This document discusses rock fragmentation in mining through blasting. It describes the objectives of fragmentation and factors that control fragment size, such as specific charge, spacing and burden. It explains the mechanisms of blasting including detonation shock waves and gas pressure. Methods for quantifying and optimizing fragmentation are provided, such as mean fragment size and oversize content. A case study reports on blasting results from a Tata Steel mine in India. The document also discusses secondary blasting and modeling fragmentation using the Kuz-Ram model and software.
Its a presentation about the design aspect of open cast mine. The author believes it will surely help the mining engineering students at the beginning level.
In mining operations, blasting has become a routine work. With proper understanding of the rocks and blasting methods, the mining work can be done effectively. This module explains the rock blasting methods adopted in mining industries.
Its a presentation about the design aspect of open cast mine. The author believes it will surely help the mining engineering students at the beginning level.
In mining operations, blasting has become a routine work. With proper understanding of the rocks and blasting methods, the mining work can be done effectively. This module explains the rock blasting methods adopted in mining industries.
New burn cut blast design in drives enhances drilling blasting efficiency wit...partha sharma
A new Burn-Cut blast pattern has been designed for drives, declines and ramps in underground metal mines, to replace a design (of Decked-Burn with more number of holes), which was giving number of blast failures, such as ‘Under_Blast’ - difficult to handle. The new Burn-cut design contains less number of blast-holes and Reamer than earlier Decked-Burn-cut. Decked system has been removed to make the charging operation easier. This enables to increase explosives energy in a hole and to reduce stemming length in order to eliminate above blast failures. Moreover, requirement of Detonators is reduced, as Decked system has been abolished. Total explosives quantity has been reduced marginally. Thus, drilling efficiency and cost effectiveness has been achieved. Entire process has been done by changing the original pattern / system in three phases.
Rock excavability, drill & blast, marine & haulageDavid H Moloney
Infographics showing methods for excavation of Rock and its excavability.
Included is the dredging of rock in a marine situation by drilling and blasting.
Also are the loading and haulage outputs.
Experimental study on critical closing pressure of mudstone fractured reservoirsIJRES Journal
In the process of oil and gas exploitation of mudstone-fractured reservoir in Daqing oilfield, the
permeability of fracture is easily affected by the influence of stress change, which is shown by the sensitivity of
the permeability to the stress. With the extension of time mining in the fractured mudstone reservoir, fracture
stress sensitivity is obvious in vast decline of production and great influence on reduced yields. In order to
reasonably determine the way of developing method, working system and the exploitation rate of the reservoir,
correspondingly protecting reservoir productivity, improve ultimate recovery. On the basis of the previous
research on the stress sensitivity of fractured mudstone, this essay studied the critical closing pressure of the
simulated underground fractured mudstone under the laboratory condition.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
2. -
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, participants will be
able to achieve:
• Fragmentation principles
•Evaluation of fragmentation
• Factors controlling fragment size
3. -
CONTENT
• Fragmentation Principles
• How to Quantify the Fragmentation
• Evaluation of Fragmentation in Tata Steel
West Bokaro
• Factors Affecting Fragment Size
4. -
INTRODUCTION
• The term ‘rock (or blast) fragmentation’ is an
index that is used to estimate the effect of
bench blasting in the mining industry.
• it is generally understood that both the stress
wave and the gas pressurization make
significant contributions to rock
fragmentation.
5. -
INTRODUCTION(contd.)
•It is well known that the rock fragmentation in
bench blasting is affected by blast condition
such as specific charge, spacing and burden etc.
6. -
BLASTING MECHANICS
Upon detonation, explosives affect rock by various
interrelated means.
Which are-
1.Detonation Shock Wave -an energy pulse is
generated and transmitted to the adjacent rock &
the rock immediately surrounding the borehole is
crushed to some extent.
2.Shock Wave Reflection -when the shock wave
reaches a free face, the outward-bending
compressive force releases, and the wave is
reflected back into the rock as a tension wave.
8. -
BLASTING MECHANICS (contd.)
3. Gas Pressure and Rock Movement –
1.Upon detonation the solid explosive is instantly
converted to superheated gas
2.Gas tries to occupy a space 10,000 to 20,000 times its
original solid volume
3.exerting a pressure that can exceed 1.5 million psi.
4.The fractured rock mass has a certain inertia which
the gas pressure must initially overcome to start rock
movement
5.Once inertia is overcome, the rock moves outward
away from the borehole at around 60 mph
9. -
Processes involved in primary
blasting of rock in bench blasting.
1. Face survey
- estimating overburden
2. Drilling the shot holes
- preparing charge hole
3. Charging with explosive
and stemming top
4. Detonating the explosive
5. Shot pile ready for loading
10. -
Secondary blasting
Blasting conducted to reduce the size of boulders
resulting from a primary blast which can then be
handled by the loading, hauling, and crushing
system.
Secondary fragmentation can be accomplished
by:
1. Drilling method - small diameter hole is drilled
into the oversize fragment and a hydraulic rock breaker
device inserted to split the rock .
11. -
Secondary blasting
2. Plaster blasting- An explosive charge may be packed
loosely into a crack or depression in the oversize fragment
then covered with a damp earth material and fired.
plaster
boulder
3. Pop shooting - blast hole is usually drilled near a crack
or depression in the rock, and is directed toward the
centre of the mass and then charged is filled in it and
12. -
OPTIMUM FRAGMENTATION
• Minimise oversize boulders (less secondary
breaking)
• Minimise ultra fines production
• Maximise Lump product
• Fragmentation enough to ensure efficient
digging and loading
• Muck pile loose enough for fast cycle times
and full buckets
18. -
How delay interval can help to achieve better
fragmentation in different conditions
The delay time between individual holes in a row:
i) The delay time between holes in a row should be
between 1 ms and 5 ms per foot of burden, with 3 ms yielding
good results in most instances.
ii) Where air blast is a problem or potential problem, the
delay time between holes in a row should be at least 2 ms per
foot of spacing.
iii) This will result in a blast progression along the face or
along a row of holes that is approximately half the speed of
sound (or less) and reduces the low frequency air blast
generated by face area movement or by surface area mounding.
iv) Where possible, corner holes at the end of rows
should be given extra delay time because of the greater
degree of fixation of the rock in those locations requires more
time for the rock blasted by previously fired adjacent holes to
move away.
19. -
Delay interval between rows:
i) The delay interval between rows should be from two to three times
longer than the delay interval between holes in a row.
ii) The last row in the shot should often be delayed slightly more than
preceding rows.
iii) This serves to allow rock in previously fired rows time to move out
and tends to reduce back-break in the rock behind the blast.
An additional hazard can exist where delay times (compared to burden
and spacing) are excessively long, causing cutoffs of the initiation system
or powder columns due to ground shift. Again, this needs to be analysed
on a case by case basis and accounted for during blast design
22. -
HOW TO QUANTIFY THE
FRAGMENTATION
1 . A commonly used method today to quantify
fragmentation is to use the mean fragment
size, often designated by k50.
•k50 is a figure which represents the screen size
through which 50% of the loosened rock would
pass if screened.
•This implies that a low value represents a fine
fragmentation and vice versa
23. -
HOW TO QUANTIFY THE
FRAGMENTATION
Another way to quantify the fragmentation is
by the oversize content.
•This could be expressed in percentage of the
broken material exceeding an acceptable stone
size.
The oversize content is a very good
complement to the k50 value as these two
values together will provide a much better
control of the fragmentation distribution
25. -
The formula can be rewritten as
The constant k is determined by test blasting
Method 2.
or ,
The constants k and a must be determined, preferably by test
blasting and regression analysis.
where v is particle velocity and K represents the initial energy
transferred from the explosive to the surrounding rock
And R represents the distance.
26. -
CALCULATION OF
FRAGMENTATION
Kuz-Ram Model
The Kuz-Ram model is probably the most widely used
approach for the prediction of rock fragmentation by
blasting. The unique feature of this model is that the
input data consists of the relevant blast design
parameters.
Three key equations are the backbone of this model:
• Kuznetsov’s Equation:
• Rosin- Rammler equation:
30. -
BOKAKO
Date of Blasting Powder factor (m3/Kg Explosive) Mean Particle size of muck pile
(cm)
DAY 1 2.12 47.18
DAY 2 2.23 49.63
DAY 3 2.0 44.51
DAY 4 1.7 37.83
DAY 5 1.6 35.60
DAY 6 1.9 42.28
DAY 7 2.18 48.51
DAY 8 2.0 44.51
DAY 9 2.0 44.51
DAY 10 2.1 46.73
33. -
REPORT OF TATA STEEL WEST
BOKAKO
Date of
Blasting
Powder factor (m3/Kg
Explosive)
Mean Particle size of
muck pile coal (cm)
DAY 1 4.5 16.02
DAY 2 4.3 15.45
DAY 3 4.3 15.45
DAY 4 4.3 15.45
DAY 5 4.1 14.87
DAY 6 4.4 15.90
DAY 7 4.6 16.08
DAY 8 4.3 15.45
DAY 9 4.3 15.45
DAY 10 4.3 15.45
35. -
WORK ON WIPFRAG SOFTWARE
We can get –
1) Mean particle size
2) Min & Max fragment size
3) standard deviation
and most importantly-
4) percentage of fragment of particular
size.
45. -
CONCLUSION
In this project so far we have read about different type
of rock fragmentation (i.e. primary & secondary) and
different stages involved in fragmentation of rock. This
project also projects the necessity of different type of
explosives & charge hole design for more power
output.
In project we have also learned about application of
KUZRAM model and WIPFRAG software.
This topic has void role in mining industry as it decides
the total output and profit of ore.