Management of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been a grave issue all over the world. The conventional
environment friendly techniques adopted to tackle the matter is turning futile owing to the appalling
increase in the waste generation rate. The resultant environmental and health hazards emphasise the need
for a more rapid solution. An apt and quick response to India’s mounting waste management and energy
demand crisesis the promotion and execution of waste to energy technologies. Although the MSW
composition and characteristics in the past have been unfavourable for the successful implementation of
waste to energy thermal facilities, there have been variations in the waste characteristics of late, in this
regard. Inert fraction which constituted almost 50% of the Indian MSW in the 1970s reduced by 30-40%by
the early 2000s, making energy recovery facilities an economically and environmentally feasible option.
The varying trends in MSW characteristics in India are analysed and its implications on the thermal energy
recovery techniques are investigated.
Municipal solid waste: A strategic resource sajjalp
A largely rural country, with only 18% of the population living in urban areas, Nepal is urbanizing rapidly with urban population growth rates of up to 7%. With a population growth rate of about 4% per year, the municipalities of Kathmandu Valley are facing the unprecedented challenges of rapid urbanization and modernization on a metropolitan scale. The average rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is 341.63 gm per capita per day in five municipalities (Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Thimi and Kirtipur) of Kathmandu Valley. The increasing and unmanageable waste volume is a major concern for all the municipalities. In Kathmandu Valley most of the MSW is land-filled, leading to a significant pressure on the environment. The truth is very little is recycled. In this paper, the basic indicators of MSW are analyzed: generation per capita per day, total waste generation, and waste generation from household, commercial and institutional activities etc. The municipalities of Kathmandu valley are focusing on sweeping the street,
collecting and transferring the waste to the landfill rather than minimizing the waste. The important priorities to consider MSW as a strategic resource are: reduction of waste at source, re-use, compost, recycle and recovery which will minimize the disposal volume and increase the life of landfill.
KEY WORDS: Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), waste generation, resource, recycling
By 2050, India with about 1.7 billion people will be the most populous country in the world, accounting for about 17 percent of the global population but only 2 percent of land and less than 4 percent of water. And about 60 percent of the population, nearly 1 billion, will be urbanized and a large part of it will be rural migrants. The rapid urbanization will further accelerate the demand for higher quantity of quality food, especially of high value foods such as fruits, vegetables, milk, meat and eggs, from the shrinking land, water, biodiversity resources. Moreover, the crowding cities and their peripheries will be facing agriculture land loss that will affect future food production in large scale.
Municipal solid waste: A strategic resource sajjalp
A largely rural country, with only 18% of the population living in urban areas, Nepal is urbanizing rapidly with urban population growth rates of up to 7%. With a population growth rate of about 4% per year, the municipalities of Kathmandu Valley are facing the unprecedented challenges of rapid urbanization and modernization on a metropolitan scale. The average rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is 341.63 gm per capita per day in five municipalities (Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Thimi and Kirtipur) of Kathmandu Valley. The increasing and unmanageable waste volume is a major concern for all the municipalities. In Kathmandu Valley most of the MSW is land-filled, leading to a significant pressure on the environment. The truth is very little is recycled. In this paper, the basic indicators of MSW are analyzed: generation per capita per day, total waste generation, and waste generation from household, commercial and institutional activities etc. The municipalities of Kathmandu valley are focusing on sweeping the street,
collecting and transferring the waste to the landfill rather than minimizing the waste. The important priorities to consider MSW as a strategic resource are: reduction of waste at source, re-use, compost, recycle and recovery which will minimize the disposal volume and increase the life of landfill.
KEY WORDS: Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), waste generation, resource, recycling
By 2050, India with about 1.7 billion people will be the most populous country in the world, accounting for about 17 percent of the global population but only 2 percent of land and less than 4 percent of water. And about 60 percent of the population, nearly 1 billion, will be urbanized and a large part of it will be rural migrants. The rapid urbanization will further accelerate the demand for higher quantity of quality food, especially of high value foods such as fruits, vegetables, milk, meat and eggs, from the shrinking land, water, biodiversity resources. Moreover, the crowding cities and their peripheries will be facing agriculture land loss that will affect future food production in large scale.
Background: Ecological Footprint assessment helps to identify what activities are having the biggest impact on nature and opens up possibilities to reduce our impact and live within the means of ‘one planet’. It provides measurement of collective consumption of the population whether they are exceeding the earth’s ecological limits or not. The introduction of ecological footprint has been very necessary for the context of Bangladesh especially in Dhaka, where the unplanned consumption pattern of the population is producing a very unsustainable situation. Objective: This study intends to introduce this new concept through calculating the Ecological Footprint Account (usually 90% of it consists with Carbon Footprint/Emission Account) of the prestigious residential area Dhanmondi, which is one of the major resource consuming area of Dhaka city. Method: A blending of ‘component’ and ‘direct’ method has been used. Questionnaire survey (in 240 HH) has been conducted to gather information about the consumption pattern for different components (i.e. energy, food, service etc.) in the households for the year 2011. Biocapacity of Dhanmondi RA is also measured from the bioproductive lands available within the area. Following the generated results, sustainability analysis has been done. Results: An enormous gap between demand (1.19 global hectare/person) and supply (0.02 global hectare/person) of natural resources has been observed from the scrutiny. Conclusion: Natural gas consumption for domestic purpose has been found as the main motive behind the high footprint figure compared to the national average followed by Electricity, Food and Transportation. Biocapacity has been discovered as very petite amount because of unplanned urban agglomeration.
I’m professional presentation maker . These presentations are for sale for 20$ each, if required you can contact me on my gmail id bestpptmaker@gmail.com and you can also suggest me topics for your required presentations
Urbanization and its effect on food securityMahmud Shuvo
power point presentation on urbanization and its effect on food security.you can easily find here your necessary data and charts about this matter in respect of BANGLADESH.
Issues and options for housing the urban poor in indiaJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper looks at the current status of Housing in India, roadblocks which are hampering the supply of housing the poor and suggests few strategies for creating housing stock for them to achieve the objective of Housing for All by 2022
Soil Biotechnology to Treat Nazafgarh Drain Water before Disposal into River ...civej
The potential risks associated with the use of recycled water have become a matter of concern for many
organisations which are recycling water. Out of the many reasons, the major ones are that they are not
able to maintain the efficiency of the treatment plant and to meet the high energy demand of these plants.
These problems have led to restricted usage of treatment plants by the industries hence they allow the
waste water to bypass directly into the natural water bodies without any treatment. This work has taken
into consideration the issue of river Yamuna in Delhi, which is one of the most polluted rivers of the world.
It has been identified that Nazafgarh drain located in west Delhi has got a major contribution in the
polluting Yamuna. The need of the hour is to find an innovative solution to resolve the problem of water
recycling and offer a platform to the industries where the burden of treating their factory effluents is taken
care of. This paper proposes a 1 MLD water treatment plant based on Soil Biotechnology which can
efficiently treat the Nazafgarh drain water and make it fit for disposal into Yamuna. SBT is an eco-friendly
and sustainable technology developed at IIT Bombay which provides all levels of treatment in a single
evergreen set up open to atmosphere which is odorless, cheap, simple to operate, easy to maintain and
could be set up within the area of habilitation.
DEFINING LOCAL CONCEPT OF URBAN RAIL STATION AREA DEVELOPMENT THROUGH BEST PR...civej
Basically, Rail-transit Oriented Development (ROD) is an integrated high density mixed use rail station
transit area development for improving accessibility to public transport, enhancing pedestrian friendly
environment as well as increasing urban mobility. Many developed countries have applied the concept of
ROD for generating the compact development of rail station area.
Best practices approach is a selective observation towards several cases with various contexts in order to
get generalization of related theories or concept on practices. In this approach, the study is oriented to
some reasons that make cases being successful. There are two basic components of best practices
approach, i.e. source site and target site. This research elaborated some cases in Japan rail station area
development as source sites for best practices. The finding from elaboration of source sites was brought as
a tool for analyzing the target sites, Jabodetabek rail station area.
The result shows different physical and cultural context between Japan and Indonesia cause the developed
countries concept of ROD cannot be fully applied as it is. It needs some adaptation to be applied in
Indonesia.
SOCIAL AND HEALTH FACILITIES: HEALTH POST PLANNING FOR A NEW CONSTRUCTIVE SYS...civej
This paper tries to analyze a planning for Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities in developing countries
through a flexible system construction in order to realize a multi-scale prototype adaptable in different
contexts.
While Emergency Medical Assistance (EMA) is delivered in disasters or emergency situations, Primary
Health Care is based on a support as part of overall development constructing as best multi-purpose
facilities that can be adapted as a social for different tasks and activities. With this approach, we examine
the process of building system structure for different functions by adapting the flexible system to the
different countries, areas and settlements.
The aim is to define guidelines for planning health facilities with multi-criteria approach, identifying a
score to the same factors relating to different contexts. This paper describes a new process to define a
program for a flexible, modular and expandable system for health facilities.
PERFORMANCE AND RATING OF RESIDENTIAL GREEN BUILDING civej
The green building concept is becoming more and more popular these days because these are considered
as environment friendly building. The government is taking appropriate steps in implementation of green
building concepts by providing increase in Floor area ratio. They are making action plan on climate change on sustainable habitats by proposing smart city concepts. Further in addition to that BEE is putting their effort on appliance labelling programme which helps in appraisal and clearance of large construction projects. Several corporate organizations, institutions and construction companies are now practising green building concept in the construction. There are many green building rating systems in
place. GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) and LEED (Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design ) was developed in response to this need. The GRIHA is considered as Indian National Rating System which have been finalised after incorporating various modifications suggested by a group of architects and experts. United States Green Building Council administered (LEED) as the leading green building rating system which is ranked first among other systems. LEED is contributing heavily in converting the built environment towards sustainable development. The buildings which come under GRIHA are those which are having land area more than 2,500 Sqm. (except for industrial
complexes). These buildings can undergo this certification programme. The GRIHA doesn’t cover buildings having area less than 2500 sqm so the present study focuses on providing a rating system for small residential buildings. By adopting this rating system more and more buildings may be covered fo sustainable development. It gives a boost to nearby surroundings
Background: Ecological Footprint assessment helps to identify what activities are having the biggest impact on nature and opens up possibilities to reduce our impact and live within the means of ‘one planet’. It provides measurement of collective consumption of the population whether they are exceeding the earth’s ecological limits or not. The introduction of ecological footprint has been very necessary for the context of Bangladesh especially in Dhaka, where the unplanned consumption pattern of the population is producing a very unsustainable situation. Objective: This study intends to introduce this new concept through calculating the Ecological Footprint Account (usually 90% of it consists with Carbon Footprint/Emission Account) of the prestigious residential area Dhanmondi, which is one of the major resource consuming area of Dhaka city. Method: A blending of ‘component’ and ‘direct’ method has been used. Questionnaire survey (in 240 HH) has been conducted to gather information about the consumption pattern for different components (i.e. energy, food, service etc.) in the households for the year 2011. Biocapacity of Dhanmondi RA is also measured from the bioproductive lands available within the area. Following the generated results, sustainability analysis has been done. Results: An enormous gap between demand (1.19 global hectare/person) and supply (0.02 global hectare/person) of natural resources has been observed from the scrutiny. Conclusion: Natural gas consumption for domestic purpose has been found as the main motive behind the high footprint figure compared to the national average followed by Electricity, Food and Transportation. Biocapacity has been discovered as very petite amount because of unplanned urban agglomeration.
I’m professional presentation maker . These presentations are for sale for 20$ each, if required you can contact me on my gmail id bestpptmaker@gmail.com and you can also suggest me topics for your required presentations
Urbanization and its effect on food securityMahmud Shuvo
power point presentation on urbanization and its effect on food security.you can easily find here your necessary data and charts about this matter in respect of BANGLADESH.
Issues and options for housing the urban poor in indiaJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper looks at the current status of Housing in India, roadblocks which are hampering the supply of housing the poor and suggests few strategies for creating housing stock for them to achieve the objective of Housing for All by 2022
Soil Biotechnology to Treat Nazafgarh Drain Water before Disposal into River ...civej
The potential risks associated with the use of recycled water have become a matter of concern for many
organisations which are recycling water. Out of the many reasons, the major ones are that they are not
able to maintain the efficiency of the treatment plant and to meet the high energy demand of these plants.
These problems have led to restricted usage of treatment plants by the industries hence they allow the
waste water to bypass directly into the natural water bodies without any treatment. This work has taken
into consideration the issue of river Yamuna in Delhi, which is one of the most polluted rivers of the world.
It has been identified that Nazafgarh drain located in west Delhi has got a major contribution in the
polluting Yamuna. The need of the hour is to find an innovative solution to resolve the problem of water
recycling and offer a platform to the industries where the burden of treating their factory effluents is taken
care of. This paper proposes a 1 MLD water treatment plant based on Soil Biotechnology which can
efficiently treat the Nazafgarh drain water and make it fit for disposal into Yamuna. SBT is an eco-friendly
and sustainable technology developed at IIT Bombay which provides all levels of treatment in a single
evergreen set up open to atmosphere which is odorless, cheap, simple to operate, easy to maintain and
could be set up within the area of habilitation.
DEFINING LOCAL CONCEPT OF URBAN RAIL STATION AREA DEVELOPMENT THROUGH BEST PR...civej
Basically, Rail-transit Oriented Development (ROD) is an integrated high density mixed use rail station
transit area development for improving accessibility to public transport, enhancing pedestrian friendly
environment as well as increasing urban mobility. Many developed countries have applied the concept of
ROD for generating the compact development of rail station area.
Best practices approach is a selective observation towards several cases with various contexts in order to
get generalization of related theories or concept on practices. In this approach, the study is oriented to
some reasons that make cases being successful. There are two basic components of best practices
approach, i.e. source site and target site. This research elaborated some cases in Japan rail station area
development as source sites for best practices. The finding from elaboration of source sites was brought as
a tool for analyzing the target sites, Jabodetabek rail station area.
The result shows different physical and cultural context between Japan and Indonesia cause the developed
countries concept of ROD cannot be fully applied as it is. It needs some adaptation to be applied in
Indonesia.
SOCIAL AND HEALTH FACILITIES: HEALTH POST PLANNING FOR A NEW CONSTRUCTIVE SYS...civej
This paper tries to analyze a planning for Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities in developing countries
through a flexible system construction in order to realize a multi-scale prototype adaptable in different
contexts.
While Emergency Medical Assistance (EMA) is delivered in disasters or emergency situations, Primary
Health Care is based on a support as part of overall development constructing as best multi-purpose
facilities that can be adapted as a social for different tasks and activities. With this approach, we examine
the process of building system structure for different functions by adapting the flexible system to the
different countries, areas and settlements.
The aim is to define guidelines for planning health facilities with multi-criteria approach, identifying a
score to the same factors relating to different contexts. This paper describes a new process to define a
program for a flexible, modular and expandable system for health facilities.
PERFORMANCE AND RATING OF RESIDENTIAL GREEN BUILDING civej
The green building concept is becoming more and more popular these days because these are considered
as environment friendly building. The government is taking appropriate steps in implementation of green
building concepts by providing increase in Floor area ratio. They are making action plan on climate change on sustainable habitats by proposing smart city concepts. Further in addition to that BEE is putting their effort on appliance labelling programme which helps in appraisal and clearance of large construction projects. Several corporate organizations, institutions and construction companies are now practising green building concept in the construction. There are many green building rating systems in
place. GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) and LEED (Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design ) was developed in response to this need. The GRIHA is considered as Indian National Rating System which have been finalised after incorporating various modifications suggested by a group of architects and experts. United States Green Building Council administered (LEED) as the leading green building rating system which is ranked first among other systems. LEED is contributing heavily in converting the built environment towards sustainable development. The buildings which come under GRIHA are those which are having land area more than 2,500 Sqm. (except for industrial
complexes). These buildings can undergo this certification programme. The GRIHA doesn’t cover buildings having area less than 2500 sqm so the present study focuses on providing a rating system for small residential buildings. By adopting this rating system more and more buildings may be covered fo sustainable development. It gives a boost to nearby surroundings
The Effect of the Use of Mineral Additives on Early and Advanced Age Compress...civej
In this study, the effect of using certain proportions of fly ash, Silica fume and milled blast furnace slag
instead of cement on the early and final pressure resistances of the high strength concretes has been
examined. Within the framework of the experiments, Silica fume has been changed in a ratio of 0-10 %,
milled blast furnace slag between 0-50 %, and fly ash between 0-25 % by means of making the usage rates
of the aforementioned three different mineral additives. "Water/Binder" rate, which is known to be an
important parameter in terms of the compressive strength of concrete, has been changed as 0.20, 0.25 and
0.30 in the context of the experiments, and 100x100x100mm cube samples have been taken from the
mixtures generated separately for each mineral additive type. This samples 2, 7, 28, 56 and 90-day
pressure resistance have been tested.
WARM MIX ASPHALT INVESTIGATION ON PUBLIC ROADS-A REVIEWcivej
Warm mix asphalt has been introduced in Europe in 1997 and in the United State 2002. The first trail of
warm mix asphalt has done publically in Europe in 1999, in U.S.A 2004 and in India 2009. Most of
countries like Germany, Norway, France, U.S.A, Canada, China, Korea, South Africa, India and Brazil
have successfully used the WMA construction on public roads after successful laboratory test. The WMA is
more success in U.S.A compare to European countries (EAPA, 2014). The main goal of WMA is to produce
the bituminous mixtures with similar strength, durability and performance characteristics as HMA
substantially reduced the mixing and compaction temperature.
This study focus on history and development of warm mix asphalt in different countries including
advantage and disadvantage of warm mix asphalt. This paper also reviews the warm mix asphalt in India.
INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP TRAITS ON TEAM PERFORMANCE AS CORRELATES OF SUCCESS I...civej
The project environment in Nigeria is shifting from traditional practice towards dispersed teams thereby
creating the need to understand leadership attributes that lead to successful project outcomes. This study
assessed the impact of leadership traits on team performance as correlates of success in construction
projects. Like many other management research, the study involve inferential survey. 172 participants
drawn from the different professions in the construction industry selected from 42 mega projects completed
in the last three years in south-south Nigeria were sampled. Twelve collaborative leadership traits drawn
from emotional, managerial competencies were tested against team performance and team spirit stimulants
from the literature. Mean item score was used to evaluate relevance of the traits to collaborative working
while hypotheses were tested using chi square. While the result of the study is not different from literature,
the far reaching implication is that, project team members’ satisfaction translates into successful projects.
Project management’s leadership quest to satisfy the project team must be guided towards collaboration.
The current result has advance significantly the understanding of team leadership attributes for the
research environment and further buttress the need to meet project participants’ mutual objectives for a
successful project.
Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Civil Engineering and Urban Planning. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Civil Engineering and Urban Planning.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MUD MORTAR IN COMPARISON WIT...civej
Mud is a versatile material which finds application in construction industry as mud blocks for wall
construction, mud mortar for binding and plastering and as tiles for flooring and roofing. It is universally
accepted as an environment friendly and user friendly material for construction from time immemorial. The
state of Kerala, where nature imprints its heritage witnessed numerous mud constructions in the form of
traditional buildings, ancient palaces and monumental buildings irrespective of the size of the buildings
and status of the owners. Yet its utilization as a construction material has come down drastically over a
past few decades with the advent of cement and concrete. In a state like Kerala, where there is ample
scope for procuring mud, it is high time that its potential as building material has been fully utilized. The
potential of mud as a sustainable building material has been overviewed by the same authors in the first
phase of investigation. As the second phase experimental work was conducted to compare the properties of
mud mortar with conventional mortars so as to check the feasibility of using mud as mortar. The effect of
stabilizers such as cow dung, cement and lime on raw mud has been studied in this paper. This paper also
checks the effect of fibres on the durability of reinforced mud mortar.
ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF SPATIAL INTERPOLATION OF RAINFALL ON THE STREAMFLOW ...civej
Precipitation within a river basin varies spatially and temporally and hence, is the most relevant input for
hydrologic modelling. Various interpolation methods exist to distribute rainfall spatially within a basin.
The sparse distribution of raingauge stations within a river basin and the differences in interpolation
methods can potentially impact the streamflow simulated using a hydrologic model. The present study
focuses on assessing the effect of spatial interpolation of rainfall using Theissen polygon, Inverse distance
weighted (IDW) method and Ordinary Kriging on the streamflow simulated using a physically based
spatially distributed model-SHETRAN in Vamanapuram river basin in Southern Kerala, India. The
SHETRAN model in the present study utilises rainfall data from the available rain gauge stations within the
basin and potential evapo-transpiration calculated using Penman-Monteith method, along with other input
parameters like soil and landuse. Four years of rainfall and evapo-transpiration data on a daily scale is
used for model calibration and one year data for validation. The performance of the different spatial
interpolation methods were assessed based on the Mean Annual flow and statistical parameters like NashSutcliffe
Efficiency, coefficient of determination. The ordinary kriging and IDW methods were found to be
satisfactory in the spatial interpolation of rainfall.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF RIGID PAVEMENT USING EVERFE2.24& COMPARISION OF RE...civej
In this study analysis of plain cement concrete pavement was done with 3-D mechanistic FEM computer
programme EVERFE2.24. This programme was developed by Bill David, University of Maine,USA. Rigid
pavement is modelled as a flat slab with DLC as base course and subgrade beneath it.
Stresses in rigid pavement at critical location was calculated due to combined effect of axle load and
environmental factor.These results are compared with IRC58-2015&2002.The disparity between results
are analysed and plotted on graph.
This study finds that stressesgiven by IRC58-2015 is up to 42% less than that given by IRC58-2002, and
stresses given by EverFE2.24 is nearly same as given by IRC58-2002.italso highlighted some issues related
to new code of design i.e. IRC58-2015.
A Laboratory Study on Acid Modified Bituminous Mixes in Comparison for Ruttin...civej
The rapid growth in trafficload intensity, tire pressure and traffic volume has put a hugedemand on
pavements to perform satisfactorily for the design period. A number of efforts are made in the past to
develop pavement materials that helped in attaining longer serviceability. Most of these efforts were
directed towards improving the design of bituminous mix through modified bituminous binders. In this
context an attempt is made to evaluate rutting characteristics of conventional bitumen modified with Poly
phosphoric Acid (PPA). Immersion Type Wheel Rutting Machine was used for evaluation of rutting
characteristics and is considered as one of the major critical criteria for design of pavement. Poly
phosphoric Acid (PPA) is added as modifier to virgin bitumen (VG – 30) at regular interval of 1% up to
6% to the weight of Bitumen. Bituminous Concrete of Grade-II is considered for Analysis. Slabs of
400X300X50mm are prepared for evaluation of rutting characteristics. Stability, density, voids and flow
parameters were determined using marshal test method for virgin and PPA modified mix. The result of
immersion wheel rutting explains that acid modified binders resist more rutting compared to virgin
binders. Acid modified mixes at 3% optimum performs better in rutting characteristics when tested in
laboratory for induced applied pressures, load and number of passes.
STABILITY ASSESSMENT OF STEEL MOMENT FRAMES AGAINST PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSEcivej
Analyzing progressive collapse plays a pivotal role in diagnosing structure stability caused by earthquake,
explosion, car crashes, and fire and so on. In the current research, condition of progressive collapse has
been analyzed in structures which have been designed based on current codes in Iran. For this purpose, a
couple of steel buildings with steel moment frame systems that have many stories and various bay, have
been evaluated. With sudden removal of each column, the possibility of bridging over other elements has
been studied; besides, alternative path method introduced by the UFC 4-023-03 code has been applied in
the assessment process. Results indicate that the beams located on the highest floor do not have a suitable
performance and in case of sudden removal of each of the columns, it will be impossible to bridge overother elements and it will face collapse and progressive collapse in spite of the fact that other members are
resistant against the collapse.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PESTICIDE EF...civej
Solvent extraction and adsorption techniques are effective methods for the removal of pesticides like DDT
and Dicofol from the waste water. Study was conducted using 3 different solvents- Ethylene dichloride
(EDC), Monochlorobenzene (MCB) and Hexane to optimise parameters like effluent to solvent ratio,
agitation speed, agitation time and settling time to attain maximum removal of pesticides by solvent
extraction process. MCB was found to be the best solvent when compared to other two solvents using the
optimised parameters. The activated carbon (8 x30) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of DDT and
Dicofol. The material have good adsorptive capacity and follows Freundlich model. The optimum
adsorbent dose was observed as 2 gm/100ml and optimum contact time needed to reach the equilibrium
was observed as 3 hr. Column study was conducted with the synthetic effluent after solvent extraction.
Combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique was very effective for the removal of
Dicofol and DDT with an efficiency of 99 % and 97 % respectively.
ROOF TILE POWDER AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT TO CEMENT IN MASONRY MORTARcivej
Ordinary Portland cement is an inevitable material for construction. However, it is highly energy intensive
and liable for the emission of green house gases. In this context, utilization of pozzolanic materials as
supplementary cementing materials has become the leading research interest in recent decades. Roof tile
industries generate huge amount of solid waste materials during their manufacturing processes. Disposal
of these waste materials is serious environmental concern. This paper presents the results of the study
conducted on the potential of roof tile powder (RTP) as a cement replacement material in mortar. The
physical, chemical and mineralogical compositions of RTP were investigated. Strength characteristics of
masonry mortar with varying proportions of RTP as cement replacement were tested. The test results verify
the potential of roof tile powder as partial replacement to cement in masonry mortar upto an extend of 15-
20% in 1:3 and 1:5 mortar proportions respectively.
MODIFICATION OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING PIT TO NEUTRALIZE ACIDIC pH OF RAIN WATER civej
Acidification of rain water in urban cities is playing major environmental issues. Acid rain is generally
caused by the formation of sulphuric acid and nitric acid. These sulphur and nitrogen emission are resulted
from different sources like industries, vehicles etc. Rain water is a major source for ground water recharge
in urban and rural India, Government of India has already provided water policies in 1987 and 2002 for
conservation of water with different technology of harvesting. Roof top rain water harvesting is a good
practice to collect rain water and inject it directly in the ground without much contamination. Ministry of
Environment and Forest (MoEF) suggested different design and material selection for rain water
harvesting pits to remove the suspended particles and other impurities, however no provision of controlling
the pH is provided for the acidic rain water. Hence the present study proposes modification in the existing
rain water harvesting pit to neutralize the acidic pH from rain water.
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF COMPRESSION MEMBER WITH BAMBOO AS REINFORCEMENT AND COC...civej
Concrete is the most widely used construction material. Among all ingredients of concrete, aggregates form
the major portion; further there exists a challenge in attaining the structural light weight concrete utilizing
the waste. Among the natural waste coconut shells can suitably replace these natural aggregates. The
compression testing on cube and split tensile test on cylinder were performed to authenticate its feasibility.
Concrete is reinforced with steel bars to negate its weak tension carrying capacity. However, due to higher
cost and non-renewability of steel, nowadays attempts were made to provide a low-cost, sustainable
material. The feasibility for the usage of locally procured bamboo as reinforcement is tested to evaluate its
Elasticity and ultimate strength. The axial compression test on various columns were performed comparing
its axial deformation, Energy absorption capacity, ultimate load, displacement ductility and degradation in
stiffness.
RESPONSE OF GROUND SUPPORTED CYLINDRICAL TANKS TO HARMONIC LOADINGcivej
Liquid storage tanks such as water distribution systems, petroleum plants etc constitute an important
component of life line systems. Reducing earthquake effects on Liquid Storage tanks, in order to minimize
the environmental and economic impact of these effects, have always been an important engineering
concern. In this paper, the dynamic behaviour of cylindrical ground supported concrete water tanks is
investigated. Analyses are carried out on tank models with different aspect ratios using finite element
software ANSYS. The natural frequencies and modal responses are obtained for impulsive and sloshing
modes. An increase of aspect ratio from 0.2 to 0.6 causes to increase impulsive natural frequency 3 times
and sloshing natural frequency 2 times for tank filled with water. The response of the tank to the harmonic
loading is also discussed. Deformation and stress response parameters for various frequencies of harmonic
loading were also investigated. The harmonic response of tanks with different fill conditions were studied
for tanks with aspect ratio 0.25 and 0.35. For tank of aspect ratio 0.25, the responses variations are not
significant as in the case of tank with aspect ratio 0.35.
RESPONSE OF GROUND SUPPORTED CYLINDRICAL TANKS TO HARMONIC LOADING
Similar to THERMAL PROPERTIES OF INDIAN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE OVER THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE YEARS AND ITS EFFECT ON THERMAL WASTE TO ENERGY FACILITIES
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Status and Challenges in Municipal Solid Waste MSW Management in Jaipur Cityijtsrd
In developing countries, urbanization and rapid population growth has resulted in a substantial increase in generation of Municipal Solid Waste MSW . Safe collection, transportation and treatment of MSW are among the major issues for Indian cities. Poor MSW management practices have negative impact on public health, environment and climate change. India currently only treats 21 of MSW while the remainder disposed in unsanitary landfill sites with no recycling and treatment technologies. This paper reviews the existing MSW management practices, challenges and provides recommendations for improving MSW management for the city of Jaipur in Rajasthan, India.Despite being the state capital as well as the top tourist destination in northern part of India, there is no detailed study which reviews the waste management strategies of this city along with identifying the key challenges. The study reveals that the major challenges for MSW management in Jaipur include uncontrolled landfilling, inadequate public participation as well as failings of implementation of MSW legislation and waste conversion. Recommendations for improvement include public awareness campaigns, public private partnership, investment in lined landfills, recycling and waste to energy techniques. Optimization models and life cycle assessment tools should be employed to minimize cost and the environmental impact of MSW management. This study will provide policy makers and private sector stakeholders to develop strategies for future planning, investment and execution of improved MSW management in Indian cities. Abhishek Vashishtha "Status and Challenges in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management in Jaipur City" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49943.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/49943/status-and-challenges-in-municipal-solid-waste-msw-management-in-jaipur-city/abhishek-vashishtha
Use of Burnt Municipal Solid Waste and Lime in Local Subgrade Soil Stabilizat...IJAEMSJORNAL
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The management of municipal solid waste has become anacute problem due to enhanced economic activities and rapid urbanization.Increase d attention has been given by the government in recent years to handle this problem in a safe an d hygienic manner. This paper presents an overview of current Municipal Solid Waste Managemen t (MSW) in Pimpri-Chinchwad city,India& provides recommendation in system improvemen t. The collected data of MSW functional elements were based on available reports & meeting with responsible persons. Due to increase in population & changes in life style the quantity & q uality of MSW in PCMC city has changed. Public awareness,suitable planning,infrastructure are the main challenges of MSW management in PCMC city. However the present situation of MSW management in this city,which generates 500 ton/day,has been improved since the establishm ent of an organization responsible only for MSW management. Source separation of waste,Vermi-c omposting,Mechanical composting & Bio-diesel are the main activities of PCMC in recen t years.
A Study on the Effect of Climate Emergency in Urban India and with Growing Po...ijtsrd
New policy is required to tackle the problem of climate emergency in the Indian subcontinent, urban India is devasting effected by this catastrophe with its growing population and lack of natural resources which has created pressure on the environment. Unlimited use of natural resources with continues mining and logging over the years have ultimately led to climate change. The government has introduced many schemes to control the effect of climate change in India with Domestic solar assignment, Domestic assignment on supportable habitat under the Nation Action Plan. Solar panels are being installed to produce electricity, green building, use of electric cars and buses are being launched in the India urban region. Solid waste management is a major problem which needs to be looked at. Floods cyclone are at rise, droughts have resulted in many rural people migrating to the urban region for jobs, it is estimated that the population by 2050 will rise to 50 in urban India for which Urban areas need to prepared itself to challenge the collision of climate emergency and further development needs to be made taken into consideration resilient development and sustainable development with an environmental friendly approach. Dr. Sumanta Bhattacharya | Rajendra Shende | Bhavneet Kaur Sachdev "A Study on the Effect of Climate Emergency in Urban India and with Growing Population and How the Region is tackling it" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46471.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/46471/a-study-on-the-effect-of-climate-emergency-in-urban-india-and-with-growing-population-and-how-the-region-is-tackling-it/dr-sumanta-bhattacharya
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An appropriate technology for waste management
in developing countries not only reflects the concern over the
operation and cost of machines imported from developed
countries but also entails the social and environmental goals
of sustainable development based on techniques appropriate
to specific settings. In connection with much of the published
data, the information is of only partial benefit to a designer
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solid waste in that locality must be obtained. Since solid
waste reflect the life-style of the generating populace, the
character and amounts of various components in the solid
waste stream will vary from locale to locale in Kota city.
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solid waste composition based on field surveys and its
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A MULTI–STAGE, MULTI CRITERIA APPROACH FOR SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SITE DESIGN A...IAEME Publication
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Unveiling the driving forces affecting carbon dioxide emissions in the Philip...Open Access Research Paper
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN GWALIOR REGION: AN OVERVIEWadway tiwari
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THERMAL PROPERTIES OF INDIAN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE OVER THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE YEARS AND ITS EFFECT ON THERMAL WASTE TO ENERGY FACILITIES
1. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
DOI:10.5121/civej.2016.3208 97
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF INDIAN MUNICIPAL
SOLID WASTE OVER THE PAST, PRESENT AND
FUTURE YEARS AND ITS EFFECT ON THERMAL
WASTE TO ENERGY FACILITIES
Roshni Mary Sebastian and Babu Alappat
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India
ABSTRACT
Management of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been a grave issue all over the world. The conventional
environment friendly techniques adopted to tackle the matter is turning futile owing to the appalling
increase in the waste generation rate. The resultant environmental and health hazards emphasise the need
for a more rapid solution. An apt and quick response to India’s mounting waste management and energy
demand crisesis the promotion and execution of waste to energy technologies. Although the MSW
composition and characteristics in the past have been unfavourable for the successful implementation of
waste to energy thermal facilities, there have been variations in the waste characteristics of late, in this
regard. Inert fraction which constituted almost 50% of the Indian MSW in the 1970s reduced by 30-40%by
the early 2000s, making energy recovery facilities an economically and environmentally feasible option.
The varying trends in MSW characteristics in India are analysed and its implications on the thermal energy
recovery techniques are investigated.
KEYWORDS
Municipal Solid Waste, Waste to energy, Incineration, Energy Recovery.
1. INTRODUCTION
Urbanization and industrialization have resulted in steady economic growth in most countries
including India as obvious from the 5.3% GDP growth rate in 1985 to as high as 7.4% in 2014,
as per World Bank data[1]. Combined with appalling increase in the population and improved
living standards, a significant increase in MSW generationensued. Economic development has a
direct impact on the per capita MSW generation[2]. Figure 1 shows the projected steady increase
in urban population and the corresponding increase in MSW generated, as reported by Annepu
(2012) [3].Figure 2which has been prepared using World Bank data shows the generation MSW
in India as well as other prominent countries. In all the cases, a much higher waste generation rate
is expected by 2025. Uninterrupted urban migration has further added to the complexity of MSW
generated. Due to the negligence of the concerned authorities, most of the urban centers are
overwhelmed by the problems posed by inadequate garbage management. With far higher
generation rates anticipated in the future, the waste disposal techniques adopted in India now are
abysmal. The conventional management techniques adopted include aerobic composting, vermi-
composting, biomethanation and landfilling, most of which have high land requirements. With
population explosion and urban migration on the rise, land has become a scarce resource, making
it inadequate to manage and dispose the generated MSW. In contrast to unscientific disposal of
wastes in random and remote locations, the need of the hour is a prompt and well devised
technique to handle the huge quantities of MSW generated per day.
2. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
98
Figure 1: Variation in the quantity of MSW generated and the population in urban India projected to
2041[3]
Collection and segregation of wastes are integral parts of an ideal solid waste management
system. Community bin collection system was widely used until recently, when the need for door
to door collection system was realized. Furthermore, open collection points pose grave
environmental and health hazards. The MSW (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
emphasises the setting up of containers for waste collection based on the waste generation
potential of the local population.
Figure 2: Per capita MSW generation data for prominent countries
Figure 3 shows the wide variations in the quantities of MSW generated, collected and treated as
per Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) statistics last updated in 2012. The collection and
segregation of MSW at the source still continue to be a matter of concern and house-to-house
collection is yet to gain momentum in most of the cities. In spite of the government initiatives like
MSW(Management and Handling) Rules, 2000and the inclusion of NGOs and private agencies to
assist in collection, segregation and transport operations, collection efficiency of MSW in Indian
cities continues to be on an average of only about 72% [2,3,5]. Ensuring proper segregation at the
source is instrumental in determining the efficiency of various MSW management practices.
3. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
99
Figure 3: Quantities of MSW generated, collected and treated [6]
In spite of thehuge quantities of MSW generated, especially in the metros, the characteristics of
the MSW have been varying slightly in favour of thermal disposal techniques like incineration.
The more developed and urbanized the country is, the more is the paper and plastic content of the
MSW. In India, paper which constituted about 3% of the MSW in the 1970s rose to about 8-9%
by 2005. Also plastic which was hardly 1% of the MSW composition in 1970s turned to be
approximately 10% of MSW by 2005[2]. Figure 4 shows the paper, plastic and organic fraction of
MSW in developed and developing countries. While developed nations like US and France have
high paper and plastic fraction, developing countries like India have high organic content, and
hence low calorific value.
Figure 4: MSW composition in different countries
High inerts fraction and moisture content and consequently the low calorific value of MSW had
made thermal treatment techniques for MSW management least preferable in India, until
recently.The social stigma to the thermal treatment facilities and the Not In My Backyard
(NIMBY) syndrome of the public has further deterred the widespread use of thermal treatment
facilities.
Increasing population and the living standards bring in yet another hurdle of enormous energy
demand. It is in this context that the thermal treatment facilities offer yet another boon besides
rapid MSW disposal. With increasing heat content of the generated MSW, it is possible to recover
4. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
100
a part, if not full of the energy and use it to satisfy the increasing energy demands.This paper
primarily aims at analyzing the variation in the composition of MSW through the years and
consequently their heat contents and how it has affected the various treatment techniques.
2. WASTE GENERATION AND CHARACTERISTICS: A TIMELINE
As mentioned earlier, India has witnessed an almost steady economic growth, and an overly
sturdy growth in population. India has been continuously one of the ten fastest growing medium
large countries.
Census 2011 records 5000 towns in India and more than 27.8% of the population resided in urban
areas. With migration rates increasing every year, the current value is expected to be alarmingly
high. With simultaneous increase in GDP and population, a subsequent increase in MSW
generation was observed. While the quantity increased from 6 to 48 million tons during 1947 to
1996, at 4.25% growth annually, it is estimated to reach a disturbing value of 300 million tons by
2047[6]. From Figure 1, it can be observed that India whose current per capita generation rate is
0.34kg/capita/day is expected to have an even higher rate of 0.70 kg/capita/day by 2025[1].
Figure 5: Per capita generation of MSW in various Indian states
Figure 5 shows the per capita MSW generation rates in different states, of which Delhi, Gujarat
and Tamil Nadu have comparatively higher rates. The data for preparing the same has been
obtained from Status of MSW Generation, collections, treatment and disposal in class- I
cities[3,4].
Apart from the huge amount of MSW generated, there were also wide fluctuations in the MSW
characteristics. The composition of MSW depended on a multitude of factors like food habits,
living standards and lifestyle, climate, culture etc.From Figure 4(prepared from World Bank
data), it is evident that organic fraction of MSW is higher in lower middle income countries like
India, Bangladesh and Nepal, while paper and plastic constitute a major fraction of high income
countries like US and Canada, giving high heat content to their MSW. However, Indian MSW has
undergone significant compositional changes over the years. Figure 6 shows the variation in
combustibles, non- combustibles and compostables in MSW generated in Delhi from 1971 and
projected to 2024 [2,5,8,9]. While the compostable fraction showed marginal decrease, non-
combustibles and combustible fraction showed considerable variation in projected values, with
former reducing and latter increasing significantly.
5. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
101
Figure 6: Composition of MSW of Delhi city from 1971 projected till 2024
Manufacture and consumption of plastic have undergone an astounding increase over the last 20
years. Despite a recycling rate of 40-80%, plastic composition in Indian MSW has increased by
92.4% in the given time period. Booming literacy rates and enhanced packaging and other uses
augmented the content of paper in MSW by almost 50%. At the same time, inert components in
Indian MSW which constituted 49.2% in 1970, reduced to 25.16% by 2005, and the organic
fraction, which was 41.3% decreased marginally to 40% by 2005, on discarded basis[2].
Figure 7: Tanner Diagram
Figure 7prepared using data given by Saini et al., (2012)[9]shows the Tanner diagram, which
depicts the combustibility of a particular MSW sample. It can be observed that MSW generated
at prominent metros like Delhi, Bengaluru and Chennai now lies in the combustible region shaded
in the figure. This can be attributed to the reduced fraction of inerts and moisture content in the
MSW.
6. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
102
Figure 8: Calorific values of MSW generated in different states
Furthermore, analyzing the calorific valuesof raw MSW from various cities(Figure 8), it was
observed that Delhi, Hyderabad, Bengaluru and Coimbatore have high values, above 1500kcal/kg
while Ludhiana has a calorific value above 2400kcal/kg[5-9]. This makes the MSW generated in
these cities amenable to thermal treatment techniques like incineration.
3. CONVENTIONAL MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
MSW management has always been a headache, especially for developing economies. In India,
with high urbanization and population growth, this poses an acute problem. With MSW
generation more than 8282.6 tons per day for a metro city like Delhi (2009)[8], conventional
management options like biomethanation, composting and landfilling become unfeasible.
Moreover, land requirement for these techniques makes it all the more difficult to cater to the
huge quantities of MSW generated.
Figure 9: Land required for MSW disposal [13]
Figure 9 shows the increasing demand for land for MSW disposal projected to 2047[13]. In
majority of the metropolitan cities, MSW is dumped unscientifically in open dumps resulting in
grave environmental issues, like leaching of heavy metals to groundwater and surface water
sources, greenhouse gas emissions, flies and odour nuisance, to name a few. With limited land
availability[13, 14]and high MSW generation rates[2, 8] the future implementation of these
techniques are questionable. However, with varying waste characteristics and increasing heat
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103
content, [11] andin light of the aforementioned concerns, thermal treatment route, may perhaps
prove to be a viable option.
The desirable range of the waste parameters for the implementation of various waste to energy
technologies are as tabulated in Table 1. Energy can be recovered in the form of electricity or heat
or can be used to obtain a fuel source in the form of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), biogas, etc.
Table 1: Desirable range of important waste parameters for technical viability of energy recovery
Source: The Expert Committee[5].
Energy from MSW can be used as an alternative energy source to cater to high power demands
and reduce the pressure on the conventional energy sources. The ministry is actively involved in
promoting and funding the setting up of waste to energy facilities.
The major drawback of conventional management techniques like composting is that it is time
consuming. To get ripe compost, aerobic windrow composting method requires about 2 to 3
months, whereas vermi-composting takes about 1.5 months. Rotary drum composting requires
about 3 weeks, which is a comparatively faster technique. With 0.34kg/capita/day MSW
generation rate and population increasing by the minute, such slow techniques tend to be
ineffective. Not only do the waste to energy facilities offer a rapid solution to mounting MSW
problem, but also result in significant reduction in waste volumes by almost 60-90% [15].
Moreover, it helps generate energy from MSW, thus helping to reduce the dependence on fossil
fuels and eventually reducing the green house gas emissions.
4. THERMAL TREATMENT TECHNIQUES: INCINERATION
In spite of the various thermal treatment options available, incineration is the most widely used
technique. Incineration is a controlled and complete combustion of wastes, at high temperatures
ranging from 8500
C to as high as 12000
C, resulting in reduction in volume by about 80-90% and
destruction of toxic and hazardous matter.Being highly exothermic, the process releases large
quantities of heat which can be used for production of steam, heating water and electricity. As per
generally followed norms, MSW can be incinerated autogenously if its calorific value is above
2400kcal/kg; if it is between 1500-2400 kcal/kg, incineration is possible with the aid of an
auxiliary fuel.When the calorific value of the MSW is less than 1200-1500kcal/kg, incineration
route is usually dismissed [9]. Incineration of MSW was not employed much in India, largely due
Waste treatment method Basic principle Important waste
parameters
Desirable
Range
Thermochemical methods
• Incineration
• Pyrolysis
• Gasification
Decomposition of
organic
matter by action of
heat
Moisture content
Organic/volatile matter
Fixed carbon
Total Inerts
Calorific value (Net
calorific value)
< 45%
> 40%
< 15%
< 35%
> 1200
kcal/kg
Biochemical conversion
• Anaerobic
digestion/
Biomethanisation
Decomposition of
organic
matter by microbial
action
Moisture content
Organic volatile matter
C/N ratio
> 50%
> 40%
25-30
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104
to high organic content(40-60%), low calorific value(800-1100kcal/kg) and high moisture
content(40-60%)[14]. However, with its changing characteristics, incineration might perhaps be a
favourable choice for MSW management and energy recovery at present. For instance, calorific
value of raw MSW generated in Delhi increased from a humble value of 661kcal/kg in 1982 to
around 2000 kcal/kg in the year 2010[7,8,15]. It is expected to reach more than 2100kcal/kg by
2024.
With economic growth has increased the demand for electricity generation. The installed
electricity generation capacity has increased from 66GW in 1991 to 278.734GW in 2015[16-
19],Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) studies reveal that by 2030, coal and oil
will contribute to 51% and 13% of the total power generation respectively. However, due to
increasing energy demand and depleting fossil fuel deposits, it has become obligatory to consider
alternative energy sources. MNRE considers waste to energy as an ideal option to tackle India’s
energy deficit problems and disclosed that urban MSW has an energy recovery potential of
500MW. Figure 10 prepared using data provided by MNRE shows the energy potential of MSW
generated in Indian cities, of which Maharashtra has a high potential of around 250MW.
Figure10: Energy potential of MSW generated
In an effort to promote the waste to energy thermal facilities, MNRE provides subsidies and
grants under their programme Energy Recovery from Municipal Waste, with an objective of
accomplishing international emission standards for waste to energy plants in India.
Despite the various benefits offered by thermal waste to energy facilities, India is yet to have a
full fledged and fully operational waste to energy facility. The existing units in India are faced
with a number of constraints. India lacks a proper waste segregation stream and this poses a major
hindrance to proper functioning of these facilities. Some of the state of the art units like Timarpur
plant, Delhi closed down not due to faulty technology, but due to the inconsistencies in the MSW
properties. Further, being a new concept, it is yet to gain acceptance and numerous apprehensions
associated with this technology add to the problems. The Not In My Backyard attitude of the
general public has been adverse to the successful implementation and functioning of thermal
waste to energy facilities. Besides, most of the proven technologies need to be imported and
financial resources are inadequate with Municipal Corporations and Local Bodies.
In spite of various benefits offered by thermal waste to energy facilities, there are several
shortcomings too. Thermal treatment is a cost- intensive process and requires skilled labour
during operation and maintenance. Yet another downside to this technology is that if not properly
monitored, it can cause air pollution problems due to release of obnoxious gases like SOX, NOX,
HF, dioxins, HF etc. Stringent regulations are required to ensure the adherence of the functioning
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units with the existing emission standards. Table 2 gives the operating and emission standards for
incinerators in India. One of the major pitfalls in this regard is the absence of emission standards
for dioxins and furans. These are extremely toxic and tend to cause severe cancerous,
developmental and reproductive defects. However the standards are being revised and hence will
be enforced in near future. Yet another hurdle faced by thermal facilities is the seasonal variation
of waste characteristics which can directly affect the calorific values and in turn, the efficiency of
the plant.
Table 2: Operating and Emission Standards for Incinerators
Operating Standards
Combustion Efficiency Atleast 99%
Computation of Combustion Efficiency C.E = (%CO2 x 100) / (%CO2 + %CO)
Emission Standards
Parameters Concentration mg/Nm3
at (12% CO2 Correction)
Particulate matter 150 mg/Nm3
Nitrogen oxides 450 mg/Nm3
HCl 50 mg/Nm3
Minimum Stack Height above the ground 30 m
Volatile Organic compounds in ash Not > 0.01%
5. CONCLUSION
Expanding economy and steady population growth have brought the MSW generation in India to
an all time high leaving conventional management options ineffective. Poor state of integral
operations like collection and segregation further adds to pollution load due to MSW. With higher
MSW generation rates anticipated in the future, thermal waste to energy facilities might perhaps
prove to be a better management solution. Higher land requirements and slower treatment rates in
the conventional route further calls for faster disposal techniques like incineration. Although
previously constructed thermal waste to energy had failed owing to the low heat content of the
MSW generated, the composition and properties of MSW have been changing ever since. Lower
inert and biodegradable fraction and higher paper and plastic content have significantly increased
the energy recovery potential of MSW over the years. Besides, the energy recovered could also be
used to meet the ever increasing power demands of the country. MNRE has been engaging in
promoting waste to energy facilities and estimates to generate 5000 MW from urban MSW by
2020.
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AUTHORS
Roshni Mary Sebastian holds a B.Tech (in Civil Engineering) from University of
Kerala and M.Tech (in Environmental Engineering) from NIT, Surat. She is
currently pursuing her PhD in Environmental Engineering from IIT, Delhi. She has
also served as an intern at APC Division, NEERI Nagpur.
Dr. Babu Alappat holds a B.Tech (in Civil Engineering) from University of
Calicut, M.Tech (in Environmental Engineering) from University of Kerala, Ph.D
(in Environmental Engineering) from IIT Bombay and a Postdoc from Ecole Des
Mines De Nantes, France. Currently, Dr. Alappat is a Professor of Environmental
Engineering in IIT Delhi and a Visiting Professor in Ecole Des Mines De Nantes,
France. He has got about 18 years of experience in research and teaching in the
field of Environmental Engineering. He specialises on Incineration Techniques, Fluidized Bed Reactors and
Solid Waste Management. He has published more than 100 research papers in International and National
Journals and Conferences. He has guided several Ph.D and M.Tech projects. He is an expert consultant to
many Govermental and Non-Govermental organisations like Central Pollution Control Board, Dept of
Science and Technology, etc.