The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Study of Damage to ABS Specimens Submitted To Uniaxial Loadingtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Proposed Equation for Elastic Modulus of High-Strength Concrete Using Local...IJERA Editor
There several of equations to determine the modulus of elasticity by codes of practice and researchers. They
differ in the form of the equations and their parameter functions. Many codes and researches advise engineers of
the dependence of the modulus of elasticity on the aggregate type, size and shape; and, hence, it is wise to
determine the concrete properties for the specified mix from the trial batches. This paper considers the Iraqi
aggregates used in producing the HSC to develop and equation for prediction the modulus of elasticity for HSC.
Modulus of elasticity of high strength concrete using Iraqi aggregate with a wide range of 41 to 83.3 MPa has
been studied and by analyzing 69 tests from the available literature. An empirical equation has been proposed
for prediction of modulus elasticity presents the local aggregate in Iraq. The predicted values are compared with
the predictions by codes of practice like ACI 318-02, EC2-02 and a practical equation by Noguchi et al. It has
been found that there are differences in the predictions between them and the proposed equation. The ACI
overestimates the modulus of elasticity for these tests and 80% of the tests are below it, while EC2 values are
over conservative as they are below 78% of test values. The proposed equation is lie between the two codes. The
prediction by Noguchi et al. showed better results as they are very close to the proposed equation.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Study of Damage to ABS Specimens Submitted To Uniaxial Loadingtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Proposed Equation for Elastic Modulus of High-Strength Concrete Using Local...IJERA Editor
There several of equations to determine the modulus of elasticity by codes of practice and researchers. They
differ in the form of the equations and their parameter functions. Many codes and researches advise engineers of
the dependence of the modulus of elasticity on the aggregate type, size and shape; and, hence, it is wise to
determine the concrete properties for the specified mix from the trial batches. This paper considers the Iraqi
aggregates used in producing the HSC to develop and equation for prediction the modulus of elasticity for HSC.
Modulus of elasticity of high strength concrete using Iraqi aggregate with a wide range of 41 to 83.3 MPa has
been studied and by analyzing 69 tests from the available literature. An empirical equation has been proposed
for prediction of modulus elasticity presents the local aggregate in Iraq. The predicted values are compared with
the predictions by codes of practice like ACI 318-02, EC2-02 and a practical equation by Noguchi et al. It has
been found that there are differences in the predictions between them and the proposed equation. The ACI
overestimates the modulus of elasticity for these tests and 80% of the tests are below it, while EC2 values are
over conservative as they are below 78% of test values. The proposed equation is lie between the two codes. The
prediction by Noguchi et al. showed better results as they are very close to the proposed equation.
Vibrational Analysis Of Cracked Rod Having Circumferential Crack IDES Editor
The frequency ratio of torsional vibration of a rod without crack and of rod with crack subjected to torque at the free end for various crack depth and varying crack location is investigated. It is found that even a cracked of small depth is
dangerous at the fixed end, also as the crack depth is increases more than 50% of diameter of rod there is a considerable drop in natural frequency of the rod .
An Experimental Investigation into the Grindability Aspects of Newly Develope...IDES Editor
Ceramics are getting widely used in many engineering applications. These ceramic materials need to be ground. Unfortunately, the ground ceramic components mostly contain surface/subsurface damages. To minimize the grinding induced damages selection of appropriate grinding process parameters is very important. Ceramic composite material (AlSiTi) has been selected in the present study to investigate its grindability. This research work deals with the analysis of the process parameters such as wheel speed, table feed and infeed as influential factors, on the force components, grinding specific energy and surface roughness values based
on Taguchi’s experimental design method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to analyze the subsurface damages. The result provides valuable insight into the grindability aspects of the composite ceramic (AlSiTi).
Laboratory modelling of rock joints under shear and constant normal loadingeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Crash Behavior of Welded Thin Wall R...IDES Editor
The crash behavior of Cold Rolled Mild Steel
(CRMS) closed form thin section produced by stitch welding
at periodic intervals of length was studied by conducting axial
compressive tests at loading velocities of 5 mm/min and 6000
mm/min. The deformation shape, peak forces and energy
absorption capacity of the sections estimated numerically
showed a good correlation with the experimental data.
Studies on reinforced hollow concrete block masonryeSAT Journals
Abstract Masonry may be defined as the assemblage of building units joined with the help of cementitious material or any accepted joining material to perform required function. It has its own reputation and performs multi-functions in load bearing structures such as- supporting loads, dividing spaces, thermal and acoustic insulation, weather and fire protection etc, but it has to be provided separately in framed structures. In present scenario, there is a great demand for construction of Multi-storied residential buildings in urban area because of needful requirements. Most of such buildings are constructed using RC-framed structure. On the other hand RC-framed structures are expensive and relatively difficult to construct because of the need for formwork. Masonry has a great benefit since it does not need form work. If moderate to High strength Engineered hollow concrete blocks are available, one can think of providing reinforcement through the core of such Hollow blocks. In this project an attempt has been made to obtain the load carrying capacity of Reinforced Hollow Concrete Block Masonry through experimental investigation by considering two different percentages of steels - for this totally four number of Reinforced hollow concrete block masonry prisms (RHCBM) using 12 mm diameter bar and six number of Reinforced hollow concrete block masonry prisms (RHCBM) using 8 mm diameter bar were casted and tested. Further, an attempt has been made to compare the experimental load carrying capacity with the conventional mechanics based approach used for analyzing short columns. There was a fairly good co-relation between the analysis and experiments. Key Words: Unreinforced Masonry, Reinforced Hollow Concrete Block Masonry.
Size effect of plain concrete beams–an experimental studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper analyses the size dependency of the fracture energy (GF) and the effective length of fracture process zone (Cf) of concrete
determined as per the Bazant’s Size effect method and RILEM Work-of-fracture methods. The fracture parameters (GF,Cf) are
determined by measuring the maximum loads of geometrically similar notched plain concrete (M25) specimens of different sizes in a
size ratio of 1:5 with different pre-cast notch depths (a/d=0.15, 0.30 and 0.45) under three point bending through load-deflection
curves. In each notch depth ratio, 15 beams are cast and tested with 03 similar specimens in each size of the beams. Total beams
tested are 45.The variation of both the fracture energy and the effective length of fracture process zone as a function of the specimen
size and notch depth is determined using Bazant’s Size effect method and RILEM Work-of-fracture method. Fracture energy and
Fracture process zone length determined by Size effect method are found to be decreasing with the increasing notch depth ratios.
Fracture energy calculated using Work-of-fracture method is increasing with the increase in size of specimen and decreasing with the
increasing notch depth ratios.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Research on Contact Characteristics between Bump End Effector and WaferIJRES Journal
In the IC industry, commonly used methods are wafer clamping friction transmission type and vacuum suction. Combining science and theological contact theory,the contact friction transmission characteristics when using the bump and transmission actuator wafer, the wafer and the end actuators. Starting from the material properties of the wafer by ANSYS simulation analysis in contact with the wafer bump deformation due to its own gravity, and verify that it meets the requirements of small deformation wafer transfer. Compute and solve the friction contact with the wafer bump bristles between.
Fatigue Study of Ijuk-Aren Interaction on Soil Cement Pavement Model for Elas...AM Publications
This study examines the behavior of fatigue interaction-palm fibers in the soil-cement as an elastic foundation pavement. Experimental behavior in sandy-clay type soil stabilized cement, with 6% and the amount of cement mixed-palm fibers as reinforcement to the number of 0% and 0.50% of the dry weight of the soil. Fatigue with repeated load testing using a UTM-5P / 14P and type testing Confined Repeated Strain Axial Load Test and visual interaction microstructure-palm fibers examined by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). The test specimen is done at 28 days, the loads are applied: is loading stress = 1500 kPa, confining stress = 100 kPa, loading frequency 1,5Hz. The results obtained showed reinforcement palm-sugar 0.50% increase resilience modulus degradation of 6,50% and microstructural observations indicate cement hydration bind soil particles cover the surface of palm fibers. The results of the other is the interaction of the fibers improve the strength of soil-cement and pavement a long life.
Flexural behaviour of interior r.c.beam column joint with and without slab un...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This paper presents part of the results of an ongoing laboratory study carried out to study on
strength and durability characteristics of ternary concrete made with and without ternary mixtures of
cement-fly ash- silica fume. In the present work an attempt has been made to study the strength
properties of ternary concrete in compression, tension and flexure and also durability aspects of
ternary blended concrete. In the investigation, M25 Grade concrete mix is designed with different
percentages of cementitious materials (5%, 7.5%, 10% & 12.5%) and tests are conducted for
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strengths at 7, 28 and 56 days. Test results
indicate that the replacement of cement by 10% had attained a maximum strength in M25 Grade
concrete. The results obtained thus are encouraging for partial replacement.
A study on the performance of circular footing embedded in geogrid reinforced...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Vibrational Analysis Of Cracked Rod Having Circumferential Crack IDES Editor
The frequency ratio of torsional vibration of a rod without crack and of rod with crack subjected to torque at the free end for various crack depth and varying crack location is investigated. It is found that even a cracked of small depth is
dangerous at the fixed end, also as the crack depth is increases more than 50% of diameter of rod there is a considerable drop in natural frequency of the rod .
An Experimental Investigation into the Grindability Aspects of Newly Develope...IDES Editor
Ceramics are getting widely used in many engineering applications. These ceramic materials need to be ground. Unfortunately, the ground ceramic components mostly contain surface/subsurface damages. To minimize the grinding induced damages selection of appropriate grinding process parameters is very important. Ceramic composite material (AlSiTi) has been selected in the present study to investigate its grindability. This research work deals with the analysis of the process parameters such as wheel speed, table feed and infeed as influential factors, on the force components, grinding specific energy and surface roughness values based
on Taguchi’s experimental design method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to analyze the subsurface damages. The result provides valuable insight into the grindability aspects of the composite ceramic (AlSiTi).
Laboratory modelling of rock joints under shear and constant normal loadingeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Crash Behavior of Welded Thin Wall R...IDES Editor
The crash behavior of Cold Rolled Mild Steel
(CRMS) closed form thin section produced by stitch welding
at periodic intervals of length was studied by conducting axial
compressive tests at loading velocities of 5 mm/min and 6000
mm/min. The deformation shape, peak forces and energy
absorption capacity of the sections estimated numerically
showed a good correlation with the experimental data.
Studies on reinforced hollow concrete block masonryeSAT Journals
Abstract Masonry may be defined as the assemblage of building units joined with the help of cementitious material or any accepted joining material to perform required function. It has its own reputation and performs multi-functions in load bearing structures such as- supporting loads, dividing spaces, thermal and acoustic insulation, weather and fire protection etc, but it has to be provided separately in framed structures. In present scenario, there is a great demand for construction of Multi-storied residential buildings in urban area because of needful requirements. Most of such buildings are constructed using RC-framed structure. On the other hand RC-framed structures are expensive and relatively difficult to construct because of the need for formwork. Masonry has a great benefit since it does not need form work. If moderate to High strength Engineered hollow concrete blocks are available, one can think of providing reinforcement through the core of such Hollow blocks. In this project an attempt has been made to obtain the load carrying capacity of Reinforced Hollow Concrete Block Masonry through experimental investigation by considering two different percentages of steels - for this totally four number of Reinforced hollow concrete block masonry prisms (RHCBM) using 12 mm diameter bar and six number of Reinforced hollow concrete block masonry prisms (RHCBM) using 8 mm diameter bar were casted and tested. Further, an attempt has been made to compare the experimental load carrying capacity with the conventional mechanics based approach used for analyzing short columns. There was a fairly good co-relation between the analysis and experiments. Key Words: Unreinforced Masonry, Reinforced Hollow Concrete Block Masonry.
Size effect of plain concrete beams–an experimental studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper analyses the size dependency of the fracture energy (GF) and the effective length of fracture process zone (Cf) of concrete
determined as per the Bazant’s Size effect method and RILEM Work-of-fracture methods. The fracture parameters (GF,Cf) are
determined by measuring the maximum loads of geometrically similar notched plain concrete (M25) specimens of different sizes in a
size ratio of 1:5 with different pre-cast notch depths (a/d=0.15, 0.30 and 0.45) under three point bending through load-deflection
curves. In each notch depth ratio, 15 beams are cast and tested with 03 similar specimens in each size of the beams. Total beams
tested are 45.The variation of both the fracture energy and the effective length of fracture process zone as a function of the specimen
size and notch depth is determined using Bazant’s Size effect method and RILEM Work-of-fracture method. Fracture energy and
Fracture process zone length determined by Size effect method are found to be decreasing with the increasing notch depth ratios.
Fracture energy calculated using Work-of-fracture method is increasing with the increase in size of specimen and decreasing with the
increasing notch depth ratios.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Research on Contact Characteristics between Bump End Effector and WaferIJRES Journal
In the IC industry, commonly used methods are wafer clamping friction transmission type and vacuum suction. Combining science and theological contact theory,the contact friction transmission characteristics when using the bump and transmission actuator wafer, the wafer and the end actuators. Starting from the material properties of the wafer by ANSYS simulation analysis in contact with the wafer bump deformation due to its own gravity, and verify that it meets the requirements of small deformation wafer transfer. Compute and solve the friction contact with the wafer bump bristles between.
Fatigue Study of Ijuk-Aren Interaction on Soil Cement Pavement Model for Elas...AM Publications
This study examines the behavior of fatigue interaction-palm fibers in the soil-cement as an elastic foundation pavement. Experimental behavior in sandy-clay type soil stabilized cement, with 6% and the amount of cement mixed-palm fibers as reinforcement to the number of 0% and 0.50% of the dry weight of the soil. Fatigue with repeated load testing using a UTM-5P / 14P and type testing Confined Repeated Strain Axial Load Test and visual interaction microstructure-palm fibers examined by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). The test specimen is done at 28 days, the loads are applied: is loading stress = 1500 kPa, confining stress = 100 kPa, loading frequency 1,5Hz. The results obtained showed reinforcement palm-sugar 0.50% increase resilience modulus degradation of 6,50% and microstructural observations indicate cement hydration bind soil particles cover the surface of palm fibers. The results of the other is the interaction of the fibers improve the strength of soil-cement and pavement a long life.
Flexural behaviour of interior r.c.beam column joint with and without slab un...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This paper presents part of the results of an ongoing laboratory study carried out to study on
strength and durability characteristics of ternary concrete made with and without ternary mixtures of
cement-fly ash- silica fume. In the present work an attempt has been made to study the strength
properties of ternary concrete in compression, tension and flexure and also durability aspects of
ternary blended concrete. In the investigation, M25 Grade concrete mix is designed with different
percentages of cementitious materials (5%, 7.5%, 10% & 12.5%) and tests are conducted for
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strengths at 7, 28 and 56 days. Test results
indicate that the replacement of cement by 10% had attained a maximum strength in M25 Grade
concrete. The results obtained thus are encouraging for partial replacement.
A study on the performance of circular footing embedded in geogrid reinforced...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Assessment of powder factor in surface bench blasting using schmidt rebound n...eSAT Journals
Abstract Rock mass characterisation helps in selection and optimum usage of explosive in bench blasting. There are various methods to characterize the rock mass but use of Schmidt hammer in rock characterization before blasting may be a good option. Schmidt hammer, since its simplicity and capability of instant data production, has so far been a powerful tool utilized by many researchers to predict compressive strength of rocks. In this light the present study was conducted in opencast coal mines to see the effect of Schmidt hammer rebound number or transformed compressive strength of rocks on powder factor. The correlation was found sufficiently reliable to enable the determination of optimum powder factor for surface bench blast in different rock types maintaining the required blasting results in terms of fragmentation. Keywords: Powder factor, Schmidt hammer, Rebound number, Rock mass, Overburden bench
Evaluation of shear strength of model rock joints by experimental studyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on the Compressive Strength and the Flexural ...IJERA Editor
Concrete structures deflect, crack, and loose stiffness when subjected to external load. Loss of flexural strength of concrete is largely responsible for cracks in structure. In reinforced concrete structures, the mix proportions of the materials of the concrete and aggregate type determine the compressive strength while the composite action of concrete and steel reinforcement supplies the flexural strength. In occasion of loss of stiffness, steel reinforcement no longer supports flexural stresses; concrete in turn is subjected to flexure. The compressive strength and flexural strength therefore play a crucial role. Effect of varying coarse aggregate size on the flexural and compressive strengths of concrete beam was investigated. Concrete cubes and beams were produced in accordance with BS 1881-108 (1983) and ASTM C293 with varying aggregate sizes 9.0mm, 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm, using a standard mould of internal dimension 150x150x150 for the concrete cubes and a mould of internal dimension of 150 x 150 x 750mm for the reinforced concrete beam. The water cement ratio was kept at 0.65 with a mix proportion of 1:2:4. The specimen produced were all subjected to curing in water for 28days and were all tested to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength using Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strength of cubes is 21.26N/mm2, 23.41N/mm2, 23.66N/mm2, and 24.31N/mm2 for coarse aggregate sizes 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm respectively. That of flexural strength of test beams is 4.93N/mm2, 4.78N/mm2, 4.53N/mm2, 4.49N/mm2, 4.40N/mm2 respectively. In conclusion, concrete to be used mostly to resist flexural stresses should be made of finer coarse aggregates.
Evaluation of fracture toughness of sintered silica nickel nanocompositeseSAT Journals
Abstract
The micro-Vickers indentation technique is limited to a small area of the specimen surface. It provides a sort of local fracture toughness value, limited to a small portion of the material. But, due to the simplicity of the micro- Vickers indentation test, there has been a steadily increasing interest in its applications. It has been established that classifying on the indentation load, two different types of cracks may form in the Vickers indentation. One type is the Palmqvist crack, while the other is the median type crack which forms in a half penny shape. A Niihara approach is chosen to assess the fracture toughness of silica-nickel Nanocomposites for both type of cracks found in this experiment. The important observation is that with the increase in the amount of nickel, the indentation fracture toughness is found to increased.
Keywords: Micro-Vickers indentation, fracture toughness, Palmqvist crack, Median crack, Nickel, Niihara, Nanocomposites.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON COMPRESSION BEHAVIOR PARAMETERS OF NSC AND SC...IAEME Publication
A total of six intermediate columns with same cross sectional area of 125mm X 125mm were cast and tested. Experimental study was conducted to know the behavior of intermediate columns under axial load made out of Normal strength concrete (NSC) and Self-compacting concrete (SCC). Main objective of this study was to compare the behavior of NSC intermediate columns and SCC intermediate columns for various percentage of steel. Axial load ratio, stiffness ratio were the main parameters which increased as the axial load increased. However in this study, special attention was given on stiffness degradation, energy absorption, ultimate load carrying capacity, shortening index of each intermediate column. The results showed that shortening index, axial load ratio, stiffness ratio and stiffness degradation increased with increase in axial load.
Assessment of wear rate is an inseparable section of the saw ability of dimension stone, and an essential task to optimization in the diamond wire saw performance. This research aims to provide an accurate, practical and applicable model for predicting the wear rate of diamond bead based on rock properties using applications and performances of intelligent systems. In order to reach this purpose, 38 cutting test results with 38 different rocks were used from andesites, limestones and real marbles quarries located in eleven areas in Turkey. Prediction of wear rate is determined by optimization techniques like Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and hybrid Genetic algorithm –Artificial neural network (GA-ANN) models that were utilized to build two estimation models by MATLAB software. In this study, 80% of the total samples were used randomly for the training dataset, and the remaining 20% was considered as testing data for GA-ANN model. Further, accuracy and performance capacity of models established were investigated using root mean square error (RMSE), the coefficient of determination (R2) and standard deviation (STD). Finally, a comparison was made among performances of these soft computing techniques for predicting and the results obtained indicated hybrid GA-ANN model with a coefficient of determination (R2) of training = 0.95 and testing = 0.991 can get more accurate predicting results in comparison with MLP models.
A STUDY ON EFFECTS OF GEOSYNTHETIC ENCASEMENT ON FLOATING STONE COLUMNIAEME Publication
There is tremendouseffort required to treat the soft soil for laying foundation over it. In recentera researchers found little success to treat such a heterogeneous soft soil.The Geosynthetically encased stone column for improving such soft soil is nowproven to be most effective one. Many researchers worked and proven theeffectiveness of this method. Plenty of researchers worked on soft soilimprovement using Geosynthetically encased stone column. Most of the researchwork done on unit cell idealization basis and the stone column rested overrigid bottom base of unit cell. However it is not necessary to have firm layeralways available during actual field condition. So the present research work isall about treating the soft soil with Geosynthetically reinforced floatingstone column. The bottom of the stone columns is rested over soft soil itself.Four types of Geosynthetic materials are used as an encasement. The loadsettlement responses were measured to know the effects of types ofreinforcement on load settlement behaviour of floating stone column.
The effect of disturbance factor on the stability of tunnels (Case study: Tun...IJRES Journal
Disturbance factor (D) is related to excavation method and cause damage and stress relief in the rock masses. The convergence and plastic zone around tunnels depends on the disturbance factor of rocks.This study has been in the tunnel No.2 of Kurdistan in NW of Iran which is composed of shale rocks. In tunnel modeling, different disturbance factors(0 to 1) areanalyzed using phase2 software and the amount of displacement and extent of plastic zone in around the tunnelis determined. The obtain results show that by increasing of disturbance factor, the displacement and plastic zone around the tunnel has increased and the most increase has occurred in disturbance factors 0.8 to 1. Therefore, for excavation of this tunnel, the blasting method should not be used and instead of it, the mechanical methods must be used.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
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LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
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Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
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Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
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All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
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Length: 30 minutes
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Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3
H032030068074
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume|| 3 ||Issue|| 2 ||Pages|| 68- 74 || 2014 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
Drillability of Migmatite Gneisses in Lokoja Environs
1
Jethro, Michael Adebola, 2 Shehu, Shaib Abdulazeez
3
Saliu, Muyideen Alade
1&2
3
Department of Mineral Resources Engineering, Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja, Nigeria
Department of Mining Engineering, the Federal University Technology, Akure Ondo State, Nigeria
---------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------In this study, correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between some strength properties
(Uniaxial Compressive Strength, Point Load Strength, Schmidt Hammer Value, Equivalent Quartz Content and
Penetration Rate) of Beautiful Rock Quarry along Ajaokuta Road in Kogi State, North Central Nigeria. These
properties were determined and the relationships between them were described by Regression Analysis. The
coefficient of correlation for all the parameters evaluated is more than 0.7. The result indicated that Uniaxial
Compressive Strength (UCS) varies between 239.60MPa and 283.01MPa, Point Load Strength varies between
5.9MPa and 6.01MPa, the Schmidt Hammer Value varies between 42 and 56, Equivalent Quartz Content varies
between 55.3% and 70.2%, and the Penetration Rate Varies Between 1.10m/min and 1.60m/min. This result
shows that the Uniaxial Compressive Strength of the rock tested was extremely high while the Point Load
Strength was high [5]. The Schmidt hammer rebound value is moderate. The study revealed that the Equivalent
Quartz Content is one of the major factors controlling penetration rate in rocks.
Keywords: Drillability, penetration rate, strength properties, correlation and, regression analysis
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 02 November 2013
Date of Acceptance: 20 February 2014
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I.
INTRODUCTION
Drillability and penetration rate are similar terms. While drillability indicates whether penetration is
easy or hard, penetration rate indicates whether it is fast or slow [1].
Migmatite Gneiss rock is economically useful for construction works and ornamental purposes. It is
imperative to study and determine its drillability or penetration rate in order to have a long term production plan
schedule or to meet up with target production rate. The drillability of the migmatite Gneiss can be studied by
determining various strength properties: Its mechanical properties (uniaxial compressive strength, tensile
strength, point load index) and physical properties (porosity, density, hardness, permeability among others). The
mineralogical compositions and petrography of these rocks have significant effects on their properties and thus
greatly influence the drillability. Drillability is a measure of the resistance of mine rock to disintegration during
drilling. Rock drillability largely depends on hardness of minerals, grain size, degree of cementation of light
minerals and the influence of specific tools that is used which determine the velocity or the speed of rotation.
Rock drilling is performed with a number of techniques depending on operational variables, usage,
hardness and strength characteristics of the rock. The operational variables that are controllable are rotation
speed, thrust, blow frequency and flushing. However, rock properties and geological conditions are
uncontrollable parameters [2] and [3]. Various methods have been used to determine the mechanical properties
of migmatite Gneiss using the standards like ISRM, ASTM among others. The most important mechanical
properties measured are Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS), Point Load Test (PLT), mineralogical
compositions and physical properties (hardness).
Factors affecting drillability can be described as changeable and unchangeable. These factors are rock
characteristics, mechanical factors and complementary factors. The hardness of the rock, uniaxial compressive
strength (UCS), tensile strength and point load test are the vital unchangeable factors. Penetration rate is the
progression of the drilling bit into the rock in a certain period of time, which is generally expressed in “m/min”.
The main changeable factors are type and design characteristics, the amount of compression applied and drill
rotational speed. Fast and economical penetration depends on the mineralogical structure of the rock, drilling
machine, geo-mechanic characteristic, and the choice of drilling tools appropriate to the rock [4].
Migmatite gnesis is the commonest rock type in Nigerian Basement Complex. There are two main
types of gneisses: the biotite gneiss and the banded gneiss which is very wide spread. The biotite gneisses are
normally fine grained with strong foliation caused by the parallel arrangement of alternating dark and light
colours.
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 68
2. Drillability of Migmatite Gneisses in Lokoja Environs
The banded gneisses show alternating light – coloured and dark bands and exhibit intricate folding of
their bands. The migmatite gneiss is the oldest rock and is believed to be sedimentary in origin but was later
source altered into metamorphic and granite rouse.
Table 1 shows the coordinates of the study areas and a brief description of the rock samples studied.
Table 1: Location of the Study Areas
Samples No.
Locations
Sizes
Descriptions
N70 421 14.011
A
E060 441 37.811
350MM Medium to coarse grains & Dark in colour.
- 55M ASL
N70 421 15.311
B
E060 441 39.311
350MM Coarse grain & Light in colour.
- 64M ASL
N70 421 12.211
C
E060 441 44.211
350MM Medium to Coarse grain & Grey in colour.
- 52M ASL
N70 421 12.211
D
350MM Fine – medium grain & pinkish in colour
E060 441 44.211
N70 421 1611
E
350MM Medium to Coarse grain & grey colour.
E0060 441 3011
II.
METHODOLOGY
2.1
Uniaxial Compressive Strength
This method is intended to determine the uniaxial compressive strength of rock samples in the form of
specimen of regular geometry and is mainly for strength classification and characterization of fragmented rocks.
The test procedure was in accordance with ISRM [5] as highlighted below:
(i) The test specimen was prepared in cubic shape with dimension 60mm x 60mm.
(ii) The test specimens were cut to shape with the aid of mansonry saw.
(iii) Micrometer screw gauge was used to measure the dimensions
(iv) Fifteen prepared specimens (three per location) were compressed under a uniaxial compression
machine with a constant stress rate of 0.5-1.0 MPa such that failure occurred within 5-10
minutes of loading.
The uniaxial compressive strength is then calculated using Equation 1.
CO
F
A
4F
D
2
.......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......( 1 )
where Co is the compressive strength in MPa, F is the load at failure kN, and A is the cross- sectional area of the
cylindrical core samples in m2 and D is the sample diameter in m.
2.2
Point Load Strength
The test is intended to measure point load strength of the rock specimen. The rock samples were prepared for
each location to the standard suggested by the international Society of Rock Mechanics [5] and the American
Society for Testing and Materials International (ASTM) [6].
Basic diametrical tests were performed on the specimens. The sample is placed between the conical platen
points in a way to allow at least 0.5D as a free end after the longest axis has been measured. The loading
diameter is read from the scale pointer and recorded. Load is then applied steadily through the platens until
failure occurs and the failure load is taken as recorded by the dial gauge. The tensile strength is measured as the
point load strength index (Is) as shown in Equation (2).
Is
P
D
2
.......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .( 2 )
Since the samples tested do not have a diameter of 50mm, the point load index has to be corrected to standard
strength indices as shown in Equation (4).
The uncorrected point – load strength index is corrected to the point –load strength as equivalent core diameter
of 50mm, for De 50mm
The corrected point load strength index, Is(50) is calculated as in Equation 3.
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 69
3. Drillability of Migmatite Gneisses in Lokoja Environs
I s ( 50 ) FI
De
F
50
(3)
s
0 . 45
.......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........( 4 )
where F is the size correction factor, P is the failure load( kN), and De is the equivalent core diameter (m).
2.3
Petrographic Analysis
Modal analysis is the method of determining the detailed petrography of rocks by counting different
minerals, thereby determining the mineralogical composition and the percentage of the minerals crystal
formation of various minerals present in the samples of the different rock types.
The polarizing microscope was used in the determination of these properties in each of the slide by
placing the slide on the stage of polarizing microscope taking records of the first, second and the third counts
respectively. The total number of each mineral were estimated against the ground total and multiplied by 100 to
give the percentage composition of the minerals using Equation (5).
Mathematical formular for percentage composition is
Cm
Tm
X 100 ( 5 )
Ttm
where Cm is the Percentage composition of minerals, Tm is Total number of counts for a mineral and Ttm is
Total number of counts for all minerals.
The point count method as given by Hutchinson [7] was used to determine modal composition.
2.4
Penetration Rate
A drilling rig (SECROC 3”) was used to determined rocks penetration rates. The penetration rates tests
were carried out on five different locations numbered 1 to 5. New drilling bits were used in the penetration
tests. The rotational speed of the bit is between 30 to 40rpm and diameters of the holes varies from 80 to
90mm.The highest penetration rate was observed in location (1).
III.
RESULTS
The results of uniaxial compressive strength, point load test, Schmidt hardness, Equivalent Quartz
contents and penetration rate of migmatite gneiss rock samples in different locations of Beautiful Rock Quarry
were shown in Table 2.
Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 depict the regression analysis of penetration rate against uniaxial compressive
strength, point load strength, Schmidt hammer value and equivalent quartz content respectively.
Plates A to E are the photomicrographs of the studied samples.
Table 2: Results of Penetration Rate, Equivalent Quartz Content, Schmidt Hammer Value, Compressive
Strength and Point Load Strength Values.
Samples
Penetration rate Equivalent quartz content SHV
CO MPa
IS (50)MPa
(m/min)
(%)
A
1.60
57.8
55
283.07
6.02
B
1.33
59.2
46
251.70
5.25
C
1.43
61.8
48
256.60
5.45
D
1.10
70.2
42
239.60
5.09
E
1.50
55.3
56
281.33
5.98
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4. Drillability of Migmatite Gneisses in Lokoja Environs
Figure 1: Penetration rate versus Uniaxial compressive strength
Figure 2: Penetration rate versus Point load strength
Figure 3: Penetration rate versus Schmidt hammer value
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5. Drillability of Migmatite Gneisses in Lokoja Environs
Figure 4: Penetration rate versus Equivalent quartz content
A
B
C
D
E
Plates A,B,C,D and E: Photomicrograph of Migmatite Gneisses (with crossed Nicols. X 40)
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6. Drillability of Migmatite Gneisses in Lokoja Environs
IV.
DISCUSSION
4.1
Appraisal of Strength Characteristics
Table 2 shows that locations A to E possess extremely high uniaxial compressive strength with A
having the highest value when compared to other locations. The Table also indicates that the point load strength
from location A to E has high strength values according to ISRM [8] while location A still have the highest
strength value. All the locations have moderate Schmidt hammer rebound values. From all the locations, the
percentage composition of Quartz belongs to the “highest” class. It can thus be concluded generally that the rock
type is of high strength.
The highest equivalent quartz content and highest penetration rate were recorded at location D.
Location A has the lowest penetration rate. The different penetration rates were largely due to the heametite
variation in each of the locations.
4.2
Correlation Analysis between Strength Characteristics to Drillability Efficiency of Migmatite Gneiss
From Figure, it was observed that penetration rate exhibits a direct relation with the uniaxial
compressive strength value. This indicates that when penetration rate increases, the uniaxial compressive
strength increases as reflected in Equation 6.
PR 0 . 009 UCS 1 . 035 , R
0 . 854 .......... .......... .......... ........( 6 )
2
where PR = Penetration rate (m/min), UCS = Uniaxial Compressive Strength (MPa)
In Figure 2, the relationship between Penetration Rate and Point Load Strength follows a linear function as
shown in Equation 7.
PR 0 . 409 PLS 0 . 881 , R
0 . 824 .......... .......... .......... .......... .( 7 )
2
where PR = Penetration rate (m/min), PLS = Point Load Strength (MPa)
Figure 3 shows that the penetration rate is directly proportional to Schmidt hammer value as shown in Equation
(8).
PR 0 . 0295 SHV 0 . 055 , R
2
0 . 845 .......... .......... .......... .( 8 )
where PR = Penetration rate (m/min), SHV = Schmidt Hammer Valve (%)
In contrary, [4] and [9] got a negatively correlated values of PR against UCS, PLS and SHV while in this study,
it is positively correlated.
Figure 4 shows that the penetration rate is inversely proportional to Quartz equivalent content as shown in
Equation (9)
PR 0 . 029 EQC 3 . 167 , R
2
0 . 767 .......... .......... .......... ..... ( 9 )
where PR = Penetration rate (m/min), EQC = Equivalent Quartz Content (%)
From the study, it is evident that the higher the Equivalent Quartz Content (EQC), the higher the uniaxial
strength and point load strength. This implies that the mineralogical composition of migmatite gneiss samples
from Beautiful rock Quarry has a great influence on its mechanical properties, and more so, it is evident that
increase in EQC will lead to decrease in Penetration Rate.
From the thin section analysis, the mineral composition of the rock, shape, size and textural
composition were determined. Texturally, it was observed that locations A,C,D,E are medium to coarse grained
while location B is coarse grained.
IV. CONCLUSION
The relationship between the data obtained from the rock mechanics and drillability tests were evaluated
by using regression and correlation analysis with the aid of EXCEL Program. The equation of the best-fit line
and the correlation coefficient were determined for each regression.
Predicting the penetration rate is very important in rock drilling. The penetration rate is a necessary
value for cost estimation and planning of any drilling programme. One of the most important factors affecting
drillability is rock properties. Among these properties are uniaxial compressive strength, point load strength,
Schmidt hammer rebound value (Hardness) and quartz equivalent content. As a pre planning measure for
drilling programme, an ideal of the likely penetration rate can thus be estimated from the relationships
generated.
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7. Drillability of Migmatite Gneisses in Lokoja Environs
V.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The strength properties of the samples tested from beautiful rock quarry have a very high strength,
therefore, it is recommended for various constructional purposes.
Further study is required to check the validity of the derived equation for the other rock types.
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[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
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revision of point load test method. Int. J. Rock Mech. Mining Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 22: pp. 51 – 60.
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