The rapid growth in trafficload intensity, tire pressure and traffic volume has put a hugedemand on
pavements to perform satisfactorily for the design period. A number of efforts are made in the past to
develop pavement materials that helped in attaining longer serviceability. Most of these efforts were
directed towards improving the design of bituminous mix through modified bituminous binders. In this
context an attempt is made to evaluate rutting characteristics of conventional bitumen modified with Poly
phosphoric Acid (PPA). Immersion Type Wheel Rutting Machine was used for evaluation of rutting
characteristics and is considered as one of the major critical criteria for design of pavement. Poly
phosphoric Acid (PPA) is added as modifier to virgin bitumen (VG – 30) at regular interval of 1% up to
6% to the weight of Bitumen. Bituminous Concrete of Grade-II is considered for Analysis. Slabs of
400X300X50mm are prepared for evaluation of rutting characteristics. Stability, density, voids and flow
parameters were determined using marshal test method for virgin and PPA modified mix. The result of
immersion wheel rutting explains that acid modified binders resist more rutting compared to virgin
binders. Acid modified mixes at 3% optimum performs better in rutting characteristics when tested in
laboratory for induced applied pressures, load and number of passes.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Design and Evaluation of Open Graded Hot Mix Asphalt Using Cement as A Grouti...IJMREMJournal
Road networks ought to be efficiently designed to be safe, speedy and loading sustaining as it has a significant
importance in country’s development. For that, pavement should be designed efficiently to exhibit better
strength, durability and economical at the same time. Generally, a pavement is classified as Flexible or Rigid.
Flexible pavement is opened early to traffic, has good riding quality and ease of maintenance but owing to heavy
loading conditions these pavements are more susceptible to wear and tear. On the contrary rigid pavement is
load sustaining, durable but having higher construction cost and poor riding quality. World is heading to semirigid
pavement which exhibits characteristics of both these pavements. It is the combination of cement concrete
and porous asphalt concrete which is achieved by leaving 25% to 30% air voids infused by cement grouts and is
known as Semi-rigid pavement.In this research, semi-rigid pavement was designed using ratio of grout of
optimum mix was 1:0.55 at water cement ratio by 2% of cement dosage with SP. Study concludes that, Semirigid
pavement’s Marshall stability of 7 days was almost 85% of rigid pavement and 28 days compressive
strength of semi-rigid pavement was almost 30.5% that of rigid pavement. Besides, it has been ensured that 7
days strength is comparable to 28 days strength of Semi-rigid pavement
To Study the Behavior of Fresh and Hardened Concrete by Using Waste Rubber as...ijtsrd
This report presents a study on the effect of partial replacement of coarse aggregates by rubber tyre aggregates on the property of concrete. Utilizing the waste rubber tyers in the form of aggregates as reinforcement in the concrete solve the problem of disposing the waste and increase the flexural strength of concrete. Different tests were conducted on the concrete with varying percentage of rubber tyre aggregates and comparing those results with normal concrete. Data presented includes workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexure tensile strength and flexibility. This report describes an experimental study on mixing rubber aggregates with concrete at different mixing ratios (0, 5, 10, and 15) % by weight of coarse aggregates. The tests conducted were workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexure tensile strength. Though there is decrease in compressive strength, workability, split tensile strength, flexural strength and flexibility get increased. Taweel Awzal | Masoom Raza"To Study the Behavior of Fresh and Hardened Concrete by Using Waste Rubber as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2411.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/2411/to-study-the-behavior-of-fresh-and-hardened-concrete-by-using-waste-rubber-as-partial-replacement-of-coarse-aggregates/taweel-awzal
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Self-compacting Concrete Study using Recycled Asphalt Pavement Incorporating ...IJCMESJOURNAL
This research evaluates the feasibility of using recycles asphalt pavement (RAP) and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in self consolidating concrete (SCC). The fresh, mechanical and durability properties of SCC mixtures were investigated. A total of sixteen mixtures divided into four groups with different RAP proportions: 0, 15, 30, and 55% replacing the natural coarse aggregate (NCA), and different percentages of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) replacing cement:60% Fly ash (FA), 60% ground granulated blast furnace slag (S), and 30% FA and 30% S. Constant water to cementitious materials ratio of 0.4 was maintained in all mixtures. The compressive strengths at 3, 14 and 28 days and split tensile strength at 28 days were tested. The durability characteristics including the unrestrained shrinkage strain and rapid chloride permeability (RCPT) tests were conducted. The results show that while the use of RAP reduces both the compressive and tensile strengths of SCC mixtures, it increases the resistance to chloride permeability.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Design and Evaluation of Open Graded Hot Mix Asphalt Using Cement as A Grouti...IJMREMJournal
Road networks ought to be efficiently designed to be safe, speedy and loading sustaining as it has a significant
importance in country’s development. For that, pavement should be designed efficiently to exhibit better
strength, durability and economical at the same time. Generally, a pavement is classified as Flexible or Rigid.
Flexible pavement is opened early to traffic, has good riding quality and ease of maintenance but owing to heavy
loading conditions these pavements are more susceptible to wear and tear. On the contrary rigid pavement is
load sustaining, durable but having higher construction cost and poor riding quality. World is heading to semirigid
pavement which exhibits characteristics of both these pavements. It is the combination of cement concrete
and porous asphalt concrete which is achieved by leaving 25% to 30% air voids infused by cement grouts and is
known as Semi-rigid pavement.In this research, semi-rigid pavement was designed using ratio of grout of
optimum mix was 1:0.55 at water cement ratio by 2% of cement dosage with SP. Study concludes that, Semirigid
pavement’s Marshall stability of 7 days was almost 85% of rigid pavement and 28 days compressive
strength of semi-rigid pavement was almost 30.5% that of rigid pavement. Besides, it has been ensured that 7
days strength is comparable to 28 days strength of Semi-rigid pavement
To Study the Behavior of Fresh and Hardened Concrete by Using Waste Rubber as...ijtsrd
This report presents a study on the effect of partial replacement of coarse aggregates by rubber tyre aggregates on the property of concrete. Utilizing the waste rubber tyers in the form of aggregates as reinforcement in the concrete solve the problem of disposing the waste and increase the flexural strength of concrete. Different tests were conducted on the concrete with varying percentage of rubber tyre aggregates and comparing those results with normal concrete. Data presented includes workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexure tensile strength and flexibility. This report describes an experimental study on mixing rubber aggregates with concrete at different mixing ratios (0, 5, 10, and 15) % by weight of coarse aggregates. The tests conducted were workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexure tensile strength. Though there is decrease in compressive strength, workability, split tensile strength, flexural strength and flexibility get increased. Taweel Awzal | Masoom Raza"To Study the Behavior of Fresh and Hardened Concrete by Using Waste Rubber as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2411.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/2411/to-study-the-behavior-of-fresh-and-hardened-concrete-by-using-waste-rubber-as-partial-replacement-of-coarse-aggregates/taweel-awzal
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Self-compacting Concrete Study using Recycled Asphalt Pavement Incorporating ...IJCMESJOURNAL
This research evaluates the feasibility of using recycles asphalt pavement (RAP) and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in self consolidating concrete (SCC). The fresh, mechanical and durability properties of SCC mixtures were investigated. A total of sixteen mixtures divided into four groups with different RAP proportions: 0, 15, 30, and 55% replacing the natural coarse aggregate (NCA), and different percentages of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) replacing cement:60% Fly ash (FA), 60% ground granulated blast furnace slag (S), and 30% FA and 30% S. Constant water to cementitious materials ratio of 0.4 was maintained in all mixtures. The compressive strengths at 3, 14 and 28 days and split tensile strength at 28 days were tested. The durability characteristics including the unrestrained shrinkage strain and rapid chloride permeability (RCPT) tests were conducted. The results show that while the use of RAP reduces both the compressive and tensile strengths of SCC mixtures, it increases the resistance to chloride permeability.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
To Study the Behaviour of use Bituminous Pavement Wastes in Cement Concreteijtsrd
Generally, aggregate prepare 60 to 75 of total concrete amount, therefore the aggregate choice is crucial, and additionally they regulate concrete qualities. Aggregate offer wear resistance as well as strength. So, the aggregate selection, as well as proportioning, must need more attention. The aggregate is usually crushed rocks for example limestone, coarse gravel, maybe granite as well as good aggregate like sand or maybe stone dust. Aggregate formed Bulk pavement structure. This research paper represents a review on the utilization of bituminous pavement wastes. This can assist in obtaining economic climate in construction of road along with preserving environment friendly degradation in term of decreased amount of pollution as well as mining. Gulshan | Nitin Thakur "To Study the Behaviour of use Bituminous Pavement Wastes in Cement Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28042.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/28042/to-study-the-behaviour-of-use-bituminous-pavement-wastes-in-cement-concrete/gulshan
A comparative study between traditional method and mix design with industrial...Premier Publishers
Generally bituminous pavements face problems like cracks, rutting, depression and corrugation during it’s period of service. In this paper, we attempted various method of experiments both in traditional and mix design with bi products and therefore a comparative study has been made for extracting the finest results for the betterment of highway pavements (flexible) and for that our key elements were fly ash, geo-polymer and pieces of waste conveyer belt, added to bitumen for increasing the strength and overall capacity of pavements. Fly ash added to bitumen in the penetration test has shown improvement of 52 mm which was 40mm traditionally. Whereas, geo polymer and bitumen give the result of 74mm penetration. Ductility test with fly ash showed 37.23cm, very rigid. But geo-polymer and bitumen gave the result of 75.77cm. For increasing the bearing capacity of base soil we added pieces of waste conveyer belts and CBR value has shown the increment of 35% from 30%. So, those results convey that, the waste materials and bi products have enough quality to increase the strength and flexibility of pavements which will further help to the construction workers and engineers for maintaining and repairing flexible pavements which last long.
STABILITY ASSESSMENT OF STEEL MOMENT FRAMES AGAINST PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSEcivej
Analyzing progressive collapse plays a pivotal role in diagnosing structure stability caused by earthquake,
explosion, car crashes, and fire and so on. In the current research, condition of progressive collapse has
been analyzed in structures which have been designed based on current codes in Iran. For this purpose, a
couple of steel buildings with steel moment frame systems that have many stories and various bay, have
been evaluated. With sudden removal of each column, the possibility of bridging over other elements has
been studied; besides, alternative path method introduced by the UFC 4-023-03 code has been applied in
the assessment process. Results indicate that the beams located on the highest floor do not have a suitable
performance and in case of sudden removal of each of the columns, it will be impossible to bridge overother elements and it will face collapse and progressive collapse in spite of the fact that other members are
resistant against the collapse.
Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Civil Engineering and Urban Planning. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Civil Engineering and Urban Planning.
INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP TRAITS ON TEAM PERFORMANCE AS CORRELATES OF SUCCESS I...civej
The project environment in Nigeria is shifting from traditional practice towards dispersed teams thereby
creating the need to understand leadership attributes that lead to successful project outcomes. This study
assessed the impact of leadership traits on team performance as correlates of success in construction
projects. Like many other management research, the study involve inferential survey. 172 participants
drawn from the different professions in the construction industry selected from 42 mega projects completed
in the last three years in south-south Nigeria were sampled. Twelve collaborative leadership traits drawn
from emotional, managerial competencies were tested against team performance and team spirit stimulants
from the literature. Mean item score was used to evaluate relevance of the traits to collaborative working
while hypotheses were tested using chi square. While the result of the study is not different from literature,
the far reaching implication is that, project team members’ satisfaction translates into successful projects.
Project management’s leadership quest to satisfy the project team must be guided towards collaboration.
The current result has advance significantly the understanding of team leadership attributes for the
research environment and further buttress the need to meet project participants’ mutual objectives for a
successful project.
RESPONSE OF GROUND SUPPORTED CYLINDRICAL TANKS TO HARMONIC LOADINGcivej
Liquid storage tanks such as water distribution systems, petroleum plants etc constitute an important
component of life line systems. Reducing earthquake effects on Liquid Storage tanks, in order to minimize
the environmental and economic impact of these effects, have always been an important engineering
concern. In this paper, the dynamic behaviour of cylindrical ground supported concrete water tanks is
investigated. Analyses are carried out on tank models with different aspect ratios using finite element
software ANSYS. The natural frequencies and modal responses are obtained for impulsive and sloshing
modes. An increase of aspect ratio from 0.2 to 0.6 causes to increase impulsive natural frequency 3 times
and sloshing natural frequency 2 times for tank filled with water. The response of the tank to the harmonic
loading is also discussed. Deformation and stress response parameters for various frequencies of harmonic
loading were also investigated. The harmonic response of tanks with different fill conditions were studied
for tanks with aspect ratio 0.25 and 0.35. For tank of aspect ratio 0.25, the responses variations are not
significant as in the case of tank with aspect ratio 0.35.
WARM MIX ASPHALT INVESTIGATION ON PUBLIC ROADS-A REVIEWcivej
Warm mix asphalt has been introduced in Europe in 1997 and in the United State 2002. The first trail of
warm mix asphalt has done publically in Europe in 1999, in U.S.A 2004 and in India 2009. Most of
countries like Germany, Norway, France, U.S.A, Canada, China, Korea, South Africa, India and Brazil
have successfully used the WMA construction on public roads after successful laboratory test. The WMA is
more success in U.S.A compare to European countries (EAPA, 2014). The main goal of WMA is to produce
the bituminous mixtures with similar strength, durability and performance characteristics as HMA
substantially reduced the mixing and compaction temperature.
This study focus on history and development of warm mix asphalt in different countries including
advantage and disadvantage of warm mix asphalt. This paper also reviews the warm mix asphalt in India.
The Effect of the Use of Mineral Additives on Early and Advanced Age Compress...civej
In this study, the effect of using certain proportions of fly ash, Silica fume and milled blast furnace slag
instead of cement on the early and final pressure resistances of the high strength concretes has been
examined. Within the framework of the experiments, Silica fume has been changed in a ratio of 0-10 %,
milled blast furnace slag between 0-50 %, and fly ash between 0-25 % by means of making the usage rates
of the aforementioned three different mineral additives. "Water/Binder" rate, which is known to be an
important parameter in terms of the compressive strength of concrete, has been changed as 0.20, 0.25 and
0.30 in the context of the experiments, and 100x100x100mm cube samples have been taken from the
mixtures generated separately for each mineral additive type. This samples 2, 7, 28, 56 and 90-day
pressure resistance have been tested.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
To Study the Behaviour of use Bituminous Pavement Wastes in Cement Concreteijtsrd
Generally, aggregate prepare 60 to 75 of total concrete amount, therefore the aggregate choice is crucial, and additionally they regulate concrete qualities. Aggregate offer wear resistance as well as strength. So, the aggregate selection, as well as proportioning, must need more attention. The aggregate is usually crushed rocks for example limestone, coarse gravel, maybe granite as well as good aggregate like sand or maybe stone dust. Aggregate formed Bulk pavement structure. This research paper represents a review on the utilization of bituminous pavement wastes. This can assist in obtaining economic climate in construction of road along with preserving environment friendly degradation in term of decreased amount of pollution as well as mining. Gulshan | Nitin Thakur "To Study the Behaviour of use Bituminous Pavement Wastes in Cement Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28042.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/28042/to-study-the-behaviour-of-use-bituminous-pavement-wastes-in-cement-concrete/gulshan
A comparative study between traditional method and mix design with industrial...Premier Publishers
Generally bituminous pavements face problems like cracks, rutting, depression and corrugation during it’s period of service. In this paper, we attempted various method of experiments both in traditional and mix design with bi products and therefore a comparative study has been made for extracting the finest results for the betterment of highway pavements (flexible) and for that our key elements were fly ash, geo-polymer and pieces of waste conveyer belt, added to bitumen for increasing the strength and overall capacity of pavements. Fly ash added to bitumen in the penetration test has shown improvement of 52 mm which was 40mm traditionally. Whereas, geo polymer and bitumen give the result of 74mm penetration. Ductility test with fly ash showed 37.23cm, very rigid. But geo-polymer and bitumen gave the result of 75.77cm. For increasing the bearing capacity of base soil we added pieces of waste conveyer belts and CBR value has shown the increment of 35% from 30%. So, those results convey that, the waste materials and bi products have enough quality to increase the strength and flexibility of pavements which will further help to the construction workers and engineers for maintaining and repairing flexible pavements which last long.
STABILITY ASSESSMENT OF STEEL MOMENT FRAMES AGAINST PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSEcivej
Analyzing progressive collapse plays a pivotal role in diagnosing structure stability caused by earthquake,
explosion, car crashes, and fire and so on. In the current research, condition of progressive collapse has
been analyzed in structures which have been designed based on current codes in Iran. For this purpose, a
couple of steel buildings with steel moment frame systems that have many stories and various bay, have
been evaluated. With sudden removal of each column, the possibility of bridging over other elements has
been studied; besides, alternative path method introduced by the UFC 4-023-03 code has been applied in
the assessment process. Results indicate that the beams located on the highest floor do not have a suitable
performance and in case of sudden removal of each of the columns, it will be impossible to bridge overother elements and it will face collapse and progressive collapse in spite of the fact that other members are
resistant against the collapse.
Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Civil Engineering and Urban Planning. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Civil Engineering and Urban Planning.
INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP TRAITS ON TEAM PERFORMANCE AS CORRELATES OF SUCCESS I...civej
The project environment in Nigeria is shifting from traditional practice towards dispersed teams thereby
creating the need to understand leadership attributes that lead to successful project outcomes. This study
assessed the impact of leadership traits on team performance as correlates of success in construction
projects. Like many other management research, the study involve inferential survey. 172 participants
drawn from the different professions in the construction industry selected from 42 mega projects completed
in the last three years in south-south Nigeria were sampled. Twelve collaborative leadership traits drawn
from emotional, managerial competencies were tested against team performance and team spirit stimulants
from the literature. Mean item score was used to evaluate relevance of the traits to collaborative working
while hypotheses were tested using chi square. While the result of the study is not different from literature,
the far reaching implication is that, project team members’ satisfaction translates into successful projects.
Project management’s leadership quest to satisfy the project team must be guided towards collaboration.
The current result has advance significantly the understanding of team leadership attributes for the
research environment and further buttress the need to meet project participants’ mutual objectives for a
successful project.
RESPONSE OF GROUND SUPPORTED CYLINDRICAL TANKS TO HARMONIC LOADINGcivej
Liquid storage tanks such as water distribution systems, petroleum plants etc constitute an important
component of life line systems. Reducing earthquake effects on Liquid Storage tanks, in order to minimize
the environmental and economic impact of these effects, have always been an important engineering
concern. In this paper, the dynamic behaviour of cylindrical ground supported concrete water tanks is
investigated. Analyses are carried out on tank models with different aspect ratios using finite element
software ANSYS. The natural frequencies and modal responses are obtained for impulsive and sloshing
modes. An increase of aspect ratio from 0.2 to 0.6 causes to increase impulsive natural frequency 3 times
and sloshing natural frequency 2 times for tank filled with water. The response of the tank to the harmonic
loading is also discussed. Deformation and stress response parameters for various frequencies of harmonic
loading were also investigated. The harmonic response of tanks with different fill conditions were studied
for tanks with aspect ratio 0.25 and 0.35. For tank of aspect ratio 0.25, the responses variations are not
significant as in the case of tank with aspect ratio 0.35.
WARM MIX ASPHALT INVESTIGATION ON PUBLIC ROADS-A REVIEWcivej
Warm mix asphalt has been introduced in Europe in 1997 and in the United State 2002. The first trail of
warm mix asphalt has done publically in Europe in 1999, in U.S.A 2004 and in India 2009. Most of
countries like Germany, Norway, France, U.S.A, Canada, China, Korea, South Africa, India and Brazil
have successfully used the WMA construction on public roads after successful laboratory test. The WMA is
more success in U.S.A compare to European countries (EAPA, 2014). The main goal of WMA is to produce
the bituminous mixtures with similar strength, durability and performance characteristics as HMA
substantially reduced the mixing and compaction temperature.
This study focus on history and development of warm mix asphalt in different countries including
advantage and disadvantage of warm mix asphalt. This paper also reviews the warm mix asphalt in India.
The Effect of the Use of Mineral Additives on Early and Advanced Age Compress...civej
In this study, the effect of using certain proportions of fly ash, Silica fume and milled blast furnace slag
instead of cement on the early and final pressure resistances of the high strength concretes has been
examined. Within the framework of the experiments, Silica fume has been changed in a ratio of 0-10 %,
milled blast furnace slag between 0-50 %, and fly ash between 0-25 % by means of making the usage rates
of the aforementioned three different mineral additives. "Water/Binder" rate, which is known to be an
important parameter in terms of the compressive strength of concrete, has been changed as 0.20, 0.25 and
0.30 in the context of the experiments, and 100x100x100mm cube samples have been taken from the
mixtures generated separately for each mineral additive type. This samples 2, 7, 28, 56 and 90-day
pressure resistance have been tested.
PERFORMANCE AND RATING OF RESIDENTIAL GREEN BUILDING civej
The green building concept is becoming more and more popular these days because these are considered
as environment friendly building. The government is taking appropriate steps in implementation of green
building concepts by providing increase in Floor area ratio. They are making action plan on climate change on sustainable habitats by proposing smart city concepts. Further in addition to that BEE is putting their effort on appliance labelling programme which helps in appraisal and clearance of large construction projects. Several corporate organizations, institutions and construction companies are now practising green building concept in the construction. There are many green building rating systems in
place. GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) and LEED (Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design ) was developed in response to this need. The GRIHA is considered as Indian National Rating System which have been finalised after incorporating various modifications suggested by a group of architects and experts. United States Green Building Council administered (LEED) as the leading green building rating system which is ranked first among other systems. LEED is contributing heavily in converting the built environment towards sustainable development. The buildings which come under GRIHA are those which are having land area more than 2,500 Sqm. (except for industrial
complexes). These buildings can undergo this certification programme. The GRIHA doesn’t cover buildings having area less than 2500 sqm so the present study focuses on providing a rating system for small residential buildings. By adopting this rating system more and more buildings may be covered fo sustainable development. It gives a boost to nearby surroundings
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MUD MORTAR IN COMPARISON WIT...civej
Mud is a versatile material which finds application in construction industry as mud blocks for wall
construction, mud mortar for binding and plastering and as tiles for flooring and roofing. It is universally
accepted as an environment friendly and user friendly material for construction from time immemorial. The
state of Kerala, where nature imprints its heritage witnessed numerous mud constructions in the form of
traditional buildings, ancient palaces and monumental buildings irrespective of the size of the buildings
and status of the owners. Yet its utilization as a construction material has come down drastically over a
past few decades with the advent of cement and concrete. In a state like Kerala, where there is ample
scope for procuring mud, it is high time that its potential as building material has been fully utilized. The
potential of mud as a sustainable building material has been overviewed by the same authors in the first
phase of investigation. As the second phase experimental work was conducted to compare the properties of
mud mortar with conventional mortars so as to check the feasibility of using mud as mortar. The effect of
stabilizers such as cow dung, cement and lime on raw mud has been studied in this paper. This paper also
checks the effect of fibres on the durability of reinforced mud mortar.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PESTICIDE EF...civej
Solvent extraction and adsorption techniques are effective methods for the removal of pesticides like DDT
and Dicofol from the waste water. Study was conducted using 3 different solvents- Ethylene dichloride
(EDC), Monochlorobenzene (MCB) and Hexane to optimise parameters like effluent to solvent ratio,
agitation speed, agitation time and settling time to attain maximum removal of pesticides by solvent
extraction process. MCB was found to be the best solvent when compared to other two solvents using the
optimised parameters. The activated carbon (8 x30) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of DDT and
Dicofol. The material have good adsorptive capacity and follows Freundlich model. The optimum
adsorbent dose was observed as 2 gm/100ml and optimum contact time needed to reach the equilibrium
was observed as 3 hr. Column study was conducted with the synthetic effluent after solvent extraction.
Combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique was very effective for the removal of
Dicofol and DDT with an efficiency of 99 % and 97 % respectively.
ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF SPATIAL INTERPOLATION OF RAINFALL ON THE STREAMFLOW ...civej
Precipitation within a river basin varies spatially and temporally and hence, is the most relevant input for
hydrologic modelling. Various interpolation methods exist to distribute rainfall spatially within a basin.
The sparse distribution of raingauge stations within a river basin and the differences in interpolation
methods can potentially impact the streamflow simulated using a hydrologic model. The present study
focuses on assessing the effect of spatial interpolation of rainfall using Theissen polygon, Inverse distance
weighted (IDW) method and Ordinary Kriging on the streamflow simulated using a physically based
spatially distributed model-SHETRAN in Vamanapuram river basin in Southern Kerala, India. The
SHETRAN model in the present study utilises rainfall data from the available rain gauge stations within the
basin and potential evapo-transpiration calculated using Penman-Monteith method, along with other input
parameters like soil and landuse. Four years of rainfall and evapo-transpiration data on a daily scale is
used for model calibration and one year data for validation. The performance of the different spatial
interpolation methods were assessed based on the Mean Annual flow and statistical parameters like NashSutcliffe
Efficiency, coefficient of determination. The ordinary kriging and IDW methods were found to be
satisfactory in the spatial interpolation of rainfall.
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF COMPRESSION MEMBER WITH BAMBOO AS REINFORCEMENT AND COC...civej
Concrete is the most widely used construction material. Among all ingredients of concrete, aggregates form
the major portion; further there exists a challenge in attaining the structural light weight concrete utilizing
the waste. Among the natural waste coconut shells can suitably replace these natural aggregates. The
compression testing on cube and split tensile test on cylinder were performed to authenticate its feasibility.
Concrete is reinforced with steel bars to negate its weak tension carrying capacity. However, due to higher
cost and non-renewability of steel, nowadays attempts were made to provide a low-cost, sustainable
material. The feasibility for the usage of locally procured bamboo as reinforcement is tested to evaluate its
Elasticity and ultimate strength. The axial compression test on various columns were performed comparing
its axial deformation, Energy absorption capacity, ultimate load, displacement ductility and degradation in
stiffness.
ROOF TILE POWDER AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT TO CEMENT IN MASONRY MORTARcivej
Ordinary Portland cement is an inevitable material for construction. However, it is highly energy intensive
and liable for the emission of green house gases. In this context, utilization of pozzolanic materials as
supplementary cementing materials has become the leading research interest in recent decades. Roof tile
industries generate huge amount of solid waste materials during their manufacturing processes. Disposal
of these waste materials is serious environmental concern. This paper presents the results of the study
conducted on the potential of roof tile powder (RTP) as a cement replacement material in mortar. The
physical, chemical and mineralogical compositions of RTP were investigated. Strength characteristics of
masonry mortar with varying proportions of RTP as cement replacement were tested. The test results verify
the potential of roof tile powder as partial replacement to cement in masonry mortar upto an extend of 15-
20% in 1:3 and 1:5 mortar proportions respectively.
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF INDIAN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE OVER THE PAST, PRESENT AND...civej
Management of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been a grave issue all over the world. The conventional
environment friendly techniques adopted to tackle the matter is turning futile owing to the appalling
increase in the waste generation rate. The resultant environmental and health hazards emphasise the need
for a more rapid solution. An apt and quick response to India’s mounting waste management and energy
demand crisesis the promotion and execution of waste to energy technologies. Although the MSW
composition and characteristics in the past have been unfavourable for the successful implementation of
waste to energy thermal facilities, there have been variations in the waste characteristics of late, in this
regard. Inert fraction which constituted almost 50% of the Indian MSW in the 1970s reduced by 30-40%by
the early 2000s, making energy recovery facilities an economically and environmentally feasible option.
The varying trends in MSW characteristics in India are analysed and its implications on the thermal energy
recovery techniques are investigated.
SOCIAL AND HEALTH FACILITIES: HEALTH POST PLANNING FOR A NEW CONSTRUCTIVE SYS...civej
This paper tries to analyze a planning for Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities in developing countries
through a flexible system construction in order to realize a multi-scale prototype adaptable in different
contexts.
While Emergency Medical Assistance (EMA) is delivered in disasters or emergency situations, Primary
Health Care is based on a support as part of overall development constructing as best multi-purpose
facilities that can be adapted as a social for different tasks and activities. With this approach, we examine
the process of building system structure for different functions by adapting the flexible system to the
different countries, areas and settlements.
The aim is to define guidelines for planning health facilities with multi-criteria approach, identifying a
score to the same factors relating to different contexts. This paper describes a new process to define a
program for a flexible, modular and expandable system for health facilities.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF RIGID PAVEMENT USING EVERFE2.24& COMPARISION OF RE...civej
In this study analysis of plain cement concrete pavement was done with 3-D mechanistic FEM computer
programme EVERFE2.24. This programme was developed by Bill David, University of Maine,USA. Rigid
pavement is modelled as a flat slab with DLC as base course and subgrade beneath it.
Stresses in rigid pavement at critical location was calculated due to combined effect of axle load and
environmental factor.These results are compared with IRC58-2015&2002.The disparity between results
are analysed and plotted on graph.
This study finds that stressesgiven by IRC58-2015 is up to 42% less than that given by IRC58-2002, and
stresses given by EverFE2.24 is nearly same as given by IRC58-2002.italso highlighted some issues related
to new code of design i.e. IRC58-2015.
MODIFICATION OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING PIT TO NEUTRALIZE ACIDIC pH OF RAIN WATER civej
Acidification of rain water in urban cities is playing major environmental issues. Acid rain is generally
caused by the formation of sulphuric acid and nitric acid. These sulphur and nitrogen emission are resulted
from different sources like industries, vehicles etc. Rain water is a major source for ground water recharge
in urban and rural India, Government of India has already provided water policies in 1987 and 2002 for
conservation of water with different technology of harvesting. Roof top rain water harvesting is a good
practice to collect rain water and inject it directly in the ground without much contamination. Ministry of
Environment and Forest (MoEF) suggested different design and material selection for rain water
harvesting pits to remove the suspended particles and other impurities, however no provision of controlling
the pH is provided for the acidic rain water. Hence the present study proposes modification in the existing
rain water harvesting pit to neutralize the acidic pH from rain water.
Soil Biotechnology to Treat Nazafgarh Drain Water before Disposal into River ...civej
The potential risks associated with the use of recycled water have become a matter of concern for many
organisations which are recycling water. Out of the many reasons, the major ones are that they are not
able to maintain the efficiency of the treatment plant and to meet the high energy demand of these plants.
These problems have led to restricted usage of treatment plants by the industries hence they allow the
waste water to bypass directly into the natural water bodies without any treatment. This work has taken
into consideration the issue of river Yamuna in Delhi, which is one of the most polluted rivers of the world.
It has been identified that Nazafgarh drain located in west Delhi has got a major contribution in the
polluting Yamuna. The need of the hour is to find an innovative solution to resolve the problem of water
recycling and offer a platform to the industries where the burden of treating their factory effluents is taken
care of. This paper proposes a 1 MLD water treatment plant based on Soil Biotechnology which can
efficiently treat the Nazafgarh drain water and make it fit for disposal into Yamuna. SBT is an eco-friendly
and sustainable technology developed at IIT Bombay which provides all levels of treatment in a single
evergreen set up open to atmosphere which is odorless, cheap, simple to operate, easy to maintain and
could be set up within the area of habilitation.
DEFINING LOCAL CONCEPT OF URBAN RAIL STATION AREA DEVELOPMENT THROUGH BEST PR...civej
Basically, Rail-transit Oriented Development (ROD) is an integrated high density mixed use rail station
transit area development for improving accessibility to public transport, enhancing pedestrian friendly
environment as well as increasing urban mobility. Many developed countries have applied the concept of
ROD for generating the compact development of rail station area.
Best practices approach is a selective observation towards several cases with various contexts in order to
get generalization of related theories or concept on practices. In this approach, the study is oriented to
some reasons that make cases being successful. There are two basic components of best practices
approach, i.e. source site and target site. This research elaborated some cases in Japan rail station area
development as source sites for best practices. The finding from elaboration of source sites was brought as
a tool for analyzing the target sites, Jabodetabek rail station area.
The result shows different physical and cultural context between Japan and Indonesia cause the developed
countries concept of ROD cannot be fully applied as it is. It needs some adaptation to be applied in
Indonesia.
EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE OF HIGH CALCIUM FLY ASH AS A MINERAL FILLER IN MIX ...civej
In the present research work, traditional mineral filler, high calcium Fly Ash, is used in the mix design of micro surfacing is evaluated with possibility of replacing it with other environmental friendly and cost effective selected fillers. The chemical analysis and material testing performed on high calcium Fly Ash filler indicate its suitability for incorporation in the mix design. The optimum mix design for microsurfacing Type II and Type III is determined through trial and error method. Also, the performance of a laboratory design mix is evaluated with field application. The field experimentation indicate that the mineral filler showed good performance for the test conducted on field after 24 hours and 6 months of application. The results evaluated in the field for skid resistance and surface texture indicate high calcium Fly Ash can be utilized for microsurfacing of road pavement.
Evaluation of Performance of High Calcium Fly Ash as a Mineral Filler in Mix ...civejjour
In the present research work, traditional mineral filler, high calcium Fly Ash, is used in the mix design of
micro surfacing is evaluated with possibility of replacing it with other environmental friendly and cost
effective selected fillers. The chemical analysis and material testing performed on high calcium Fly Ash
filler indicate its suitability for incorporation in the mix design. The optimum mix design for microsurfacing
Type II and Type III is determined through trial and error method. Also, the performance of a laboratory
design mix is evaluated with field application. The field experimentation indicate that the mineral filler
showed good performance for the test conducted on field after 24 hours and 6 months of application. The
results evaluated in the field for skid resistance and surface texture indicate high calcium Fly Ash can be
utilized for microsurfacing of road pavement.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
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We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
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Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
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At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
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Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
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ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
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Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
A Laboratory Study on Acid Modified Bituminous Mixes in Comparison for Rutting Characteristics
1. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.4, December 2015
DOI:5121/civej.2015.2403 19
A LABORATORY STUDY ON ACID
MODIFIED BITUMINOUS MIXES IN
COMPARISON FOR RUTTING
CHARACTERISTICS
1
G ABDUL KHADER1
, Dr.A.RAMESH2
and Dr. M. KUMAR3
1 –PG Student Dept. of Civil Engineering, VNR VignanaJyothi Institute of Engineering
and Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
2-Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, VNR VignanaJyothi Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
3 –Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering
OsmaniaUniversity, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
ABSTRACT
The rapid growth in trafficload intensity, tire pressure and traffic volume has put a hugedemand on
pavements to perform satisfactorily for the design period. A number of efforts are made in the past to
develop pavement materials that helped in attaining longer serviceability. Most of these efforts were
directed towards improving the design of bituminous mix through modified bituminous binders. In this
context an attempt is made to evaluate rutting characteristics of conventional bitumen modified with Poly
phosphoric Acid (PPA). Immersion Type Wheel Rutting Machine was used for evaluation of rutting
characteristics and is considered as one of the major critical criteria for design of pavement. Poly
phosphoric Acid (PPA) is added as modifier to virgin bitumen (VG – 30) at regular interval of 1% up to
6% to the weight of Bitumen. Bituminous Concrete of Grade-II is considered for Analysis. Slabs of
400X300X50mm are prepared for evaluation of rutting characteristics. Stability, density, voids and flow
parameters were determined using marshal test method for virgin and PPA modified mix. The result of
immersion wheel rutting explains that acid modified binders resist more rutting compared to virgin
binders. Acid modified mixes at 3% optimum performs better in rutting characteristics when tested in
laboratory for induced applied pressures, load and number of passes.
KEYWORDS
Poly phosphoric acid, bituminous concrete, rut depth
1. INTRODUCTION
Infrastructure facilities are provided for economic growth of countries progress. Pavement is a
durable surface material laid down on ground surface intended to sustain vehicular traffic
loading.Flexible pavements are vastly adopted in India as it provides ease in construction,
operating and maintenance.Structural deterioration typically occurs due to fatigue cracking,
rutting of the HMA pavement layers. Permanent deformation in the form of rutting is one of the
most important distress (failure) mechanisms in bituminous pavements generally occurs with
increase in truck tire pressure. In recent years, rutting has become the major distress in flexible
pavement failure. Progression of rutting can lead to cracking and eventually leads to failure.
Rutting accounts for a heavy portion of maintenance and costs high. Permanent deformation or
2. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.4, December 2015
20
rutting in bituminous mixes depends on various factors such as aggregate gradation, shape and
quality of aggregate, quantity andquality of binder, mix parameters such as amount of air voids
and Voids in Mineral Aggregates (VMA), film thickness, temperature, and construction practices
andEnvironmental conditions.In order to resist rutting on asphalt, the material shall be elastic
which means it should have the ability to regain its original shape after removal of wheel load.
Therefore complex shear modulus (G*) elastic portion, G*/sinδ should be large. Naturally higher
the G* value, stiffer is asphalt binder and will be able to resist deformation.Lower the phase angle
(δ), the greater is the elastic portion of G* and will be able to recover its original shape after
being deformed by a wheel load.The Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) measures a specimen’s
complex shear modulus (G*) and phase angle (δ). The complex shear modulus (G*) can be
considered the sample’s total resistance to deformation when repeatedly sheared, while the phase
angle (δ) is the lag between the applied shear stress and the resulting shear strain .The larger the
phase angle (δ), the more viscous the material.This characterization is used in the SuperPave
performance grade (PG). In India we still adopt viscosity grading (VG) as per MORTH
guidelines.
Studies have revealed that properties of bitumen and bituminous mixes can improve/modify with
the incorporation of certain additives or blend of additives. Properties of modified bitumen
depend upon type and quantity of modifierused and process adopted for their manufacture. The
advantages of modified bitumen includes
a) Lower susceptibility to temperature variations
b) Higher resistance to deformation at high pavement temperature
c) Delay of cracking and reflective cracking
d) Better age resistance properties
e) Better adhesion between aggregates and binder
f) Higher fatigue life of mixes
g) Overall improved performance
(Source: IRC: SP: 53-2010.)
A number of proprietary products are available in market with which bitumen can be modified.
These modifiers shall comply with the above requirements besides conformity to specifications.
1.1 Objectives of the present study
Following are the objectives of the present investigation.
a) To ascertain optimum binder content for optimum Poly Phosphoric Acid (PPA)content
when added at regular interval with virgin bitumen.
b) To study the rutting characteristics of virgin bituminous mix and PPA added modified
bituminous mix.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Somewhere in the past studies it became an accepted practice to mix the Poly Phosphoric Acid
with Bitumen available to them to improve the properties. Permanent deformation in flexible
pavement is a major distress that is observed commonly in India and most of other developing
countries. Many alternative procedures have been developed by various researchers by modifying
conventional Bitumen with various admixes. Few of the contributions are summarized as follows;
3. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.4, December 2015
21
Ludomir (2006) explains the critical characteristics of asphalt mixes which control rutting
potential and investigates the methods of laboratory testing which can be used to determine these
characteristics. Geraint et al. (2007)explains an alternative to traditional analysis methods for
flexible pavements using a three-dimensional finite element formulation based on a linear-elastic
stress–strain law for the asphalt layer. Imran et al. (2010) explains permanent deformation of
asphaltic concrete which depends on temperature, rate of loading and state of stress.Ahmad et al.
(2011) evaluate rutting of dense graded hot mix asphalt (HMA) using the dynamic modulus
Simple Performance test (SPT).Results from the study indicated that a correlation was found
between the rut stiffness factors from SPT dynamic modulus test. Imad et al. (2011) explains the
distribution of contact stress and to quantify its impact on viscoelastic pavement responses using
a decoupled modeling approach. The authors developed a tire-pavement interaction model to
predict the three-dimensional contact stresses under various loads and pressures. Nahi et al.
(2011) developed a finite element model based on visco-plastic theory for simulating the
laboratory testing of asphalt mixes in Hamburg Wheel Rut Tester (HWRT) for rutting and to
model in-situ pavement performance. Alaaet al. (2012) develop a finite element model based on
visco-plastic theory for simulating the laboratory testing of bituminous mixes in Hamburg Wheel
Rut Tester (HWRT) for rutting and to model in-situ pavement performance. Kamran et al. (2012)
evaluated the Mechanical Properties of three mixes, i.e., Marshall, SuperPave and Stone Mastic
Asphalt (SMA) were evaluated by performing creep test, indirect tensile test and dynamic
modulus in order to compare the performance of mixes. The study revealed that Super pave mixes
performed better than Marshall and SMA. Olga et al. (2012) explains the application of poly
phosphoric acid as binder modifier, used in production of warm asphalt mixes significantly
mitigates the problem of moisture susceptibility and allows for production of moisture resistive
final pavement.Ganesh et al. (2013)explains the investigation of rutting characteristics of bitumen
mixes using plain bitumen (VG-10) and modified binders (CRMB-60 and PMB-70). PMB-70
binders perform better than VG-10 and CRMB-60 binders under the laboratory induced applied
pressures and number of passes. Mohammed (2013) explains the effect of temperature on the
rutting depth and plastic strain as a pavement response. The analysis of results showed that the rut
depth and plastic strain increases with increasing the temperature.Chao et al. (2014) evaluated the
rutting potential of two types of asphalt binders namely the neat binder and SBS modified binder
by respectively using the oscillation-based parameter G﹡/sin δ and the oscillation-based non-
recoverable stiffness parameter G*/(1–(1/tanδsinδ)) as well as the MSCR-based non-recoverable
compliance Jnr. Test results indicates that the parameter G*/ (1–(1/tanδsinδ)) exhibits a stronger
correlation with the parameter Non-recoverable Compliance Jnr than that of parameter G*/sinδ.
Poornaet al. (2014)explains the percentage of Poly Phosphoric Acid (modifier) increases the
Marshal Stability values and bulk density values are increased and decreases.Saad et al. (2014) in
this work, the durability of reclaimed asphalt pavement after recycling were investigated in terms
of rutting resistance and fatigue life. Three types of recycling agents (soft asphalt cement, soft
asphalt cement blended with silica fumes and soft asphalt cement blended with fly ash) have been
implemented in the construction of roller compacted asphalt pavement slab samples. Recycled
sample with Soft Ac and Fly ash exhibits the highest tensile strain.Srinivasa et al. (2014)Binder
rutting parameters such as G*/sinδ and zero shear viscosity (ZSV) were measured using Dynamic
Shear Rheometer (DSR) and rutting resistance of bituminous mixes was evaluated by an
indigenously developed wheel tracking tester, IIT KGP Rut Tester.Vijay et al. (2014)explained
the Rheological parameters such as complex modulus (G*) and phase angle (δ) of these binders
were evaluated using Dynamic Shear Rheometer for PMB-40, PMB-70 (SBSpolymer with 4%
content) and CRMB-60 (Crumb Rubber Modified Binder- rubber content of 6%). An
indigenously developed wheel tracker, IITKGP Rut tester was used to evaluate the rutting
susceptibility of mixes. Correlations were developed between air voids.
4. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.4, December 2015
22
The present study is focused on the effect of rutting characteristics of bituminous concrete
mixmodified with PPA. From the literature, it has been observed that many studies have been
taken up by the researchers and have obtained good knowledge on the use different materials for
improving the Bitumen properties. Different experiments have been conducted on modifying with
poly phosphoric acid. Also, the changes in the properties, collapse, inundation stress and
characteristics of modification in bitumen have been quantified.
However, limited or no literature has shown the comparison of the improvement of rutting
properties, with poly phosphoric acid modified bituminous mixes.
3. METHODOLOGY
For the present investigation a following methodology has been opted to determine the rutting
parameters of conventional and PPA modified mixes through optimum content of PPA and
binder, from the past studies tests have been conducted as per codal provisions by AASTHO,
ASTM, Indian standards, British standards and MORTH specifications which have been referred
taking into laboratory conditions. Figure 1 is the flowchart of the methodology opted for the
present study. As PPA is oligomer so commercially available liquid form of PPA is preferable for
easy mixing with bitumen because as PPA is viscous in nature and the tests will be conducted for
comparing the conventional mixes with PPA and varying acid content we can determine the
optimum acid content also so that better acid content that can opted will be determined
considering codes and specifications.
Figure 1. Methodology for Present Study
Literature study
Collection of Bitumen, Aggregates and PPA.
Laboratory Investigations
Characterization of Binder and modified binder.
Gradation & Batching of aggregate for BC.
Gradation & Batching of aggregate for
BC
Marshal Mix Design for BC mix
Evaluation of Marshal Parameters for OBC and
determination of optimum acid content in modified bitumen
mixes.
Permanent deformation characteristics for virgin and acid
modified bitumen mix using Immersion type Wheel Rutter.
Data Analysis &
Conclusions
5. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.4, December 2015
23
4. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
In this study the stability analysis using marshal test and rutting characteristics using wheel
rutting equipment for the conventional and modified PPA Bituminous Concrete mixes.
4.1 MARSHAL TEST
Optimum binder content, stability and air voids for Bituminous Concrete mixes for determined
using marshal test and was performedin accordance of ASTM D5581 – 07A (2013). A
Bituminous Concrete mix of Grade –II was considered as per MORTH specifications. Specimens
were prepared by using Automatic Compactor with 75 blows on each side of specimen in
accordance of ASTM D 6926-04 with a range of binder content (4.5-6.0%).84 specimens for both
Conventional and PPA modified mixes were prepared to conduct marshal test to obtain optimum
PPA content at 4% Air Voids and for 65-75% of Voids Filled by Bitumen as per MORTH
specifications.The Marshall stability of the mix is defined as the maximum load carried by the
specimen at a standard test temperature of 60°C. The flow value is the deformation that the test
specimen undergoes during loading up to the maximum load. Flow is measured in 0.25 mm units.
In this test, an attempt is made to obtain optimum binder content for the type of aggregate mix
used and the expected traffic intensity. Figure 2 provides the samples used for evaluation of
marshal parameters.
Figure2.Samples for Marshal Test
4.2 WHEEL RUTTING TEST
Rutting characteristics was carried on Immersion Type Wheel Tracking Device and was as per
AASHTO-T324 test guidelines.Rectangular slabs of dimensions 400X300X50mm were prepared
for conventional and PPA modified Bituminous Concrete mixes as per AASTHO T 283&BS EN
12697 33 (2007) using Roller Compactor.In order to obtain slabs of the desired density and size,
an initial levelling cycle may be actuated that is intended for evenly distributing the mix in the
mold. The compacting phase may be programmed with constant or increasing load, i.e. with
increasing deformation. It is possible to set a defined slab thickness or the number of cycles. A
kneading system is used for compaction and consists in positioning between the roller and
bituminous mixture a series of sliding metal plates that are free to move vertically, guided by the
internal mold surfaces. The wheel tracking test apparatus is the small size type prescribed in the
Standard.A series of test specimens are prepared for each optimum percentage of binder content,
6. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.4, December 2015
24
for conventional and 1% to 6% PPA modified with uniform rate of 1% to weight of Bitumen are
prepared. The test was conducted at 350
C in which the specimens were subjected to simulated
trafficking with a simple harmonic motion with a wheel load of 710 N and a wheel pressure of
0.258N/mm2
along larger side of straight path. A LVDT is also provided to the side of wheel for
monitoring rut depth to corresponding number of wheel passes. Though the instrument was
Immersion type this study was comprises only for non-immersion test which test temperature and
sample temperature was 35o
C and was non-immersed.Figure 3 is the slab sample which was
compacted using roller compactor for each optimum binder content to an acid content of 1%, 3%
and 5%. Figure 4 is the immersion type wheel rutting machine setup indicating the LVDT
connection, sample provided for test and steel wheel to run on a bituminous concrete sample.
Figure 3. Rectangle slab Figure 4. Immersion type wheel Rutter Setup
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Aggregates for BC grade II specifications as per MORTH specification have been collected from
local quarry. Basic material properties have been determined as per codeprovisions. Physical
properties as abrasion, impact value, shape and crushing value are performed and are reported in
Table 1. Consistency test on bitumen as penetration, ductility, softening point and viscosity were
performed and results are presented in Table 2. PPA as a modified was added to virgin bitumen
percentages. PPA was mixed in VG-30 virgin binder using high speed Mechanical Stirrer for
homogeneous mixes. PPA was added to the weight of bitumen. Bituminous Concrete of Grade-II
selected and is shown in figure 5.
Figure 5. Gradation curve of aggregates that have adopted as per MORTH specifications
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25
Table 1. Physical Properties of Aggregates
S. No.
Test Property
Obtained
Values
MORTH
Specifications
(Clause 509.2)
Test standard
1 Abrasion Value 22% Max. 40% IS: 2386(Part 4)
2 Impact Value 17% Max. 30% IS: 2386(Part 4)
3
Combined Value
(Flakiness & elongation )
22% Max. 30% IS: 2386(Part 1)
4 Specific gravity 2.704 2.6-2.8 IS: 2386(Part 3)
5 Crushing Value 19 Max. 40% IS: 2386(Part 4)
Table 2. Physical Properties of Bitumen
Test
Properties
Test Method
PPA Content
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6%
Penetration
(1/10th
of mm)
IS:1203 64 64 60 57 54 51 40
Softening point
(°C)
IS:1205 56 57 59 61 64 64 70
Ductility (mm) IS:1208 69 71 76 78 74 71 60
Absolute
viscosity
(60°C) (poise)
IS:1206 (Part
2)
2580 2560 2544 2510 2486 2360 2290
5.1 MARSHAL TEST RESULTS OF PPA MODIFIED BITUMINOUS
CONCRETE MIXES
The marshal stability test was conducted on prepared conventional mixes and modified PPA
mixes as per ASTM D 1559 to determine properties such as Bulk Density, Voids Filled by
Bitumen, Stability, Flow and Air Voids in mixes using MORTH specifications.The Marshall
Stability and flow test provides the performance prediction measure for the Marshall Mix design
method. The stability portion of the test measures the maximum load supported by the test
specimen ay a loading rate of 50.8 mm/minute and at 60О
C tests temperature. Basically, the load
is increased until it reaches a maximum then when the load just begins to decrease, the loading is
stopped and the maximum load is recorded. Marshal test was conducted at 600
C by applying load
the specimen starts absorbing load up to its strength and starts failure showing cracks on the faces
of diameter of the specimen, through the connected LVDT and signal conditioner for data
acquisition software the load and deflection behavior was monitored. The load and flow
parameters were obtained from the data acquirer, the remaining parameters were calculated as per
MORTH specifications considering limits and was listed as table 3.Figure 6 shows the marshal
test along with data acquisition and signal conditioner. Figure 7 provides how the failure of
marshal samples were after the application of load.
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26
Marshall
stability(Kn)
4.5 2.31 8.28 57.3 3.53 9.67
5 2.36 5.34 68.62 3.97 10.81
5.5 2.37 4.06 72.51 4.09 12.03
6 2.35 2.84 88.23 4.38 7.82
4.5 2.32 8.33 53.94 3.67 10.18
5 2.35 6.63 62.47 3.82 12.11
5.5 2.37 4.11 73 4.11 14.61
6 2.33 5.51 76.29 4.46 11.03
4.5 2.31 7.69 65.05 3.45 10.43
5 2.33 5.79 67.14 4.25 13.11
5.5 2.35 4.18 69.38 4.73 15.38
6 2.32 4.52 76.55 4.97 11.56
4.5 2.31 8.95 52.14 3.26 18.48
5 2.33 7.14 60.58 3.7 20.62
5.5 2.35 4.12 70.57 4.03 19.57
6 2.32 6.26 74.69 4.36 13.59
4.5 2.34 7.43 57.2 3.7 13.5
5 2.36 6.06 64.7 4.19 15.1
5.5 2.37 4.22 72.89 4.47 11.64
6 2.35 5.08 76.36 4.7 9.66
4.5 2.3 9.03 51.74 3.42 10.82
5 2.37 5.58 66.68 4.12 14.24
5.5 2.35 4.24 76.12 4.47 12.18
6 2.31 6.61 66.73 4.95 8.85
4.5 2.32 8.17 54.55 3.55 11.88
5 2.35 6.43 63.24 4.22 13.28
5.5 2.33 4.23 77.14 5.03 11.15
6 2.31 5.59 81.48 5.27 9.78
Flow
(mm)
PPA CONTENT - 0 %
Air Voids
(%)
VFB (%)
Binder
(%)
Bulk Specific
gravity (gm/cc.)
PPA CONTENT - 1 %
PPA CONTENT - 2 %
PPA CONTENT - 3 %
PPA CONTENT - 4 %
PPA CONTENT - 5 %
PPA CONTENT - 6 %
The PPA modified specimens also prepared and were tested and the parameters were compared
between conventional and PPA contents to determine how the strength and voids were changing
with respect to binder and PPA addition to a mix. For the optimum binder content the further
study was carried out.
Figure 6. Marshall Test with Data Acquisition Figure 7.Position of Sample after the Test
Table 3. Marshal Test Properties of Conventional and PPA Modified Mixes
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27
From the Marshal Test results, the table simplifies that
a) For conventional mixes stability was obtained at 5.5% of Bitumen Content.
b) Optimum PPA was obtained at 3% PPA content for 5% Bitumen content.
c) As the PPA content was increased stability starts to decrease after 3% of PPA.
d) Air Voids also starts increasing for optimum PPA and Bitumen Content.
The comparsssion of the tabulated test results were explained through figure 8, 9, 10 & 11 for
virgin and different PPA modified bitumen mixes for summarizing the optimum binder and acid
content considering better stability, 4% Air voids with 65%-75% of VFB condiering specific
gravity and flow of 3-5 mm. Figures are plotted for bitumen content to various parameters.
Figure8. Bitumen content Vs Stability
Figure 9. Bitumen Content Vs Bulk Density
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28
The stability of the each individual mixes are calculated from specifications a high stability was
acquired for 3% PPA but after excess addition of PPA results reduction of stability and increase
of bulk density. A similar comparison with conventional mixes are done with individual
parameters makes better stability and good density so 3% PPA is better in stability and density.
Now air voids and VFB are plotted to determine the optimum contents as follows.
Figure 10. Bitumen Content Vs VFB
Figure 11. Bitumen Content Vs Air Voids
For the stability curve it is observed that as binder content increases the stability value increase
for a maximum (12.03kN) and air voids reduces from 4.0 to 2.84 for a binder content of 5.5% to
6%. 65-75% of voids filled bitumen was obtained at 5.5% binder content so 5.5% binder content
for the present study was considered as optimum binder content satisfying MORTH
specifications. Conventional mixes is provided with 5.5% bitumen content as optimum and 3%
PPA mixes gives better stability at 5.0% bitumen. Which makes the cost of bitumen reduces.
Further addition of PPA more than optimum reduces in marshal parameters. This is because PPA
does not provided good mixing with virgin mixes at higher content PPA which had resulted in
changes in marshal parameters after 3% optimum.
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29
5.2 RUTTING ANALYSIS
Rutting characteristics is carried through Immersion Wheel Tracking Device, through LVDT the
results of rut depth to finite number of passes was acquiesced and monitored through wheel rut
test software was obtained in text sheet. The obtained results were analyzed by plotting graph for
rut depth to finite number of passes and picturized as follows. Figure 5.21 shows the rut depth of
conventional mix for corresponding number of wheel passes for 1,50,000 passes conventional
mixes of BC grade – II attain a rut depth of around 18 mm. thus a rut depth for 1%, 3%, 5% PPA
content bituminous slabs were determined for same 1,50,000 passes at 35o
C of temperature as
non-immersion test making 35-40 rotations per minute as movement for test performance. The
obtained rut depth of those three mixes were plotted as following figure to make a comparison.
Figure 12 discusses the rut depth formation of conventional mixes for 1,50,000 passes and Figure
13 shows how the rut depth was formed for 1%, 3% and 5% of PPA modified mixes for same
number of 1,50,000 passes.
Figure 12. Rut Depth for conventional bituminous mix
The rut depth of conventional mix was fall after 80,000 passes from10mm excess induced
number of passes are allowed to find the limited rut depth by IRC:73 that is 20mm. so making
18mm rut depth we obtain at 1,50,000 passes for conventional mixes. Now making 3% PPA as
middle comparative for those number of passes rut depth for three odd percentages are performed
to determine the rut depth and through data acquired following comparative graph was drawn.
12. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.4, December 2015
30
Figure 13 Rut Depth forPPA modified bituminous mixes
The figure 12 & 13 explains that for 3% PPA content rut value is around 3% lesser than the rut
depth for conventional specimen and as PPA content increases rut value increases for induced
number of passes and hence 3% PPA content establishes the stability value and air voids with
conventional mixes. Figure 14 & 15 shows how rut depth was formed during Rut Test and
position of specimen after finite number of passes.
Figure 14. Rut Depth formation during Rut Test Figure 15. Position of Rectangular slab after Rut Test
13. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.4, December 2015
31
6. SUMMARY&CONCLUSION
On the basis of observation and analysis of Marshall Test properties and Immersion Wheel rutting
test for Poly Phosphoric Acidmodified mixes the following summarization conclusions are
drawn.
The Marshall Stability value is found maximum of 20.62Kn for 3% Poly Phosphoric
Acid at 5.0% bitumen content which is more than conventional bituminous mixes.
It is observed that air voids decrease, which is necessary for better strength and service
life of the pavement and the VFB is also increased by addition of bitumen.
The bulk density is also found maximum of 2.35g/cc at 3% added PPA.
Optimum bitumen content was reduced from 5.5% to 5.0% with the addition of 3%
optimum PPA to virgin mix.
Modification of Bituminous concrete mix has resulted in maximum stability with less
bitumen content.
It is observed that Stability value is increased by 21% when modified with PPA at 3%
and has air voids of 4.1% when compared with conventional mix.
The results of rutting performed on Immersion Wheel rutting apparatus elaborates that
there is correlation between stiffness factor and rut depth.
On comparison with conventional mix and modified mix prepared at 3% PPA exhibits
4% less in rut depth at 1,50,000 passes to conventional mixes of VG - 30.
It is concluded that modification of binder with PPA increases stability, reduces binder content
and which also improves rut depth in pavements for same number of passes. This will contribute
success in improving serviceability in terms of permanent deformation. IRC 73 has specified to
test rutting criteria at standard temperature in future the test can be performed with different
temperature conditions considering water bath depends on country’s code provisions and
specifications.
REFERENCES
[1] Ahmad. J, Abdul Rahman M.Y and Hainin M.R. (2011) “Rutting Evaluation of Dense Graded Hot
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AUTHORS
1 G. Abdul Khader a PG student (Highway Engineering) of Civil Engineering at VNR
VignanaJyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology. His research interest includes
Pavement and Traffic safety Engineering, he has worked as Research assistant in
Department of Civil Engineering and is involved regular department consultancy
projects.
2Dr. A.Ramesh obtained his Doctorate degree from Osmania University. He had
published 6 Journal papers and 8 International Conferences papers. He has two research
projects funded by AICTE and UGC of worth 16 lakhs. He has 10 years of teaching
Research and Consultancy experience. Presently he is working as associate professor in
Dept. of Civil Engineering VNR VignanaJyothi Institute of Engineering & Technology.
3Dr. Kumar Molugaram obtained his Doctorate degree from Indian Institute of
Technology, Bombay. He published over 62 research papers in various International and
National journals and conferences. He supervised more than 35 M.E. Dissertations and
two Ph.D. Thesis. He visited 18 international cities across the world to present his
research papers. Prof. Kumar has over 19 years of Teaching, Research and Consultancy
experience. Presently he is serving as Professor and Head of Civil Engineering
Department and Director Infrastructure, Osmania University.