the
following conclusions from this study.
a) Asphalt mixtures with crushed particles produced higher
stability values than mixtures with uncrushed, rounded
aggregates.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 06 | May-2014 | RRDCE - 2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 306
b) The substitution of crushed gravel sand in place of natural
sand increased the stability of the mixtures equivalent to the
increase of adding 25 percent crushed coarse aggregate.
c) An increase in the amount of crushed particles caused a
decrease in unit weight, and an increase in voids in mineral
aggregate and optimum asphalt content.
Griffith and Kallas' 3'I4 conducted several laboratory
evaluations that determined the effects of aggregate
characteristics on asphalt mixtures. They studied the effect of
aggregate type on voids and strength characteristics of asphalt
concrete mixtures. The authors found that uncrushed gravel
mixtures develop voids lower than the voids in crushed gravel
mixtures at optimum asphalt contents. They also evaluated the
influence of fine aggregates on the strength of asphalt concrete
specimens. Various combinations of aggregate gradations
using natural and crushed coarse aggregate and natural sand
fine aggregate were analyzed. They found that an increase in
angularity or crushed fines increased the Marshall and Hveem
stability values at the optimum asphalt content. An increase in
angularity in the fine aggregate also increased the minimum
void percentages and increased the optimum asphalt contents.
Field15 conducted a study to determine the effect of variation
of crushed aggregate percentages in asphalt concrete mixtures.
He found that replacing uncrushed aggregates with crushed
aggregates increased the stability and increased the void
content and voids in mineral aggregate for a given asphalt
content. The higher VMA values allow more asphalt in the
mix which improves the durability of the asphalt concrete
pavement.
1.1 Objectives of the Study
a) Marshall properties analysis at different particle
index.
b) Moisture susceptibility damage estimation by ITS.
c) Pavement deformation analysis at fatigue test.
1.3 Scope of the Work
1. Determination of particle index according to ASTM D3398
by varying the percentage of different fractured faces (<2, =2
and >3).
2. To find out the % of uncompacted voids for the obtained
particle index according to AASHTO T304.
3. Mix design is conducted for Bituminous Concrete Grade-II
as per the MoRT&H specifications.
4. Mechanical properties such as stability, flow and Indirect
tensile strength test are conducted and the results are
compared.
5. Fatigue test to evaluate the permanent deformation at
different stress level.
2. LABORATORY STUDIES
Aggregates: Aggregate samples of sizes 20 mm down, 10 mm
down and Quarry dust are collected from the crusher and
sampled aggregates are characterized for the following
properties.
Table 1: Physical properties of aggregates
Sl No Test Result MoRT&H specification
limits
1 Aggregate Impact value 25.7% 27% max
2 Los Angles Abrasion 27.8% 35% max
3 Aggregate Crushing value 22% 30% max
4 Flakiness and Elongation
Index (combined)
26.33% 30% max
Table 2: Specific gravity and water absorption of aggregates
Size of aggregates Specific gravity Water absorption
Passing
through IS
sieve (mm)
Retained on IS
sieve (mm)
(IS:2386, Part-3,
1963)
(IS:2386, Part- 3,
1963)
19 12.5 2.66 0.6
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 06 | May-2014 | RRDCE - 2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 307
12.5 4.75 2.67 0.5
Dust 2.68 0.4
Bitumen: Source of the Bitumen used for the project work is
Mangalore Refineries and petrochemicals Ltd. (MRPL) and
Grade selected is 60/70.The bitumen is tested in the laboratory
as per the procedure laid in the IS code:73.
Table 3: Properties of 60/70 (VG-30) bitumen
Sl No Test Test method Unit Results Requirement as
MORTH
1 Penetration IS:1203-1925 mm 65 50-70
2 Ductility IS:1208-1978 cm 79 Min 75
3 Specific gravity IS :1202 - 1.01 -
4 Softening point IS:1205-1978 0c
49 Min 47
5 Flash point IS :1209-1978 0c
276 Min 220
2.1 Determination of Particle Index for different
Fractured Faces (<2, >=2 and >3) of Coarse
Aggregate (19mm-13.2mm)
The combined effects of particle shape and surface texture of
aggregates were determined in accordance with ASTM Test
Method for Index of Aggregate Particle Shape and Texture (D
3398). The equipment required for this test consists of
basically a cylindrical steel mould 152mm (6 in.) in diameter
by 178 mm (7 in.) high, and steel rod 16mm (5/8 in.) in
diameter by 610 mm (24 in.) long with the tamping end
rounded to a hemispherical tip.
A clean, washed, oven-dried, single-size aggregate fraction
was used for this test. The mould was filled in three equal
layers, with each layer compacted with 10 well-distributed
blows of the tamping rod. Each tamp consisted of a drop with
the tamping rod from 51 mm (2in.) above the surface of the
layer being compacted. This procedure was repeated using the
same material but applying 50 blows on each of the three
layers. The weight of the contents of the mould in each case
was determined and the corresponding percentage of voids
was calculated using the bulk specific gravity of each
aggregate fraction.
The particle index (PI) is derived using the following
equation,
PI = 1.25 V10 – 0.25 V50 -32.0
Where
V10 = percent voids in the aggregate compacted with 10
blows per layer,
V50 = percent voids in the aggregate compacted with 50
blows per layer,
Calculated voids
V10 = [1-(M10/sv)] X 100
V50 = [1-(M50/sv)] X 100
Where
M10 = Average mass of the aggregate in the mold compacted
at 10 drops Per layer
M50 = Average mass of the aggregate in the mold compacted
at 50 drops Per layer
S = Bulk-dry specific gravity of the aggregate size fraction
V = Volume of the cylindrical mold
Table 4: Obtained Particle Index by varying the % of different fractured faces
Sl No M10
(gm)
M50
(gm)
V10
(%)
V50
(%)
Fractured Faces (%) Particle Index
<2 =2 <3 >3
1 4840 4968 41.13 39.57 100 - - - 9
2 4630 4750 43.68 42.22 30 50 - 20 12
3 4502 4784 45.24 41.81 - - 60 40 14
4 4365 4504 46.91 45.22 - - 20 80 16
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2.2 Uncompacted Void Content of Coarse Aggregate
Using Aashto T- 304
Apparatus: Cylindrical mould, funnel, glass plate, weighing
balance
Record the mass of the empty measure. Mix each test sample
with the spatula until it appears to be homogeneous. Position
the jar and funnel section in the stand and center the
cylindrical measure with the axis of the funnel. Use a finger to
block the opening of the funnel. Pour the test sample into the
funnel. Level the material in the funnel with the spatula.
Remove the finger and allow the sample to freely flow into the
cylindrical measure. After the funnel empties, strike off
excess from the top of the cylindrical measure by a single pass
of the spatula with the width of the blade vertical, using the
straight part of its edge in light contact with the top of the
measure. Until this operation is complete, avoid vibration or
disturbance that could cause compaction of the aggregate in
the measure. Brush adhering grains from the outside of the
cylindrical measure.
Calculate the uncompacted voids for obtained particle index
according to the following formula:
U = ((V-(F/G)) / V) * 100
Where:
U = uncompacted voids, in percent
V = volume of cylindrical measure
F = net mass of fine aggregate
G = bulk specific gravity (Gsb) of aggregate
Table 5: Determination of the uncomapacted voids for
different Particle Index
Particle Index Uncompacted Voids
9 46.51
12 49.61
14 50.69
16 53.62
Aggregate Gradation: The gradation obtained using 19-
12mm, 12-4.75mm, 4.75mm stone dust along with MoRT&H
specified gradation is shown in fig below Figure
Gradation Curve obtained at JMF for the obtained
Particle Index
Fig 1 & 2: Gradation curve for Particle Index 9 and 12
Fig 3 & 4: Gradation curve for Particle Index 14 and 16
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0.01 0.1 1 10
%Passing
Sieve Size (mm)
Achieved
Limit
MoRT&H
Lower Limit
MoRT&H
Upper Limit
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0.01 0.1 1 10
%Passing
Sieve Size (mm)
Achieved
Limit
MoRT&H
Lower Limit
MoRT&H
Upper Limit
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0.01 0.1 1 10
%Passing
Sieve Size (mm)
Achieved
Limit
MoRT&H
Lower Limit
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0.01 0.1 1 10
%Passing
Sieve Size (mm)
Achieved
Limit
MoRT&H
Lower Limit
MoRT&H
Upper Limit
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 06 | May-2014 | RRDCE - 2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 309
2.3 Marshall Method of Mix Design
The principle of the Marshall stability is the resistance to
plastic flow of cylindrical specimens of a bituminous mixture
loaded on the lateral surface. It is the load carrying capacity of
the mix at 60 0
C and is measured in KN. The desirable mix
properties include stability, density, durability, flexibility,
resistance to skidding and workability during construction.
Mixture Designs will be performed using the Marshall method
by preparing and compacting samples with Bitumen content
varied in 0.5% increments according to “ASTM Test Method
for Resistance to Plastic Flow of bituminous Mixtures Using
Marshall Apparatus”. Bituminous concrete gradation as per
MORT&H Specification is selected. Grade 60/70 Bitumen
binder will be used. Specimens will be compacted with 75
blows on each side. Three samples will be made for each
bitumen content. The optimum Bitumen content was chosen as
the bitumen content that produced 4.5 % air voids.
Marshall Graphs were plotted for air voids, VMA, VFB,
Stability flow and density and Optimum binder content was
determined for all the four cases of particle index. As per the
guidelines of MS-2 Bitumen content corresponding to median
of air voids percentage (4.5%) is read from the graph and all
other parameters are checked for that binder content so as to
confirm that whether all other parameters such as VMA, VFB,
Stability and flow falls within the MORT&H specified limits.
From the Experimental investigations for four different
optimum binder contents i.e. 5.1, 5.18, 5.22 and 5.3 was
obtained at 4.5 % air voids for PI 9, PI 12, PI 14 and PI 16. A
total of 9 Marshall Specimens, 3 specimens each were
prepared at OBC for particle index 9, 12, 14 and 16 and tested
for bulk density, stability, flow, air voids, VFB and VMA. The
values along with the MORT&H Specifications are given in
Table 6 and 6.1.
Table 6 and 6.1: Physical properties of BC mix for various binder contents at different PI levels
Properties
Particle Index 9 Particle Index 12
4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
Bulk
density
(gm/cc)
2.35 2.37 2.36 2.35 2.34 2.32 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.34 2.33
Stability
(kg)
1122.8 1272.4 1415.6 1512.8 1280.7 1175.1 1219.0 1346.5 1435.4 1673.5 1326.4 1160.8
Flow
(mm)
1.55 2 2.46 3.02 4.56 5.23 2.15 2.41 3.14 3.59 4.22 4.92
Air
Void(%)
5.7 4.7 3.81 3.5 3.16 3.26 6.09 4.95 3.8 2.66 3.16 2.84
VMA (%) 16.25 15.98 16.78 17.57 18.37 19.5 16.62 16.7 16.8 16.88 15.21 19.14
VFB (%) 64.92 70.58 77.29 80.07 82.8 83.28 63.35 70.35 77 84.24 81.63 85.21
Table 7: Mix Properties for varying particle index
Properties
Particle Index 14 Particle Index 16
4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
Bulk
density
(gm/cc)
2.33 2.35 2.37 2.37 2.36 2.34 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.34 2.32 2.30
Stability
(kg)
1295.9 1426.3 1625.3 1517.3 1421.2 1306.1 1439.9 1662.2 1874.8 1787.8 1530.4 1438.3
Flow (mm) 2.06 2.32 2.93 3.21 3.83 4.6 2.11 2.33 2.75 3.16 3.47 4
Air Voids
(%)
6.48 4.95 3.41 2.66 2.33 2.42 6.5 5.3 4.22 3.88 3.9 3.23
VMA (%) 16.97 16.7 16.44 16.88 17.67 18.88 16.98 17 17.14 17.93 19.06 19.33
VFB (%) 62 70.35 79.25 84.24 86.81 87.12 61.71 68.82 75.37 78.3 79.11 83.29
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 06 | May-2014 | RRDCE - 2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 310
Properties
Particle Index
MORTH Specification
9 12 14 16
OBC % 5.1 5.18 5.22 5.3 Min 5
Bulk density (gm/cc) 2.37 2.362 2.358 2.346 ___
Stability (kg) 1300 1540 1630 1810 900kg
Flow (mm) 2 2.4 2.5 2.6 2-4
Air Voids (%) 4.3 4.6 4.8 5 3-6
VFB (%) 71.2 72.5 74 75 65-75
VMA (%) 16 16.5 16.7 17 Min 16
2.4 Indirect Tensile Strength
Test was conducted for varying particle index i.e., on all 4
types of aggregates are tabulated in the Table 8.The ASTM
T283 code specifies 80 percent should be the minimum value
of Indirect Tensile Strength ratio. In the following Table 8
only the aggregates of % of using more fractured faces particle
index 14 and 16 satisfies the requirement.
Table 8: Indirect tensile strength test results
SL.NO PI
ITS (KN/m2
) ITS (KN/m2
)
ITS ratioConditioned
specimen
unconditioned
specimen
1 9 7.4 10.3 71.84
2 12 8.42 11.01 76.47
3 14 10.1 11.8 85.43
4 16 11.4 12.5 91.2
2.5 Fatigue Life Cycle for different Particle Index
Test was conducted for different stress ratios 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8
for all four types particle index
Table 9: Fatigue cycle results for different particle index
Sl No Particle Index Stress level in % No of cycle
1 9
60 1080
70 738
80 378
2 12
60 1140
70 774
80 480
3 14
60 1214
70 835
80 549
4 16
60 1309
70 918
80 611
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3. ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS AND
DISSCUSSION
3.1 Relation b/w Bulk Density v/s Binder Content
Here Particle Index is evaluated by varying crushed faces of
aggregates. If the crushed faces of aggregate are more it
significantly increases the particle index value. An increase in
the amount of crushed particles caused a decrease in bulk
density. This may be due to the % of voids increases with
increase in the particle index.
At Optimum Binder content of 5.1% for PI 9 Bulk density
achieved is 2.37gm/cc. Similarly at 5.18% OBC for PI 12
Bulk density is 2.362gm/cc, 5.22% OBC for PI 14 Bulk
density is 2.358gm/cc at 5.3% OBC for PI 16 Bulk density of
2.346gm/cc is obtained. Figure 5.11 clearly indicates the
decrease in Bulk density with increase in the Particle Index.
3.2. Relation b/w Stability v/s Binder content
The Marshall stability is a measure of the mass viscosity of the
asphalt mixture and is controlled by the angle of internal
friction of the aggregate and the viscosity at 60 ºC of the
asphalt binder. Stability value increases with the increase in
Particle Index. This is clearly indicated in the graph. Stability
of the Marshall specimen at Particle Index 16 is found to be
very high. The minimum Stability requirement of 900kg is
achieved for different Particle Index i.e. PI 9, PI 12 and PI 14
but the stability values are very much less compared to values
obtained at PI 16. Asphalt mixtures with crushed particles
produced higher stability values than mixtures with uncrushed,
rounded aggregates. Hence even though there is an increased
percentage of Binder for PI 9, PI 12 and PI 14 stability
increases with the increase in Particle Index.
3.3 Relation b/w % Air Voids (Va) v/s Binder Content
Optimum Binder content is found to be 5.1% For Particle
Index 9 at median of air voids i.e. 4.5%. Similarly 5.18%, 5.22
and 5.3% Binder content is obtained at 4.5% air voids. The
mixture air void range is used to ensure enough asphalt binder
to provide a durable pavement, but not so much that the
pavement will deform under loading or have excess asphalt
binder flushing or bleeding on the surface. An increase in the
amount of crushed particles caused an increase in the voids in
mineral aggregate and optimum binder content. This indicates
that with the increase in the Particle Index of aggregates there
is an increase in the percentage of voids and binder content.
Even though it is found satisfying the specification
requirement of 3-6% air voids for all the four different levels
of particle index.
3.4 ITS Ratio v/s Particle Index
The average indirect tensile strength ratios are 71.84%,
76.47%, 85.43% and 91.2% for particle index of PI 9, PI 12,
PI 14 and PI 16.The Specimens with increased particle index
i.e. PI 14 and PI 16 fulfill the minimum criteria of 80% as per
the ASTM standards. The indirect tensile strength ratios for PI
9 and PI 12 is less than 80% so it requires anti-stripping
additives may be required to increase the indirect tensile
ratios. It states that higher the crushed faces of the aggregates
improves the durability of the pavement, less crushed faces of
the aggregates are moisture sensitivity material.
3.5 Fatigue Cycle v/s Particle Index
Fatigue test is conducted to know the behavior of the
pavement. In this study fatigue test is conducted for three
different stress ratios i.e., 60%, 70% and 80% for four
different particle indexes i.e., PI 9, PI 12, PI 14 and PI 16.
Fatigue cycle increases with increase in the particle index.
Crushed faces of the aggregate increases then it increases the
interlocking properties of the aggregates and it develops the
proper bonding between aggregates and bitumen, so higher the
crushed faces of the aggregates resist the cracks on pavement
by excessive loading of the vehicle. It states that the crushed
faces of the aggregates play a vital role in the performance of
pavement. When there are more crushed faces it resists to the
deformation of pavement.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Laboratory experiments were conducted on four types of
aggregates selected. The tests on mechanical properties,
Marshall Stability, indirect tensile test and fatigue tests were
conducted and the following conclusions are drawn based on
the laboratory investigation.
1. Generally more number of fractured face count (>2)
is one among the physical requirements of the
aggregates used in bituminous course or surface
course. In the laboratory determination of particle
index concluded that more fractured face count
results in more particle index value ie. PI 9, PI 12, PI
14 and PI 16.
2. The Marshall method of mix design and the OBC
(optimum binder content) arrived have revealed that
more the fractured faces more the OBC ie. 5.1% for
PI 9, 5.18% for PI 12, 5.22% for PI 14 and 5.3% for
PI 16 and this may be attributed to the coating
requirements of the rough texture which is increased
due to the fractured faces of the aggregates.
3. Trend line analyses have shown that there is a
definite relation between the Marshall properties and
the binder content. In all the four cases of the particle
index R squared value is found to be more than 0.85.
This confirms that fractured faces of the aggregates
do have influence on the performance of the
bituminous mixtures.
4. The Marshall stability shows an increase in trend line
as the particle index value increases. This reveals that
there is a strong resistance by the aggregates against
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the fatigue cracking or permanent deformation
rutting.
5. An increase in the more fractured faces of the
aggregates indicates the decrease in the unit weight of
the bituminous mixture in the study. This is due to
the higher end of the OBC ie. 5.3% for PI 16.
Besides more OBC value also increases the voids
filled with bitumen and voids in mineral aggregates
for more PI value. This is due to the expelling of the
more bitumen content under the compaction.
However this doesn’t much affect the performance of
the pavement.
6. The Indirect tensile strength ratios indicated that the
less particle index value are much more susceptibility
for the moisture than the higher particle index values.
7. The fatigue test conducted at different stress level
indicates that resistance is found more for the higher
value of the particle index. This may be due to the
internal readjustment of the particles, maintaining the
proper interlocking property or existence of the
cohesiveness among the aggregates due to the rough
texture. Hence this clear states that more the fractured
faces never allow the sliding or moving of the
aggregates under the wheel loads.
8. The comprehensive performance studies such as
permanent deformation or workability and still
exhaustive laboratory investigation with quite a good
number of aggregate particle index value may
conclude the optimization such that the optimized
particle index value should fulfill all the bituminous
mixture requirements both at the lab during
experimental stages and at the field after laying and
allowing the traffic.
REFERENCES
[1] ASTM :D3398-00,Standarad test method for index of
aggregate particle shape and texture
[2] Jian-Shiuh Chen, K.Y. Lin and M.K. Chang (2004)
Influence of coarse aggregate shape on the strength of
asphalt concrete mixtures, Journal of the Eastern Asia
Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 6, pp. 1062 –
1075
[3] Kandhal, P. S., Motter, J. B., and Khatri, M. A.
Evaluation of Particle Shape and Texture:Manfuctured
Versus Natural Sands. Transportation Research Record
1301.
[4] Huang, E. Y. An Improved Particle Index Test for the
Evaluation of Geometric Characteristic of Aggregates.
American Society for Testing and Materials Journal of
Material, Vol. 2, Number 1,march, 1967.
[5] Kandhal, P. S., Khatri, M. A., and Motter, J. B.
Evaluation of Particle Shape and Texture of mineral
Aggregates and Their Blends. Journal of the
Association of Asphalt paving Technologies, Vol 61,
1992.
[6] M. Herrin and W.H. Goetz. Effect of Aggregate
Shape on Stability of Bituminous Mixes, Proc. HRB,
VO1.33, 1954.
[7] F. Field. The Importance of Percent Crushed in Coarse
Aggregate as Applied to Bituminous pavements Proc.
AAPT, Vol.27, 1958.
[8] J.M. Grifilth and B.F. Kallas. Aggregate Voids
Characteristics in Asphalt Paving Mixes Proc HRB,
VO1.36, 1957.
[9] G.W. Maupin. Effect of Particle Shape and Surface
Texture on the Fatigue Behavior of Asphaltic Concrete.
Highway Research Record, No.313, 1970.
[10] P.A. Wedding and R.D. Gaynor. The Effects of Using
Crushed Gravel as the Coarse and Fine Aggregate in
Dense Graded Bituminous Mixtures. Proc. AAPT, Vol.
30, 1961.
BIOGRAPHIES
Ani.rudh N is currently working as a
Assistant Professor in Jawaharlal Nehru
National College of Engineering in
Department of Civil Engineering. He has
completed his Post-graduation degree in
Transportation Engineering & Management from Siddaganga
Institute of Technology, Tumkur.
Mallesh K M is currently working as
Associate Professor in Siddaganga Institute of
Technology in Civil Engineering Department.
He is having a more than 30 years experience
in the teaching field and also 5years
experience in Highway field. He is also senior
Material Engineer in KNR Constructions and
he is doing Third party Inspection for PMGSY and Suvarna
Grama Road projects.
Dr Mohamed Ilyas Anjum is currently
working as Vice – Principal & HoD Civil in
Ghousia College of Engineering is having a
more than 30 years experience in the
teaching field.