Abstract Proper use of firing pattern vis-à-vis the blast requirements can provide optimal blast performance in terms of fragmentation, throw, wall control etc. This is largely attributed to the importance of firing burden in any blast round. By changing the firing patterns the firing burden, and, thereby the ratio of spacing to burden is also subject to change. Proper initiation timing is as important for fragmentation as the burden, spacing, sub drilling, stemming etc. Simultaneous initiation leads to the problems, such as, coarser fragmentation, blasting of a large number of holes at a given time which leads to the other problems. The present research study which was conducted in three limestone quarries where major problems such as of improper fragmentation, poor wall control, and poor heave characteristics of the muckpile were observed. Designed firing pattern was not able to provide the requisite fragmentation, and, even the throw. Modifications in firing pattern were implemented to obtain the required blast results. Keywords: Firing pattern, fragmentation, progressive relief, throw, drop, muckpile
Its a presentation about the design aspect of open cast mine. The author believes it will surely help the mining engineering students at the beginning level.
In mining operations, blasting has become a routine work. With proper understanding of the rocks and blasting methods, the mining work can be done effectively. This module explains the rock blasting methods adopted in mining industries.
Its a presentation about the design aspect of open cast mine. The author believes it will surely help the mining engineering students at the beginning level.
In mining operations, blasting has become a routine work. With proper understanding of the rocks and blasting methods, the mining work can be done effectively. This module explains the rock blasting methods adopted in mining industries.
theories of interaction of rock cutting tools in contact with the rock, different parameters, specific energy, applications, drag, point attack picks, disc cutters, and their interaction
theories of interaction of rock cutting tools in contact with the rock, different parameters, specific energy, applications, drag, point attack picks, disc cutters, and their interaction
BLASTING FRAGMENTATION MANAGEMENT USING COMPLEXITY ANALYSIS David Wilson
Ontonix Brasil academic collaboration: Presentation to 6th Brazilian Congress on Open Pit Mining was awarded the best graduation/master degree work presented in the congress
Mineral Processing - Crushing - Plant design, construction, operation and op...Basdew Rooplal
Bench scale and pilot scale design for comminution circuits
Factors influencing the selection of comminution circuits
Types and characterisation of crusher equipment and circuit flowsheet
Selection and sizing of primary crusher
Computer aided design of Jaw Crusher
Selection and sizing of secondary and tertiary crushers
Optimising the Eccentric speed of cone crusher
Selection and sizing of High pressure roll crushers
Characterisation – Understanding the ore body and the Metallurgy
Ore dressing studies – what is involved.
Blasting for improved mining and comminution productivity
Production planning for the combined mine and comminution operation
Profit based comminution controls
Increasing the energy efficiency of Processing
Explore the method that Jonah, a college physics professor, was socratically conveying to plant manager Alex Rogo to help him save his plant. It all started with a statement of THE GOAL - buy why? And what came next?
This presentation was given as part of a webinar by Hugh Cole, Managing Partner, AGI - Goldratt institute to the American Society for Engineering Management on May 8, 2013.
Definition of Open pit Mining Parameters, Open pit Mining method, Bench, Open Pit Bench Terminology; Bench height; Cutoff grade; Open Pit Stability, Pit slope, Pit wall stability, Rock strength, Pit Depth, Pit diameter, Water Damage, Strip Ratio, Open-pit mining sequence, Various open-pit and orebody configurations; Ultimate Pit Definition, Manual Design, Computer Methods, Lerchs-Grossman method, Floating cone method; Open pit Optimization, The management of pit optimization, A simple example; The effects of scheduling on the optimal outline ; Optimum production scheduling; Materials handling Ex-Mine; Waste disposal; Dump design; Stability of mine waste dumps; Mine reclamation; Example of Open Pit Mining Methods
Kanban method in four easy steps. Enjoy kanban.
Kanban in 4 easy steps is one of the most popular Kanban presentations. Learn how to successfully implement Kanban in your business process or life. Get to know basic Kanban principles and to see how easily you can improve your productivity using Kanban boards.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Flexural behaviour of rc beams using foundry sand as partial replacement of f...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The main objective of the study of this work is to re-use the used foundry sand (produced at foundry industries) as a partial replacement to fine aggregate in different percentages (15 to 50%) that can be adopted in concrete along with normal river sand designed to meet the requirements of concrete of grade M50, using foundry sand with OPC have been considered in the study. Though, the main investigation is to be carried out is on the flexural behavior of reinforced foundry sand concrete beams, to facilitate proportioning of foundry sand concrete, compressive strength studies are also carried out. The tests to be carried out on around (18) singly reinforced beams of size 150 mm x 250 mm & overall length 2000 mm, simply supported over effective span 1800 mm under pure bending. The beams will be provided with adequate shear reinforcement so that the failure of the beams may due to pure flexure. The grade of concrete M50 generally with three foundry sand replacement levels (FSL) in each grade i,e, 15%, 25%, & 35% FSL are considered.
Flexural behaviour of rc beams using foundry sand as partial replacement of f...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The main objective of the study of this work is to re-use the used foundry sand (produced at foundry industries) as a partial replacement to fine aggregate in different percentages (15 to 50%) that can be adopted in concrete along with normal river sand designed to meet the requirements of concrete of grade M50, using foundry sand with OPC have been considered in the study. Though, the main investigation is to be carried out is on the flexural behavior of reinforced foundry sand concrete beams, to facilitate proportioning of foundry sand concrete, compressive strength studies are also carried out. The tests to be carried out on around (18) singly reinforced beams of size 150 mm x 250 mm & overall length 2000 mm, simply supported over effective span 1800 mm under pure bending. The beams will be provided with adequate shear reinforcement so that the failure of the beams may due to pure flexure. The grade of concrete M50 generally with three foundry sand replacement levels (FSL) in each grade i,e, 15%, 25%, & 35% FSL are considered.
Keywords: Flexural, Foundry Sand, Fine Aggregate.
Muck Disposal and Rehabilitation of Disposal Sites: A ReviewRSIS International
During the construction of dam, large quantity of
muck has been generated from different structure, from which
only small quantity of muck has been used and balance have to
be dispose off. In order to reduce the quantity of muck excavated
can be possible by improving in the blasting process such as
change in the parameter of blasting from which less amount of
muck will generate and fragmentation is of desire size, so it can
be directly use as aggregate and very less amount of muck have
to dispose. Disposed quantity of muck may alter the water
quality due to erosion from the site, vegetation at the site will
control the erosion. It can be quite useful for taking various
priority based mitigating measures such improved blasting,
management for control quantity of muck generation as well as
different biotechnical measures for controlling the soil erosion
and made the site useful by growing vegetable and grain on the
site which considered only a waste land during disposal process.
Analysis of precast shear wall connection state of the art revieweSAT Journals
Abstract The behavior of precast members in whole structure is different than cast in situ member due to their joints condition. So it is important to study the behavior of precast concrete member and its joints for whole structural configuration and loading condition. The precast concrete shear wall system is very important for construction due to economical advantages speed of construction. The connections between panels are extremely important since they affect both the speed of erection and the overall integrity of the structure. Comprehensive review reveals the significance of detailed analysis required for stress distribution form the precast member to the structural system to encounter the shear stresses generated during an earthquake event.
Keywords: Precast, shear wall, connection, cyclic loading
Distribution of petroleum product within the oil rich Niger Delta area of Nigeria is a daunting
task because of its deltaic nature. To solve this challenge, fixed fuel dispensing stations will be built in the
coastal environment to receive and make supplies available to fishermen and marine transporters. Building of
such fuel stations require proper foundation design. Soil test results of the region was obtained and a foundation
design was made to ascertain the number of piles pile depth, pile spacing, skin friction, lateral load bearing
capacity and end bearing capacity. API codes where used to check and ensure that the results obtained are
within safety limits. This will ensure that the offshore structure completes it intended and designed life span.
A study on the performance of circular footing embedded in geogrid reinforced...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Probabilstic seismic risk evaluation of rc buildings eSAT Journals
Abstract As more and more emphasis is being laid on non-linear analysis of RC framed structures subjected to earthquake excitation, the research and development on both non-linear static (pushover) analysis as well as nonlinear dynamic (time history)analysis is in the forefront. Due to prohibitive computational time and efforts required to perform a complete nonlinear dynamic analysis, researchers and designers all over the world are showing keen interest in non-linear static pushover analysis. The paper considers two statistical random variables namely characteristic strength of concrete (fck) and yield strength of steel (fy) as uncertainties in strength. Using Monte Carlo simulation 100 samples of each of random variable were generated to quantify effect of uncertainties on prediction of capacity of structure. Based on these generated samples different models were created and static pushover analysis was performed on RC (Reinforced Concrete) Building using SAP2000. Lastly, the main objective of this article is to propose a simplified methodology to assess the expected seismic damage in reinforced concrete buildings from a probabilistic point of view by using Monte Carlo simulation and probability of various damage states were evaluated. Index Terms: Seismic Vulnerability, Probabilistic Seismic Risk Evaluation, Fragility Analysis and Pushover Analysis
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Similar to Firing patterns and its effect on muckpile shape parameters and fragmentation in quarry blasts (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Firing patterns and its effect on muckpile shape parameters and fragmentation in quarry blasts
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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FIRING PATTERNS AND ITS EFFECT ON MUCKPILE SHAPE
PARAMETERS AND FRAGMENTATION IN QUARRY BLASTS
Bhanwar Singh Choudhary
Assistant Professor, Department of Mining Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India
bhanwar_ism@hotmail.com
Abstract
Proper use of firing pattern vis-à-vis the blast requirements can provide optimal blast performance in terms of fragmentation, throw,
wall control etc. This is largely attributed to the importance of firing burden in any blast round. By changing the firing patterns the
firing burden, and, thereby the ratio of spacing to burden is also subject to change. Proper initiation timing is as important for
fragmentation as the burden, spacing, sub drilling, stemming etc. Simultaneous initiation leads to the problems, such as, coarser
fragmentation, blasting of a large number of holes at a given time which leads to the other problems. The present research study
which was conducted in three limestone quarries where major problems such as of improper fragmentation, poor wall control, and
poor heave characteristics of the muckpile were observed. Designed firing pattern was not able to provide the requisite fragmentation,
and, even the throw. Modifications in firing pattern were implemented to obtain the required blast results.
Keywords: Firing pattern, fragmentation, progressive relief, throw, drop, muckpile
----------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Rock fragmentation assessment plays a key role in the
evaluation of efficiency and productivity of quarry blasting.
Hence, regular assessment of rock fragmentation is needed to
control it. If rock fragmentation is not controlled, it can
increase production cost and delay the quarrying process due
to unnecessary secondary blasting or crushing. Therefore,
blasting design should take into account the findings of rock
fragmentation assessment to cut down the mining cost and
shorten the work time. Drilling and blasting cost in open pit
mines represent 15-20% of the total mining cost [1,2,3]. Apart
from the direct costs, blasting efficiency also influences down
the line mining costs.
Firing pattern that provides a pathway for the detonation wave
of initiation for the explosive charged in the holes. In any
blasting programme, the foremost requirement is sequential
generation of free face with the blast progression. The free
face is known to provide a reflection surface for the shock
wave, which is necessary for fragmenting the rock mass
[4,5,6,7]. Without free face, the results of blast rounds could
be extremely poor. Towards this end, the firing pattern decides
the movement and direction of rock by creating free face for
subsequent blast holes and rows [8,9,10]. Various firing
patterns such as row to row, diagonal, V-type and skewed V-
type are used in mines for detonation of explosive. Proper
selection of pattern for a blast round can provide optimal blast
performance in terms of fragmentation, throw and wall control
etc. This is largely attributed to the importance of firing
burden in any blast round. By changing the firing pattern,
firing burden, and thereby the ratio of spacing to burden is
also changes [11].
Proper sequencing of inter hole and inter row delay timing is
another important contributor in firing pattern towards good
blast results. The systematic release of energy associated with
proper burden is crucial in maintaining the continuous
momentum for inter row displacements [12]. Inadequate delay
in a multirow blast results in poor breakage from the back
rows which results in coarse fragment size, large collar
boulders, tight muckpile and also back breaks /over breaks
[13]. Furthermore, it was suggested that any change in spacing
and/or burden must be accompanied by changes in delay
timing. Proper timing exerts a control on the number of rows
and thus on the number of holes to be blasted in a pattern.
Larger blasts with more number of firing rows give
fragmentation problems, especially in the back rows ([14].
This was due to provision of improper relief to the blasting
rows. Extensive work had been reported by Smith [8], Hagan
[9] , Rai et al. [15], and Rai and Choudhary [16] on different
types of firing pattern such as row to row, diagonal, and V-
type. Each firing pattern has its own application.
Blast result affects the productivity of the loading equipment,
not only because of the size distribution of the material, but
also because of its swelling and geometric profile of the
muckpile. When rope type hydraulic shovels are used, the
height of the bench will be the deciding factor for efficiency of
the machines and the blasts should be designed so as to
provide adequate fragmentation and a muckpile that is not too
extended with few low productivity zones. If the front end
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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loaders are used, the tendency will be towards a type of
blasting that produces maximum displacement and swelling of
the rock, high fragmentation and reduced height of the
muckpile. But in case of shovel in use it requires proper height
of muck to handle it.
Muckpile shape parameters are throw, drop and lateral
spreading (Fig.1). Throw is the horizontal distance up which
center of gravity of blasted muck lies, drop of muckpile is the
vertically lowering of the blasted muck and lateral spreading is
the horizontal distance up to the blasted muck lies. Throw,
drop and lateral spreading of the muckpile are essential
parameters for effective pay loader operation and looseness of
the blasted muck. Greater throw and drop spreads the
muckpile laterally, which largely facilitates the digging of the
muck by the pay loaders [15, 17].
Fig.1: Muckpile shape parameters
The muckpile shape is shown in the Fig. 2 with different
cases. Case-I shows large clean up area, low productivity with
rope shovel, high productivity with wheel loader and very safe
for equipment operation. Case –II shows minimal clean up
area, high productivity with rope shovel, and low productivity
with wheel loader and dangerous for equipment operation.
Case-III shows low clean up area, acceptable productivity and
safe for equipment operation.
Fig. 2: Profile of the muckpile after blasting [18]
Cunningham [19] analyzed the effect of particle size on
product value and production rate. He found that large rocks,
and the role of fines in cementing the muckpile, are crucial to
the rate of loading. Thote and Singh [20] reported that the
muckpile shape and fragment size can be correlated. They
found that if the benches are relatively low and shovel is used
for digging, the muckpile should not be scattered to ensure a
high fill factor. It was observed that in case of coarser
fragmentation, muckpile profile was of dome shape and in
case of finer fragmentation muckpile profile was spread over
large area [21]. This may be due to the inertia and interlocking
effect of the coarse fragments.
2. OBJECTIVE
The main objective of research study was to investigate the
influence of various firing pattern on fragmentation and
muckpile shape so that the blasted muck could be easily
loaded by the excavator.
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In order to fulfill the research objective many full scale blasts
were conducted in the two different quarries by varying firing
pattern under the similar strata (same bench) and explosive
(Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (plant mixed) with shock tube
initiation system, density being 0.8 g/cc and the VOD was
3700 m/s.) conditions. The following parameters of the blast
were closely monitored and recorded in the field on day-to-
day basis.
Muckpile shape parameters: During the fieldwork, throw, drop
and lateral spreading of muck for each blast was measured
immediately after the blast using tape measurements by taking
the offset measurements on blasted muckpile.
Pay loader Cycle time: The cycle time of the pay loaders
excavating the muckpile was categorically recorded
throughout the excavation history such that realistic cycle time
data could be taken as an index to the blast performance.
Precise stopwatch was for this purpose. Several researchers
[22,23,24] have indicated the relationship between diggability
of loading machines with respect to degree of fragmentation in
the muckpile.
Case-I
Case-II
Case-III
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Fragmentation assessment: Digital image analysis technique
was used in the present study by the capturing of scaled digital
images of the blasted muck pile to quantify the fragment size
and its distribution. In order to cover the entire muck pile, the
images were captured at a period interval of 1-hour throughout
the excavation history of the muck pile, giving due cognizance
to the recommendations made by several researchers [25,26].
The captured images were analyzed by Fragalyst™, a
commercial, state-of-art image analysis software (Fig. 3).
Figure 3: Image analysis for quantification of fragmentation
4. FIELD STUDY
To accomplish these objectives field studies and field data
acquisition was conducted at two different limestone quarries.
These quarries are owned by two different companies. Quarry-
A is situated in Philippines and belongs to the Lafarge cement
company, Quarry-B belongs to Ambuja cement, Rajasthan,
India. The quarries chosen for the purpose of study were
productive quarries of limestone which produce limestone for
big cement producing companies. It was stipulated to improve
the efficacy of drilling and blasting operations for enhancing
the fragmentation which, in turn, affects the downstream
operations.
Quarry-A: The annual production of Quarry was over 3
million tonne of limestone. The geology of the deposit was
quite difficult owing to frequent shaly and clayey intrusions.
The limestone beds, separated at 2-3m interval, were dipping
at an inclination of 30 to 40 degree towards the pit. The
compressive strength of limestone was about 40 MPa. The
specific gravity of limestone was 2.4. The section of mines
comprised of seven benches (as shown in Fig. 4) being 7-9m
high. Adequate consideration was given to physico-
mechanical properties and the geology of the limestone while
designing the blast rounds. The designed firing pattern along
with the delay sequence is illustrated in Fig. 5 & 6. The
explosive used in all the blasts was Ammonium Nitrate Fuel
Oil (plant mixed) with shock tube initiation system. The
density being 0.8 g/cc and the VOD was 3700 m/s. All the
blast rounds were drilled on staggered drilling pattern with
ANFO as explosive and sensitized emulsion as primer. The
blasts were initiated by shock tube system with delay
sequencing of 17ms, 25ms and 42ms. The loading operation
was performed by the Front end loader (FEL), Shovel and
Backhoe. The blasted muck was loaded on 35 and 50 tonne
rear dump trucks. Figure 7 shows the longitudinal section of
the blast hole. The section of blast holes for 6.5m bench shows
that the length of hole was 7.5 m including 1m of sub-grade
drilling.
Field captured image (a) Processed image (b)
Fragmentation distribution curve (c)
Processed image (b)
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Fig. 4: Benches at quarry-A
Fig. 5: Staggered drilling with diagonal firing pattern (Blast AB-4)
Fig. 6: Staggered drilling with V-firing pattern (Blast AB-12)
LINE OF FRACTURES
Staggered drilling with diagonal firing
pattern
Free FaceInitiation point
117ms42ms 92ms
159ms
109ms
176ms
84ms
218ms
59ms
126ms
193ms
101ms
168ms
67ms 192ms167ms142ms17ms
209ms
251ms
151ms
184ms
226ms
268ms
251ms 193ms176ms
209ms
293ms 218ms 235ms
134ms
I = 17ms II = 25ms = 42ms
Se
S
B
Be
Staggered drilling with V-firing
pattern
LINES OF FRACTURES
LINES OF FRACTURES
Free FaceInitiation point
17ms 42ms100ms
59ms
67ms92ms
134ms
117ms
201ms
142ms
184ms
226ms
209ms
251ms
67ms 92ms25ms50ms75ms
109ms
176ms
159ms
76ms
118ms
160ms
151ms 193ms176ms
109ms
193ms 218ms 235ms
134ms
I = 17ms II = 25ms = 42ms
S
B
Se
Be
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Fig. 7: Longitudinal section of the blast hole
Quarry-B: The mine was producing 2.4Mt of limestone
annually from its three different working sections Hill-1, Hill-
2 and Hill-3. Each section was having 3-4 production benches.
The study was conducted at Hill-3 benches (Fig. 8) because of
absence of any significant anomalies in these benches. Upper
bench was weathered and low grade limestone hence, the
excavated material was dumped in the waste stock yard. The
compressive strength of limestone was about 145 MPa. The
specific gravity of limestone was 2.7. The designed firing
pattern along with the delay sequence is illustrated in Fig. 9 &
10. The explosive used in all the blasts was Ammonium
Nitrate Fuel Oil (plant mixed) with shock tube initiation
system. The density being 0.8 g/cc and the VOD was 3700
m/s. All the blast rounds were drilled on staggered drilling
pattern with ANFO as explosive and sensitized emulsion as
primer. The blasts were initiated by shock tube system with
delay sequencing of 17ms, 25ms and 42ms. Figure 11 shows
the longitudinal section of the blast hole with and without
decking. The section of blast holes for 7m bench shows that
the length of hole was 8 m including 1m of sub-grade drilling.
Fig.8: Hill-3 section benches at Quarry -B
Fig. 9: Staggered drilling with line firing pattern (Blast BB-4)
OVERBURDEN BENCH; 2-5m
BENCH-1; STUDY BENCH
BENCH-2; STUDY BENCH
BENCH-3; STUDY BENCH
Hill-3sectionbenchesat quarry-B
Staggered drilling with line firing
S
Free Face
Initiation point
CORD RELAY, II = 25ms
0ms 0ms 25ms 25ms 50ms 50ms 50ms
25ms 25ms 25ms 50ms 50ms 75ms 75ms
B
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Fig. 10: Staggered drilling with V type firing pattern (Blast
BB-7)
Fig. 11: Longitudinal section of the blast hole (with and
without decking)
5. FIELD OBSERVATION, RESULT AND
DISCUSSION
5.1 Firing patterns investigations and results at
Quarry-A
In this quarry all the blasts were drilled on staggered drilling
pattern. The blast holes were bottom initiated with shock tube
system. A representative blast hole section with bottom
initiation system and a representative staggered drilling with
Diagonal and V-type firing pattern with designated inter-row
delay timing for one of the blasts for instance, is illustrated in
Fig. 5, 6 and 7. Blasts AB-1 to AB-6 was fired on diagonal
firing pattern and blasts AB-7 to AB-12 were fired on V-type
of firing pattern. The complete fragment size distribution
revealing the K20, K50, K80 and K100 for all the blasts AB-1
to AB-12 are given in the fragmentation distribution curves
Fig. 21 and 22. The results are tabulated in table 1 and 2.
Table 1: Details of base line data observation for diagonal firing pattern in Quarry-A
Parameters
Blast Number
AB-1 AB-2 AB-3 AB-4 AB-5 AB-6
Burden (m) 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 3 3
Spacing (m) 3.2 3.2 3.6 3.6 4 4
Depth of holes (m) 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5
No. of holes 49 63 74 34 24 74
No. rows 4 6 7 4 4 4
Total Explosive (kg) 1472 2125 1838 902 723 2021
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Firing pattern Diagonal Diagonal Diagonal Diagonal Diagonal Diagonal
Delay 17/25/42 17/25/42 17/25/42 17/25/42 17/25/42 17/25/42
Throw (m) 8 10.5 8 12 12 6
Cycle time (sec) 28.12 49.23 50.19 29.22 28.16 28.76
Total limestone
transported ( t)
6134 10625 10200 4526 3805 13475
PF (kg/t) 0.24 0.20 0.18 0.20 0.19 0.15
Uniformity index, n 2.44 3.06 3.77 3.31 3.60 3.21
Characteristic size, xc 0.34 0.29 0.37 0.25 0.31 0.42
K20 (m) 0.21 0.18 0.26 0.15 0.21 0.26
MFS, K50 (m) 0.29 0.25 0.35 0.22 0.28 0.37
K80 (m) 0.38 0.33 0.43 0.29 0.34 0.47
K100 (m) 0.49 0.49 0.63 0.41 0.47 0.69
Table 2: Details of experimental blasts conducted on V- firing pattern in Quarry-A
Parameters
Blast Number
AB-7 AB-8 AB-9 AB-10 AB-11 AB-12
Burden (m) 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 3 3
Spacing (m) 3.2 3.2 3.6 3.6 4 4
Depth of holes (m) 6.5 6.5 9 6.5 9 9
No. of holes 69 30 65 47 36 34
No. rows 5 4 3 3 4 3
Total Explosive (kg) 2250 909 1749 1504 1210 1122
Firing pattern V V V V V V
Delay 17/25/42 17/25/42 17/25/42 17/25/42 17/25/42 17/25/42
Throw (m) 13 10 5 10.15 13.25 9
Cycle time (sec) 29.14 29 29.58 48.7 47 48
Total limestone
transported ( t)
9000 4132 12493 8847 6368 6234
PF (kg/t) 0.25 0.22 0.15 0.17 0.19 0.18
Uniformity index, n 3.05 3.91 3.12 3.05 3.14 3.14
Characteristic size, xc 0.24 0.13 0.34 0.21 0.15 0.34
K20 (m) 0.15 0.10 0.19 0.14 0.11 0.21
MFS, K50 (m) 0.21 0.12 0.28 0.19 0.14 0.30
K80 (m) 0.27 0.14 0.35 0.25 0.18 0.38
K100 (m) 0.41 0.20 0.46 0.36 0.26 0.45
From the tables 1 it is quite evident that the blasts AB-1 to
AB-6 were fired on diagonal firing. Fragmentation in terms of
MFS (0.27-0.37m) is satisfactory but the maximum fragment
size (K100) (0.41-0.69m) is larger. The K100 value is larger
than the optimum fragment size (OFS) (0.22-0.35m). It means
fragment size distribution is non-uniform. Oversize fragments
were observed (Fig. 12) inside the muck during excavation
which increased the average cycle time of the front end loader
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and backhoe. The muckpile parameters were poor so dozer
was deployed to assist the front end loader during separation
of collar generated boulders, spreading the muck.
From the table 2 it is evident that the blasts AB-7 to AB-8
were fired on V firing pattern to see its effects on
fragmentation results. On perusal of the fragmentation results
it reveals considerable improvement in MFS (0. 12-0.30m)
and K100 (0.20- 0.46). The improvement in MFS and K100
size (Fig. 14 & Fig. 15) helped in improving the excavation
process which resulted less cycle time of loaders and
excavators. The throw was almost identical (8-12m) with the
diagonal firing but muckpile shape in terms of throw, drop and
lateral spreading (Fig.14 &16) was much different than
diagonal firing (Fig. 13). These improvements clearly indicate
the improvement in the fragmentation within the muckpile.
The excavator cycle time also reduced. A little different
muckpile profile observed in blast AB-7 (Fig. 16) due to more
number of rows.
To this end it must be understood that the firing pattern affects
the spacing to burden ratio. By changing the firing patterns the
effective spacing to burden ratio (Se/Be) increases in
comparison to the drilled spacing to burden ratio. The
increased spacing and reduced burden at the time of blasthole
initiation, results in increased in-flight collisions of broken
rock during its movement hence, improved the fragmentation
results.
Fig.12: Large boulder generation in the muck profile
(Diagonal firing)
Fig.13: Excessive congestion of the blasted muck along the
back rows (Diagonal firing)
Fig. 14 (a): Good fragmentation within the muckpile with
excellent displacement & good wall (V-firing)
Fig. 14 (b): Good fragmentation within the muckpile with
excellent displacement & good wall (V-firing)
Bench face
Muckpile profile
Boulders
Congested muckpile
Muckpile profile
Scale
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Fig.15: Efficient loading by the excavator on evenly
fragmented muck (V-firing)
Fig.16: Well displaced muckpile (V-firing)
5.2 Firing patterns investigations and results
(Quarry-B)
In this quarry all the blasts were drilled on staggered drilling
pattern. The blast holes were bottom initiated with shock tube
system. Blasts BB-1 to BB-6 were fired on line firing pattern
and blasts BB-7 to BB-12 were fired on v-type of firing
pattern, one of the blasts for instance, is illustrated in Fig. 9,
10 and 11. The complete fragment size distribution revealing
the K20, K50, K80 and K100 for all the blasts BB-1 to BB-12
are represented in the fragmentation distribution curves
(Fig.23 and 24). The results are tabulated in table 3 and 4.
Table 3: Details of experimental blasts conducted on L- firing pattern in Quarry-B
Parameters
Blast Number
BB-1 BB-2 BB-3 BB-4 BB-5 BB-6
Burden (m) 2.5 2.5 3 3 3.5 3.5
Spacing (m) 3 3 3.5 3.5 4.5 4.5
Depth of holes (m) 8 8 8 8 8 8
No. of holes 9 27 19 15 10 15
No. of rows 2 4 3 2 2 2
Explosive Quantity(kg) 332 891 610 495 380 570
Firing pattern L L L L L L
Delay 17/25/42 17/25/42 17/25/42 17/25/42 17/25/42 17/25/42
Throw (m) 4.5 2 2 0.5 5 2
Cycle time (sec) 27 23 27 30 32 32
Total limestone
transported (t)
1250 3675 3712 2950 2780 4320
Muckpile Profile
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PF (kg/t) 0.27 0.24 0.16 0.17 0.14 0.13
Uniformity index, n 2.37 3.00 3.20 3.06 4.09 2.13
Characteristic size, xc 0.39 0.26 0.22 0.32 0.57 0.49
K20 (m) 0.20 0.19 0.14 0.19 0.36 0.24
MFS, K50 (m) 0.33 0.25 0.20 0.28 0.52 0.41
K80 (m) 0.44 0.35 0.25 0.35 0.63 0.61
K100 (m) 0.77 0.49 0.37 0.53 0.82 0.99
Table 4: Details of experimental blasts conducted on V- firing pattern in Quarry-B
Parameters
Blast Number
BB-7 BB-8 BB-9 BB-10 BB-11 BB-12
Burden (m) 2.5 2.5 3 3 3.5 3.5
Spacing (m) 3 3 3.5 3.5 4.5 4.5
Depth of holes (m) 8 8 8 8 8 8
No. of holes 14 6 32 21 10 13
No. of rows 3 2 3 4 2 2
Explosive Quantity(kg) 425 206 1060 698 325 420
Firing pattern V V V V V V
Delay 17/25/42 17/25/42 17/25/42 17/25/42 17/25/42 17/25/42
Throw (m) 2 3 2 1 2.5 2
Cycle time (sec) 23 19 20 20 18 18
Total limestone transported
(t)
1940 814 4200 4115 2950 3800
PF (kg/t) 0.22 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.11 0.11
Uniformity index, n 3.22 2.81 2.98 3.17 2.33 2.60
Characteristic size, xc 0.30 0.27 0.13 0.18 0.25 0.23
K20 (m) 0.19 0.16 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13
MFS, K50 (m) 0.27 0.23 0.12 0.16 0.21 0.20
K80 (m) 0.34 0.32 0.15 0.21 0.28 0.28
K100 (m) 0.49 0.48 0.22 0.29 0.51 0.43
From the table 3 it is evident that the blasts fired on line firing
pattern generated large boulder count and increased the cycle
time of excavator considerably. Some large sized fragments
were observed in the blasted muck (Fig. 17 and 18). The K100
value (0.37-0.99m) is larger than the optimum fragment size
(OFS) (0.20-0.27m). It was difficult to load by excavator
which was having bucket size of 2.4m3.
From the table 2 it is evident that the blasts BB-7 to BB-8
were fired on V firing pattern to see its effects on
fragmentation results. On perusal of the fragmentation results
it reveals considerable improvement in MFS (0. 12-0.27m)
and K100 (0.22- 0.51). The improvement in MFS and K100
size (Fig. 19 & Fig. 20) helped in improving the excavation
process which resulted less cycle time (18-23 sec) of loaders
and excavators. The muckpile shape in terms of throw, drop
and lateral spreading (Fig.18 &20) was much different than
line firing (Fig. 17). These improvements clearly indicate the
improvement in the fragmentation within the muckpile.
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Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 42
Fig.17: Large boulder generation at the collar region (in line
firing)
Fig.18: Large boulders at muckpile slope (in line firing)
Fig. 19: Good fragmentation in loose muckpile (V- firing)
Fig.20: Well displaced muckpile showing proper throw (V-
firing)
Significant reduction in the boulder count, clearly indicate the
improvement in the fragmentation within the muckpile. In the
line firing, all the drill holes in a row are initiated
simultaneously and the consecutive rows are delayed as per
the prescribed delay sequence. This type of firing causes the
burden rock to shear between the boreholes (along spacing)
and arrests the full development of crack network around the
blasthole. As told that the firing pattern affects the spacing to
burden ratio. By changing the firing patterns the effective
spacing to burden ratio (Se/Be) increases in comparison to the
drilled spacing to burden ratio. The increased spacing and
reduced burden at the time of blasthole initiation, results in
increased in-flight collisions of broken rock during its
movement hence, improved the fragmentation results.
5.3 Relationship between fragment size and
cumulative passing
Curves for fragment size vs cumulative passing for each blast
round is obtained after processing of field captured
photographs using Fragalyst™ software. From the distribution
curve, fragment size of K20, K50, K80 and K100 are taken for
analysis. These curves were manually plotted on one sheet
(Fig.21 to 24) in order to compare the fragment size
distribution results.
Boulders
Boulders at slope
Muckpile Profile
Congested Muckpile
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Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 43
Fig.21: Composite fragment size distribution curve for blast
AB-1to AB-6 in Quarry-A
Fig.22: Composite fragment size distribution curve for blast
AB-7 to AB-12 in Quarry-A
Fig.23: Composite fragment size distribution curve for blast
BB-1 to BB-6 in Quarry-B
Fig.24: Composite fragment size distribution curve for blast
BB-7 to B-12 in Quarry-B
A perusal of figure 21 to 24 clearly appraises the improvement
of blast performance. Curves obtained due to diagonal and line
firing is flatter in comparison to V firing. Flatness and spread
of curve indicates non uniformity of fragmentation, whereas
steep and less spread curves reveals uniformity in
fragmentation size distribution. Hence, it may be precisely
understood that by V firing fragmentation in the muckpile was
uniform and good. Additionally, it may be observed from the
curves that increased flatness for the line and diagonal firing
blasts reveals the spread of maximum fragmentation size
beyond the OFS.
5.4 Relationship between Firing Patterns and Mean
Fragment Size
The firing patterns vs mean fragments size relationship for
analyzed blast round have been deduced from tables 1 to 4.
The results are plotted graphically and are shown in Fig. 4.50
to 4.52.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Cumulativepassing%
Fragmentation size (m)
AB-1
AB-2
AB-3
AB-4
AB-5
AB-6
Fragmentation size Vs Cummulative
passing (D -Firing)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Cumulativepassing%
Fragmentation size (m)
AB-7
AB-8
AB-9
AB-10
AB-11
AB-12
Fragmentation size Vs Cummulative
passing (V -Firing)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1
Cumulativepassing%
Fragmentation size (m)
BB-1
BB-2
BB-3
BB-4
BB-5
BB-6
Fragmentation size Vs Cummulative
passing (D -Firing)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Cumulativepassing%
Fragmentation size (m)
BB-7
BB-8
BB-9
BB-10
BB-11
BB-12
Fragmentation size Vs Cummulative passing
(V -Firing)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0 2 4 6 8
MeanFragmentation(m)
Blasts
Firing Pattern vis-a-vis Mean
Fragmentation (Quarry-A)
D-Firing Pattern
V_Firing Pattern
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Fig.25: Mean fragment size for Diagonal and V- firing pattern
for Quarry-A
Fig.26: Mean fragment size for L- and V- firing pattern for
Quarry-B
It is evident from the figures 25 and 26 that the blast fired with
V firing pattern is having lower mean fragment size in
comparison to diagonal and line firing pattern. It is also
evident from the figure 25 that the fragment sizes increases as
the mesh area increases in case of quarry-A but in case of
quarry–B it decreases up to mesh area of 13 and then it starts
increasing. Optimum mesh area may be obtained considering
the OFS for different quarries.
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions may be drawn from the present
study:
1. The present study clearly reveals the scope and
efficiency of state-of –art image analysis technique in
conjunction with some important indirect
measurement techniques on a comprehensive
assessment of fragmentation results.
2. Shift in firing pattern from diagonal/ Line to V-type
has been effective in improving the fragmentation
and improving the throw, drop and spreading
characteristics of the muckpile.
3. Deterioration in muckpile shape parameters naturally
implies poor throw and spreading of muck, which
entails higher dozing hours especially for front end
and more cycle time for other excavators.
4. Mean fragment size (MFS) has been found to be
lower in all study blasts with V-firing pattern in
comparison to diagonal or in line firing. This may be
attributed to the greater inter rock collisions during
the burden movement.
5. Concept of optimum mesh area is useful in
improving the fragmentation results.
6. To obtain optimum mesh area in the field scale
blasts, the approach of implementing systematic
incremental mesh areas in conjunction with the
thorough documentation of the analysis of results,
appears to be fairly reasonable.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are indebted towards the excellent co-operation
and support rendered by the entire operational crew, staff and
management of the Republic Aggregates Company Inc,
Philippines and Ambuja Cement, Rajasthan. Especial thanks
to ISM Dhanbad for allowing procuring and using of Fragalyst
software under FRS project.
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Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 45
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BIOGRAPHIES
Dr. B.S. Choudhary is working as Assistant
Professor in the Department of Mining
Engineering, ISM, Dhanbad since 2010. He
has more than 6 years industrial experience in
surface and underground metal mining. His
areas of expertise include mine planning,
drilling and blasting technology, underground metal mining
and underground space technology. He has a PhD in Mining
Engineering.