Analyzing progressive collapse plays a pivotal role in diagnosing structure stability caused by earthquake,
explosion, car crashes, and fire and so on. In the current research, condition of progressive collapse has
been analyzed in structures which have been designed based on current codes in Iran. For this purpose, a
couple of steel buildings with steel moment frame systems that have many stories and various bay, have
been evaluated. With sudden removal of each column, the possibility of bridging over other elements has
been studied; besides, alternative path method introduced by the UFC 4-023-03 code has been applied in
the assessment process. Results indicate that the beams located on the highest floor do not have a suitable
performance and in case of sudden removal of each of the columns, it will be impossible to bridge overother elements and it will face collapse and progressive collapse in spite of the fact that other members are
resistant against the collapse.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Variation of deflection of steel high rise structure due to p- delta effect c...Yousuf Dinar
This document summarizes the results of a study that analyzed the effect of P-Delta on the deflection of steel high-rise structures considering global slenderness ratio. 40 different structural models were simulated with varying numbers of stories (7, 14, 20, 30) and bay dimensions to modify the slenderness. Both P-Delta analysis and linear static analysis were performed, and deflections were compared. P-Delta analysis resulted in significantly higher deflections than linear static analysis, especially as slenderness increased with taller buildings and smaller bays. Deflections at the top of each structure and for individual stories were evaluated. Results showed increasing deflections with P-Delta analysis as slenderness rose due to building height or
Chronological construction sequence effects on reinforced concrete and steel ...Yousuf Dinar
Building structures are analyzed in a single step using linear static analysis on the assumption that the structures are subjected to full load once the whole structure is constructed completely. In reality the dead load due to the each structural components and finishing items are imposed in separate stages as the structures are constructed story by story for nonlinear behavior of materials. Advancement of finite element modeling accelerates the accuracy of finite element simulation by taking the consideration of construction sequential effects. In this paper, rigid frame structures of both concrete and steel model of different configurations have been taken for sequential analysis. The analysis outcomes will help to understand how the structural response against loads varies for construction sequential analysis and linear static analysis while highlighting the material property. For vivid understanding of necessity of sequential analysis, analysis outcomes are eventually compared with conventional one step analysis. The effect of sequence of construction due to the self-weight of members has been studied and its effect on the overall design forces has also been highlighted using finite element modeling.
Progressive collapse analysis of a reinforced concrete frame buildingIAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on analyzing the progressive collapse of a reinforced concrete frame building. Progressive collapse occurs when a structural failure in one element, like a column, causes a domino effect that brings down larger parts of the structure. The researchers used linear static analysis in SAP2000 to model removal of columns and calculate demand-to-capacity ratios to evaluate structural integrity. They also conducted nonlinear dynamic analysis removing a single column to study load redistribution. The analysis found catenary action helped resist progressive collapse by redistributing loads through composite joints. Demand-to-capacity ratios above 2.0 indicated structural damage or collapse depending on the structural configuration.
Progressive Collapse Analysis of RC Framed StructuresAmit Devar
The term progressive collapse defined as the
spread of local damage, from an initiating event, from
element to element resulting, eventually, in the collapse of an
entire structure or a disproportionately large part of it is
known as progressive collapse. The progressive collapse of
structures during severe loading caused by earthquakes,
blasts, and other effects causes catastrophic loss of life. Such
collapse is typically caused by the inability of the structural
system to redistribute its loads following the failure of one or
more structural members to carry gravity loads. In reinforced
concrete (RC) structures, the loss of gravity load carrying
capacity in column.
This document analyzes the classification of soil types described in the Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) 2006 by performing response spectrum analysis of the Los Angeles 9-story SAC steel building model under different BNBC response spectra. The study develops three response spectra for Dhaka zone 2 soils - RS1 for soil type 1, RS2 for soil type 2, and RS3 for soil type 3. Response spectrum analysis finds that structural outputs for RS3 are 1.57-2.07 times greater than RS2 and RS1 respectively. Outputs for RS2 are 1.31 times greater than RS1, indicating more severe seismic loading with increasing soil type number.
APPLYING DIFFERENT DECENTRALIZED LOADINGS ON RC CONTINUOUS DEEP BEAMS USING STMIAEME Publication
This research presents strut and tie modeling for the reinforced concrete
continuous deep beams that are subj
The different types of loadings area single concentrated force, two concentrated
forces, and a uniformly distributed load.
internal shear span to the effective depth r
current questions are presented besides the detailed numerical examples. It is
concluded that, in case of single concentrated force, reducing a/d from 1.36to 1.09,
0.81, and then to 0.54, increased the ultimate
respectively. It is also concluded that, in cases of two concentrated forces and
uniformly distributed load, reducing a/d from 1.09 to 0.81, 0.54 and then to 0.27,
increased the ultimate capacity by about 12%, 17% and 21
increment in the ultimate capacity occurred because upon moving the load from span
center toward the inner support, the length of the inner strut shortens and the
dimensions of its section increase significantly which leads to more str
that, in contrast, the length of the external strut increases and its dimensions decrease,
but this decrease in its dimensions is slight, making the weakness cause is due to that,
ineffective and therefore, indecisive.
Comparative Study on Dynamic Analysis of Irregular Building with Shear WallsEditor IJCATR
South East Asia including Myanmar is situated in secondary seismic belt. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention of the
effect of earthquake in designing the high-rise building. Shear walls are very common in high rise reinforced concrete building. In this study,
comparative analysis of high-rise reinforced concrete irregular building with shear walls are present. The frame type of proposed building is
used the special RC moment resisting frame. It belongs to seismic zone 4. This is why, seismic forces are essentially considered in the analysis
of this building and shear walls are also provided to resist seismic forces. Structural members are designed according to ACI Code 318-02. The
structure is analysed by using ETABS v 9.7.1 software. Load consideration is based on UBC-97. All necessary load combinations are
considered in shear walls analysis and frame analysis. In addition wind load, seismic load is considered as external lateral load in the dynamic
analysis. In dynamic analysis; Response Spectrum method is used. In this project, study of 14 storey building is presented with some
investigation which is analyzed by changing various location of shear wall for determining parameters like storey drift, storey shear and storey
moment .
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Variation of deflection of steel high rise structure due to p- delta effect c...Yousuf Dinar
This document summarizes the results of a study that analyzed the effect of P-Delta on the deflection of steel high-rise structures considering global slenderness ratio. 40 different structural models were simulated with varying numbers of stories (7, 14, 20, 30) and bay dimensions to modify the slenderness. Both P-Delta analysis and linear static analysis were performed, and deflections were compared. P-Delta analysis resulted in significantly higher deflections than linear static analysis, especially as slenderness increased with taller buildings and smaller bays. Deflections at the top of each structure and for individual stories were evaluated. Results showed increasing deflections with P-Delta analysis as slenderness rose due to building height or
Chronological construction sequence effects on reinforced concrete and steel ...Yousuf Dinar
Building structures are analyzed in a single step using linear static analysis on the assumption that the structures are subjected to full load once the whole structure is constructed completely. In reality the dead load due to the each structural components and finishing items are imposed in separate stages as the structures are constructed story by story for nonlinear behavior of materials. Advancement of finite element modeling accelerates the accuracy of finite element simulation by taking the consideration of construction sequential effects. In this paper, rigid frame structures of both concrete and steel model of different configurations have been taken for sequential analysis. The analysis outcomes will help to understand how the structural response against loads varies for construction sequential analysis and linear static analysis while highlighting the material property. For vivid understanding of necessity of sequential analysis, analysis outcomes are eventually compared with conventional one step analysis. The effect of sequence of construction due to the self-weight of members has been studied and its effect on the overall design forces has also been highlighted using finite element modeling.
Progressive collapse analysis of a reinforced concrete frame buildingIAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on analyzing the progressive collapse of a reinforced concrete frame building. Progressive collapse occurs when a structural failure in one element, like a column, causes a domino effect that brings down larger parts of the structure. The researchers used linear static analysis in SAP2000 to model removal of columns and calculate demand-to-capacity ratios to evaluate structural integrity. They also conducted nonlinear dynamic analysis removing a single column to study load redistribution. The analysis found catenary action helped resist progressive collapse by redistributing loads through composite joints. Demand-to-capacity ratios above 2.0 indicated structural damage or collapse depending on the structural configuration.
Progressive Collapse Analysis of RC Framed StructuresAmit Devar
The term progressive collapse defined as the
spread of local damage, from an initiating event, from
element to element resulting, eventually, in the collapse of an
entire structure or a disproportionately large part of it is
known as progressive collapse. The progressive collapse of
structures during severe loading caused by earthquakes,
blasts, and other effects causes catastrophic loss of life. Such
collapse is typically caused by the inability of the structural
system to redistribute its loads following the failure of one or
more structural members to carry gravity loads. In reinforced
concrete (RC) structures, the loss of gravity load carrying
capacity in column.
This document analyzes the classification of soil types described in the Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) 2006 by performing response spectrum analysis of the Los Angeles 9-story SAC steel building model under different BNBC response spectra. The study develops three response spectra for Dhaka zone 2 soils - RS1 for soil type 1, RS2 for soil type 2, and RS3 for soil type 3. Response spectrum analysis finds that structural outputs for RS3 are 1.57-2.07 times greater than RS2 and RS1 respectively. Outputs for RS2 are 1.31 times greater than RS1, indicating more severe seismic loading with increasing soil type number.
APPLYING DIFFERENT DECENTRALIZED LOADINGS ON RC CONTINUOUS DEEP BEAMS USING STMIAEME Publication
This research presents strut and tie modeling for the reinforced concrete
continuous deep beams that are subj
The different types of loadings area single concentrated force, two concentrated
forces, and a uniformly distributed load.
internal shear span to the effective depth r
current questions are presented besides the detailed numerical examples. It is
concluded that, in case of single concentrated force, reducing a/d from 1.36to 1.09,
0.81, and then to 0.54, increased the ultimate
respectively. It is also concluded that, in cases of two concentrated forces and
uniformly distributed load, reducing a/d from 1.09 to 0.81, 0.54 and then to 0.27,
increased the ultimate capacity by about 12%, 17% and 21
increment in the ultimate capacity occurred because upon moving the load from span
center toward the inner support, the length of the inner strut shortens and the
dimensions of its section increase significantly which leads to more str
that, in contrast, the length of the external strut increases and its dimensions decrease,
but this decrease in its dimensions is slight, making the weakness cause is due to that,
ineffective and therefore, indecisive.
Comparative Study on Dynamic Analysis of Irregular Building with Shear WallsEditor IJCATR
South East Asia including Myanmar is situated in secondary seismic belt. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention of the
effect of earthquake in designing the high-rise building. Shear walls are very common in high rise reinforced concrete building. In this study,
comparative analysis of high-rise reinforced concrete irregular building with shear walls are present. The frame type of proposed building is
used the special RC moment resisting frame. It belongs to seismic zone 4. This is why, seismic forces are essentially considered in the analysis
of this building and shear walls are also provided to resist seismic forces. Structural members are designed according to ACI Code 318-02. The
structure is analysed by using ETABS v 9.7.1 software. Load consideration is based on UBC-97. All necessary load combinations are
considered in shear walls analysis and frame analysis. In addition wind load, seismic load is considered as external lateral load in the dynamic
analysis. In dynamic analysis; Response Spectrum method is used. In this project, study of 14 storey building is presented with some
investigation which is analyzed by changing various location of shear wall for determining parameters like storey drift, storey shear and storey
moment .
The document analyzes and designs a multi-cell post-tensioned pre-stressed concrete box girder bridge with a 35m span. Two different duct materials, HDPE and corrugated bright metal, are considered to determine the most economical design. Finite element modeling and analysis of the box girder is performed using CSI Bridge software. The design is done according to Indian code specifications, considering aspects such as section properties, load calculations, stress limits, prestressing calculations and loss estimates, and serviceability checks. Results for bending moments, shear forces, displacements and stresses are obtained and compared for both duct options.
PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SYMMETRICAL AND UNSYMMET...AM Publications
Progressive collapse is a chain reaction of failures that propagates either throughout or a portion of the
structure disproportionate to the original local failure. The progressive collapse of building structure is initiated when
one or more vertical load carrying members are removed. Once a column is removed or made weak, due to man-made or
natural hazards, load carried by column removed is transferred to neighboring columns in the structure, if the
neighboring column is incapable of withstanding the extra load, leads to the progressive failure of adjoining members and
finally to the failure of partial or whole structure. The collapsing system continually seeks alternative load paths in order
to survive. One of the important characteristics of progressive collapse is that the final damage is not proportional to
the initial damage. The research material available for progressive collapse failure of structures suggests that
buildings designed to resist seismic actions have good robustness against progressive collapse. However, no detailed
investigations have been conducted so far to assess this robustness. Hence this study is made to examine the potential
ability of seismically designed building against progressive collapse. A Five storey reinforced concrete framed
structure symmetrical and Unsymmetrical was considered in the study to evaluate the Demand Capacity Ratio
(D.C.R.), the ratio of the member force and the member strength as per U.S. General Services Administration (GSA)
guidelines. The Linear static analysis is carried out using software, ETABS V 9.7 according to Indian Standard codes.
Analysis and design is carried out to get the final output of design details. To study the collapse, typical columns are
removed one at a time, and continued with analysis and design. Many such columns are removed in different trials to
know the effects of progressive analysis. Member forces and reinforcement details are calculated. From the analysis,
DCR values of beams are calculated.
Analytical assessment on progressive collapse potential of new reinforced con...eSAT Journals
Abstract Progressive collapse is a catastrophic partial or total failure that mostly occurs when a structure looses a primary structural component or more like a column or any vertical load resisting component due to natural or manmade hazard. In this research paper a new undergoing construction of Reinforced concrete 12 storied building located in Whitefield, Bangalore is modelled in accordance with the actual drawings according to Indian standard codes and analysed for progressive collapse potential by using structural design and analysis software Etabs2013. For evaluating the effect of progressive collapse in accordance with the guidance of U.S General Service Administration (GSA) linear static method is followed. The analytical model is checked for Demand capacity ratio by removing primary vertical support, one column at a time and evaluating whether the member is resistance to progressive collapse. Many such columns are removed and analysed to know the behaviour of building on abnormal loading conditions. The result shows that progressive collapse can be resisted by providing proper detailing and adequate reinforcement to the beams and columns. Keywords: Progressive collapse, Demand Capacity Ratio (DCR), General Service Administration standards (GSA), Design software Etabs2013, linear static
This document presents the results of a pushover analysis conducted on 9 structural models with varying plan irregularities. The models were analyzed using ETABS software to determine key parameters such as lateral displacement, story drift, base shear, and performance point. The results show that structures with complex geometries experience greater lateral displacement, story drift, and base shear compared to regular structures. Pushover curves indicate that irregular structures may not achieve desired performance levels at lower displacement thresholds. In conclusion, simple and regular building geometries perform better during earthquakes by attracting fewer seismic forces.
Performance of Flat Slab Structure Using Pushover AnalysisIOSR Journals
Performance Based Seismic Engineering is the modern approach to earthquake resistant design. It
is a limit-state based design approach extended to cover complex range of issues faced by structural engineers.
Flat slabs are becoming popular and gaining importance as they are economical as compared to beam-column
connections in conventional slab. Many existing flat slabs may not have been designed for seismic forces so it is
important to study their response under seismic conditions and to evaluate seismic retrofit schemes. In this
paper we have discussed the results obtained by performing push over analysis on flat slabs by using most
common software SAP2000. A (G+7) frame having 5 bays is considered for analysis. It is observed that the
performance point of flat slab is more as compared to conventional building.
IRJET- Study of Literature on Seismic Response of RC Irregular StructureIRJET Journal
The document discusses vertical irregularities in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings and their effects on seismic response. It first defines vertical irregularities as weaknesses caused by discontinuities in mass, stiffness, or geometry between storeys. Soft stories, where the stiffness suddenly decreases, are one type of vertical irregularity. The document then reviews several previous studies on modeling and analyzing vertically irregular buildings using pushover analysis, which incrementally loads a structure to determine its failure mechanisms. The studies found that soft story buildings absorb energy through overturning and shear deformation. Irregular buildings may have similar seismic performance to regular buildings if properly designed. Quantifying the degree of irregularity can help evaluate seismic vulnerability and retrofitting needs.
This document summarizes a study that evaluates the seismic performance of a 10-story reinforced concrete frame building using pushover analysis and the performance-based seismic design procedures from the first, second, and next generations. The building is modeled in SAP 2000 software and subjected to pushover analysis. Performance levels are evaluated based on deformation and damage criteria from each generation of procedures. The study aims to compare the seismic evaluation and performance level results from the different performance-based seismic design procedures.
seismic response of multi storey building equipped with steel bracingINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
1) The document analyzes the seismic response of a multi-storey reinforced concrete building equipped with different steel bracing systems.
2) A 7-storey building model was created and linear analysis was conducted to compare the responses of an unbraced building model and models with X, V, and inverted V bracing systems.
3) The results showed that all bracing systems reduced displacement, drift, shear forces, and bending moments compared to the unbraced building, with the X bracing system providing the largest reductions in structural response.
Non Linear Static Analysis of Dual RC Frame StructureIRJET Journal
This document discusses a non-linear static (pushover) analysis of a 10-story dual reinforced concrete frame structure. A dual system uses both special moment frames and shear walls as lateral load resisting systems. The analysis develops capacity and demand curves to evaluate the structure's performance at different damage states under increasing seismic loads. The analysis is performed using ETABS software to model the nonlinear behavior and hinge properties of the frame elements. The results provide insight into how dual reinforced concrete frame systems perform seismic forces compared to bare frames.
Progressive collapse analysis in rc structure due to 150513181706pradip patel
Now in the recent time of terrorism, structural engineers require new consideration of terrorist attack in the design standards. Modern day structures pose a unique challenge to designers due to increased terrorist activities. Bomb blasts, vehicular attacks, Arson, Armed based attack all may result into a partial or total collapse of buildings. The work undertaken is an attempt to recognize the behaviour of RC structure under series blast loading. A model of G+4 RC structures has been considered as a progressive collapse analysis. The RC building with effect of series blast loading is analysed by using linear static and dynamic analysis. The present study work will carry out the effective study of different parameters like; different types of explosive charges (5T-5T, 7.5T-7.5T, 10T-10T TNT) at 10 mt. stand-off distance, failure of structure element at storey level and the structure is checked for progressive collapse by using commonly available, widely used software SAP 2000 will utilize for analysis
Assessing Uncertainty of Pushover Analysis to Geometric ModelingIDES Editor
Pushover Analysis a popular tool for seismic
performance evaluation of existing and new structures and is
nonlinear Static procedure where in monotonically increasing
loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable
to resist the further load .During the analysis, whatever the
strength of concrete and steel is adopted for analysis of
structure may not be the same when real structure is
constructed and the pushover analysis results are very sensitive
to material model adopted, geometric model adopted, location
of plastic hinges and in general to procedure followed by the
analyzer. In this paper attempt has been made to assess
uncertainty in pushover analysis results by considering user
defined hinges and frame modeled as bare frame and frame
with slab modeled as rigid diaphragm and results compared
with experimental observations. Uncertain parameters
considered includes the strength of concrete, strength of steel
and cover to the reinforcement which are randomly generated
and incorporated into the analysis. The results are then
compared with experimental observations.
This document summarizes a study on the seismic response behavior of a half-through steel arch bridge using static pushover analysis and dynamic analysis. The key points are:
1) A half-through steel arch bridge model was analyzed using static pushover analysis under different loading cases and dynamic analysis using earthquake ground motion records.
2) The analyses found that members near the intersections of arch ribs and stiffened girders yielded first, and plastic zones developed at diagonal braces between arch ribs.
3) Static pushover analysis showed larger strains in members compared to dynamic analysis, which accounts for both geometric and material nonlinearity.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Numerical analyses for the structural assessment of steel buildings under exp...Franco Bontempi
This paper addresses two main issues relevant to the structural assessment of buildings subjected
to explosions. The first issue regards the robustness evaluation of steel frame structures: a procedure is
provided for computing “robustness curves” and it is applied to a 20-storey steel frame building, describing
the residual strength of the (blast) damaged structure under different local damage levels. The second issue
regards the precise evaluation of blast pressures acting on structural elements using Computational Fluid
Dynamic (CFD) techniques. This last aspect is treated with particular reference to gas explosions, focusing
on some critical parameters (room congestion, failure of non-structural walls and ignition point location)
which influence the development of the explosion. From the analyses, it can be deduced that, at least for the
examined cases, the obtained robustness curves provide a suitable tool that can be used for risk management
and assessment purposes. Moreover, the variation of relevant CFD analysis outcomes (e.g., pressure) due to
the variation of the analysis parameters is found to be significant.
Numerical analyses for the structural assessment of steel buildings under exp...StroNGER2012
This document discusses two issues related to assessing buildings subjected to explosions: 1) Evaluating the robustness of steel frame structures through "robustness curves" showing residual strength under different damage levels, applied to a 20-story steel building. 2) Precisely evaluating blast pressures on structures using Computational Fluid Dynamics, focusing on how room congestion, wall failures, and ignition points influence gas explosion development. The analyses provide robustness curves to assess risk and show pressure variations due to analysis parameters are significant.
Study of Structural Behaviour of Gravity Dam with Various Features of Gallery...IDES Editor
The size and shape of opening in dam causes the
stress concentration, it also causes the stress variation in the
rest of the dam cross section. The gravity method of the analysis
does not consider the size of opening and the elastic property
of dam material. Thus the objective of study is comprises of
the Finite Element Method which considers the size of
opening, elastic property of material, and stress distribution
because of geometric discontinuity in cross section of dam.
Stress concentration inside the dam increases with the opening
in dam which results in the failure of dam. Hence it is
necessary to analyses large opening inside the dam. By making
the percentage area of opening constant and varying size and
shape of opening the analysis is carried out. For this purpose
a section of Koyna Dam is considered. Dam is defined as a
plane strain element in FEM, based on geometry and loading
condition. Thus this available information specified our path
of approach to carry out 2D plane strain analysis. The results
obtained are then compared mutually to get most efficient
way of providing large opening in the gravity dam.
Progressive collapse of reinforced concrete structures using ETABSArun Arun
The document analytically studies the behavior of a G+10 reinforced concrete building subjected to progressive collapse using ETABS software. It involves modeling the building in ETABS, performing pushover analysis to identify critical columns, and analyzing the structure's response to the removal of different columns according to GSA guidelines. The results show increased axial loads in surrounding columns and the formation of plastic hinges after column removal. The study determines the critical columns in each seismic zone and provides preventive measures to avoid progressive collapse of the building.
This document provides an introduction to structural analysis. It discusses key concepts including structural idealizations, load classifications, and analytical models. Structural idealizations involve representing actual structural connections and supports as pinned or fixed connections in analytical models. Loads are classified as dead loads from structural materials and live loads from occupancy. Structural systems can be modeled as plane or space structures and represented through line diagrams. The role of structural analysis in engineering design projects is to predict structural performance under prescribed loads through analyzing stresses, deflections, and reactions.
DEFINING LOCAL CONCEPT OF URBAN RAIL STATION AREA DEVELOPMENT THROUGH BEST PR...civej
Basically, Rail-transit Oriented Development (ROD) is an integrated high density mixed use rail station
transit area development for improving accessibility to public transport, enhancing pedestrian friendly
environment as well as increasing urban mobility. Many developed countries have applied the concept of
ROD for generating the compact development of rail station area.
Best practices approach is a selective observation towards several cases with various contexts in order to
get generalization of related theories or concept on practices. In this approach, the study is oriented to
some reasons that make cases being successful. There are two basic components of best practices
approach, i.e. source site and target site. This research elaborated some cases in Japan rail station area
development as source sites for best practices. The finding from elaboration of source sites was brought as
a tool for analyzing the target sites, Jabodetabek rail station area.
The result shows different physical and cultural context between Japan and Indonesia cause the developed
countries concept of ROD cannot be fully applied as it is. It needs some adaptation to be applied in
Indonesia.
RESPONSE OF GROUND SUPPORTED CYLINDRICAL TANKS TO HARMONIC LOADINGcivej
Liquid storage tanks such as water distribution systems, petroleum plants etc constitute an important
component of life line systems. Reducing earthquake effects on Liquid Storage tanks, in order to minimize
the environmental and economic impact of these effects, have always been an important engineering
concern. In this paper, the dynamic behaviour of cylindrical ground supported concrete water tanks is
investigated. Analyses are carried out on tank models with different aspect ratios using finite element
software ANSYS. The natural frequencies and modal responses are obtained for impulsive and sloshing
modes. An increase of aspect ratio from 0.2 to 0.6 causes to increase impulsive natural frequency 3 times
and sloshing natural frequency 2 times for tank filled with water. The response of the tank to the harmonic
loading is also discussed. Deformation and stress response parameters for various frequencies of harmonic
loading were also investigated. The harmonic response of tanks with different fill conditions were studied
for tanks with aspect ratio 0.25 and 0.35. For tank of aspect ratio 0.25, the responses variations are not
significant as in the case of tank with aspect ratio 0.35.
PERFORMANCE AND RATING OF RESIDENTIAL GREEN BUILDING civej
The green building concept is becoming more and more popular these days because these are considered
as environment friendly building. The government is taking appropriate steps in implementation of green
building concepts by providing increase in Floor area ratio. They are making action plan on climate change on sustainable habitats by proposing smart city concepts. Further in addition to that BEE is putting their effort on appliance labelling programme which helps in appraisal and clearance of large construction projects. Several corporate organizations, institutions and construction companies are now practising green building concept in the construction. There are many green building rating systems in
place. GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) and LEED (Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design ) was developed in response to this need. The GRIHA is considered as Indian National Rating System which have been finalised after incorporating various modifications suggested by a group of architects and experts. United States Green Building Council administered (LEED) as the leading green building rating system which is ranked first among other systems. LEED is contributing heavily in converting the built environment towards sustainable development. The buildings which come under GRIHA are those which are having land area more than 2,500 Sqm. (except for industrial
complexes). These buildings can undergo this certification programme. The GRIHA doesn’t cover buildings having area less than 2500 sqm so the present study focuses on providing a rating system for small residential buildings. By adopting this rating system more and more buildings may be covered fo sustainable development. It gives a boost to nearby surroundings
ROOF TILE POWDER AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT TO CEMENT IN MASONRY MORTARcivej
Ordinary Portland cement is an inevitable material for construction. However, it is highly energy intensive
and liable for the emission of green house gases. In this context, utilization of pozzolanic materials as
supplementary cementing materials has become the leading research interest in recent decades. Roof tile
industries generate huge amount of solid waste materials during their manufacturing processes. Disposal
of these waste materials is serious environmental concern. This paper presents the results of the study
conducted on the potential of roof tile powder (RTP) as a cement replacement material in mortar. The
physical, chemical and mineralogical compositions of RTP were investigated. Strength characteristics of
masonry mortar with varying proportions of RTP as cement replacement were tested. The test results verify
the potential of roof tile powder as partial replacement to cement in masonry mortar upto an extend of 15-
20% in 1:3 and 1:5 mortar proportions respectively.
The document analyzes and designs a multi-cell post-tensioned pre-stressed concrete box girder bridge with a 35m span. Two different duct materials, HDPE and corrugated bright metal, are considered to determine the most economical design. Finite element modeling and analysis of the box girder is performed using CSI Bridge software. The design is done according to Indian code specifications, considering aspects such as section properties, load calculations, stress limits, prestressing calculations and loss estimates, and serviceability checks. Results for bending moments, shear forces, displacements and stresses are obtained and compared for both duct options.
PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SYMMETRICAL AND UNSYMMET...AM Publications
Progressive collapse is a chain reaction of failures that propagates either throughout or a portion of the
structure disproportionate to the original local failure. The progressive collapse of building structure is initiated when
one or more vertical load carrying members are removed. Once a column is removed or made weak, due to man-made or
natural hazards, load carried by column removed is transferred to neighboring columns in the structure, if the
neighboring column is incapable of withstanding the extra load, leads to the progressive failure of adjoining members and
finally to the failure of partial or whole structure. The collapsing system continually seeks alternative load paths in order
to survive. One of the important characteristics of progressive collapse is that the final damage is not proportional to
the initial damage. The research material available for progressive collapse failure of structures suggests that
buildings designed to resist seismic actions have good robustness against progressive collapse. However, no detailed
investigations have been conducted so far to assess this robustness. Hence this study is made to examine the potential
ability of seismically designed building against progressive collapse. A Five storey reinforced concrete framed
structure symmetrical and Unsymmetrical was considered in the study to evaluate the Demand Capacity Ratio
(D.C.R.), the ratio of the member force and the member strength as per U.S. General Services Administration (GSA)
guidelines. The Linear static analysis is carried out using software, ETABS V 9.7 according to Indian Standard codes.
Analysis and design is carried out to get the final output of design details. To study the collapse, typical columns are
removed one at a time, and continued with analysis and design. Many such columns are removed in different trials to
know the effects of progressive analysis. Member forces and reinforcement details are calculated. From the analysis,
DCR values of beams are calculated.
Analytical assessment on progressive collapse potential of new reinforced con...eSAT Journals
Abstract Progressive collapse is a catastrophic partial or total failure that mostly occurs when a structure looses a primary structural component or more like a column or any vertical load resisting component due to natural or manmade hazard. In this research paper a new undergoing construction of Reinforced concrete 12 storied building located in Whitefield, Bangalore is modelled in accordance with the actual drawings according to Indian standard codes and analysed for progressive collapse potential by using structural design and analysis software Etabs2013. For evaluating the effect of progressive collapse in accordance with the guidance of U.S General Service Administration (GSA) linear static method is followed. The analytical model is checked for Demand capacity ratio by removing primary vertical support, one column at a time and evaluating whether the member is resistance to progressive collapse. Many such columns are removed and analysed to know the behaviour of building on abnormal loading conditions. The result shows that progressive collapse can be resisted by providing proper detailing and adequate reinforcement to the beams and columns. Keywords: Progressive collapse, Demand Capacity Ratio (DCR), General Service Administration standards (GSA), Design software Etabs2013, linear static
This document presents the results of a pushover analysis conducted on 9 structural models with varying plan irregularities. The models were analyzed using ETABS software to determine key parameters such as lateral displacement, story drift, base shear, and performance point. The results show that structures with complex geometries experience greater lateral displacement, story drift, and base shear compared to regular structures. Pushover curves indicate that irregular structures may not achieve desired performance levels at lower displacement thresholds. In conclusion, simple and regular building geometries perform better during earthquakes by attracting fewer seismic forces.
Performance of Flat Slab Structure Using Pushover AnalysisIOSR Journals
Performance Based Seismic Engineering is the modern approach to earthquake resistant design. It
is a limit-state based design approach extended to cover complex range of issues faced by structural engineers.
Flat slabs are becoming popular and gaining importance as they are economical as compared to beam-column
connections in conventional slab. Many existing flat slabs may not have been designed for seismic forces so it is
important to study their response under seismic conditions and to evaluate seismic retrofit schemes. In this
paper we have discussed the results obtained by performing push over analysis on flat slabs by using most
common software SAP2000. A (G+7) frame having 5 bays is considered for analysis. It is observed that the
performance point of flat slab is more as compared to conventional building.
IRJET- Study of Literature on Seismic Response of RC Irregular StructureIRJET Journal
The document discusses vertical irregularities in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings and their effects on seismic response. It first defines vertical irregularities as weaknesses caused by discontinuities in mass, stiffness, or geometry between storeys. Soft stories, where the stiffness suddenly decreases, are one type of vertical irregularity. The document then reviews several previous studies on modeling and analyzing vertically irregular buildings using pushover analysis, which incrementally loads a structure to determine its failure mechanisms. The studies found that soft story buildings absorb energy through overturning and shear deformation. Irregular buildings may have similar seismic performance to regular buildings if properly designed. Quantifying the degree of irregularity can help evaluate seismic vulnerability and retrofitting needs.
This document summarizes a study that evaluates the seismic performance of a 10-story reinforced concrete frame building using pushover analysis and the performance-based seismic design procedures from the first, second, and next generations. The building is modeled in SAP 2000 software and subjected to pushover analysis. Performance levels are evaluated based on deformation and damage criteria from each generation of procedures. The study aims to compare the seismic evaluation and performance level results from the different performance-based seismic design procedures.
seismic response of multi storey building equipped with steel bracingINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
1) The document analyzes the seismic response of a multi-storey reinforced concrete building equipped with different steel bracing systems.
2) A 7-storey building model was created and linear analysis was conducted to compare the responses of an unbraced building model and models with X, V, and inverted V bracing systems.
3) The results showed that all bracing systems reduced displacement, drift, shear forces, and bending moments compared to the unbraced building, with the X bracing system providing the largest reductions in structural response.
Non Linear Static Analysis of Dual RC Frame StructureIRJET Journal
This document discusses a non-linear static (pushover) analysis of a 10-story dual reinforced concrete frame structure. A dual system uses both special moment frames and shear walls as lateral load resisting systems. The analysis develops capacity and demand curves to evaluate the structure's performance at different damage states under increasing seismic loads. The analysis is performed using ETABS software to model the nonlinear behavior and hinge properties of the frame elements. The results provide insight into how dual reinforced concrete frame systems perform seismic forces compared to bare frames.
Progressive collapse analysis in rc structure due to 150513181706pradip patel
Now in the recent time of terrorism, structural engineers require new consideration of terrorist attack in the design standards. Modern day structures pose a unique challenge to designers due to increased terrorist activities. Bomb blasts, vehicular attacks, Arson, Armed based attack all may result into a partial or total collapse of buildings. The work undertaken is an attempt to recognize the behaviour of RC structure under series blast loading. A model of G+4 RC structures has been considered as a progressive collapse analysis. The RC building with effect of series blast loading is analysed by using linear static and dynamic analysis. The present study work will carry out the effective study of different parameters like; different types of explosive charges (5T-5T, 7.5T-7.5T, 10T-10T TNT) at 10 mt. stand-off distance, failure of structure element at storey level and the structure is checked for progressive collapse by using commonly available, widely used software SAP 2000 will utilize for analysis
Assessing Uncertainty of Pushover Analysis to Geometric ModelingIDES Editor
Pushover Analysis a popular tool for seismic
performance evaluation of existing and new structures and is
nonlinear Static procedure where in monotonically increasing
loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable
to resist the further load .During the analysis, whatever the
strength of concrete and steel is adopted for analysis of
structure may not be the same when real structure is
constructed and the pushover analysis results are very sensitive
to material model adopted, geometric model adopted, location
of plastic hinges and in general to procedure followed by the
analyzer. In this paper attempt has been made to assess
uncertainty in pushover analysis results by considering user
defined hinges and frame modeled as bare frame and frame
with slab modeled as rigid diaphragm and results compared
with experimental observations. Uncertain parameters
considered includes the strength of concrete, strength of steel
and cover to the reinforcement which are randomly generated
and incorporated into the analysis. The results are then
compared with experimental observations.
This document summarizes a study on the seismic response behavior of a half-through steel arch bridge using static pushover analysis and dynamic analysis. The key points are:
1) A half-through steel arch bridge model was analyzed using static pushover analysis under different loading cases and dynamic analysis using earthquake ground motion records.
2) The analyses found that members near the intersections of arch ribs and stiffened girders yielded first, and plastic zones developed at diagonal braces between arch ribs.
3) Static pushover analysis showed larger strains in members compared to dynamic analysis, which accounts for both geometric and material nonlinearity.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Numerical analyses for the structural assessment of steel buildings under exp...Franco Bontempi
This paper addresses two main issues relevant to the structural assessment of buildings subjected
to explosions. The first issue regards the robustness evaluation of steel frame structures: a procedure is
provided for computing “robustness curves” and it is applied to a 20-storey steel frame building, describing
the residual strength of the (blast) damaged structure under different local damage levels. The second issue
regards the precise evaluation of blast pressures acting on structural elements using Computational Fluid
Dynamic (CFD) techniques. This last aspect is treated with particular reference to gas explosions, focusing
on some critical parameters (room congestion, failure of non-structural walls and ignition point location)
which influence the development of the explosion. From the analyses, it can be deduced that, at least for the
examined cases, the obtained robustness curves provide a suitable tool that can be used for risk management
and assessment purposes. Moreover, the variation of relevant CFD analysis outcomes (e.g., pressure) due to
the variation of the analysis parameters is found to be significant.
Numerical analyses for the structural assessment of steel buildings under exp...StroNGER2012
This document discusses two issues related to assessing buildings subjected to explosions: 1) Evaluating the robustness of steel frame structures through "robustness curves" showing residual strength under different damage levels, applied to a 20-story steel building. 2) Precisely evaluating blast pressures on structures using Computational Fluid Dynamics, focusing on how room congestion, wall failures, and ignition points influence gas explosion development. The analyses provide robustness curves to assess risk and show pressure variations due to analysis parameters are significant.
Study of Structural Behaviour of Gravity Dam with Various Features of Gallery...IDES Editor
The size and shape of opening in dam causes the
stress concentration, it also causes the stress variation in the
rest of the dam cross section. The gravity method of the analysis
does not consider the size of opening and the elastic property
of dam material. Thus the objective of study is comprises of
the Finite Element Method which considers the size of
opening, elastic property of material, and stress distribution
because of geometric discontinuity in cross section of dam.
Stress concentration inside the dam increases with the opening
in dam which results in the failure of dam. Hence it is
necessary to analyses large opening inside the dam. By making
the percentage area of opening constant and varying size and
shape of opening the analysis is carried out. For this purpose
a section of Koyna Dam is considered. Dam is defined as a
plane strain element in FEM, based on geometry and loading
condition. Thus this available information specified our path
of approach to carry out 2D plane strain analysis. The results
obtained are then compared mutually to get most efficient
way of providing large opening in the gravity dam.
Progressive collapse of reinforced concrete structures using ETABSArun Arun
The document analytically studies the behavior of a G+10 reinforced concrete building subjected to progressive collapse using ETABS software. It involves modeling the building in ETABS, performing pushover analysis to identify critical columns, and analyzing the structure's response to the removal of different columns according to GSA guidelines. The results show increased axial loads in surrounding columns and the formation of plastic hinges after column removal. The study determines the critical columns in each seismic zone and provides preventive measures to avoid progressive collapse of the building.
This document provides an introduction to structural analysis. It discusses key concepts including structural idealizations, load classifications, and analytical models. Structural idealizations involve representing actual structural connections and supports as pinned or fixed connections in analytical models. Loads are classified as dead loads from structural materials and live loads from occupancy. Structural systems can be modeled as plane or space structures and represented through line diagrams. The role of structural analysis in engineering design projects is to predict structural performance under prescribed loads through analyzing stresses, deflections, and reactions.
DEFINING LOCAL CONCEPT OF URBAN RAIL STATION AREA DEVELOPMENT THROUGH BEST PR...civej
Basically, Rail-transit Oriented Development (ROD) is an integrated high density mixed use rail station
transit area development for improving accessibility to public transport, enhancing pedestrian friendly
environment as well as increasing urban mobility. Many developed countries have applied the concept of
ROD for generating the compact development of rail station area.
Best practices approach is a selective observation towards several cases with various contexts in order to
get generalization of related theories or concept on practices. In this approach, the study is oriented to
some reasons that make cases being successful. There are two basic components of best practices
approach, i.e. source site and target site. This research elaborated some cases in Japan rail station area
development as source sites for best practices. The finding from elaboration of source sites was brought as
a tool for analyzing the target sites, Jabodetabek rail station area.
The result shows different physical and cultural context between Japan and Indonesia cause the developed
countries concept of ROD cannot be fully applied as it is. It needs some adaptation to be applied in
Indonesia.
RESPONSE OF GROUND SUPPORTED CYLINDRICAL TANKS TO HARMONIC LOADINGcivej
Liquid storage tanks such as water distribution systems, petroleum plants etc constitute an important
component of life line systems. Reducing earthquake effects on Liquid Storage tanks, in order to minimize
the environmental and economic impact of these effects, have always been an important engineering
concern. In this paper, the dynamic behaviour of cylindrical ground supported concrete water tanks is
investigated. Analyses are carried out on tank models with different aspect ratios using finite element
software ANSYS. The natural frequencies and modal responses are obtained for impulsive and sloshing
modes. An increase of aspect ratio from 0.2 to 0.6 causes to increase impulsive natural frequency 3 times
and sloshing natural frequency 2 times for tank filled with water. The response of the tank to the harmonic
loading is also discussed. Deformation and stress response parameters for various frequencies of harmonic
loading were also investigated. The harmonic response of tanks with different fill conditions were studied
for tanks with aspect ratio 0.25 and 0.35. For tank of aspect ratio 0.25, the responses variations are not
significant as in the case of tank with aspect ratio 0.35.
PERFORMANCE AND RATING OF RESIDENTIAL GREEN BUILDING civej
The green building concept is becoming more and more popular these days because these are considered
as environment friendly building. The government is taking appropriate steps in implementation of green
building concepts by providing increase in Floor area ratio. They are making action plan on climate change on sustainable habitats by proposing smart city concepts. Further in addition to that BEE is putting their effort on appliance labelling programme which helps in appraisal and clearance of large construction projects. Several corporate organizations, institutions and construction companies are now practising green building concept in the construction. There are many green building rating systems in
place. GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) and LEED (Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design ) was developed in response to this need. The GRIHA is considered as Indian National Rating System which have been finalised after incorporating various modifications suggested by a group of architects and experts. United States Green Building Council administered (LEED) as the leading green building rating system which is ranked first among other systems. LEED is contributing heavily in converting the built environment towards sustainable development. The buildings which come under GRIHA are those which are having land area more than 2,500 Sqm. (except for industrial
complexes). These buildings can undergo this certification programme. The GRIHA doesn’t cover buildings having area less than 2500 sqm so the present study focuses on providing a rating system for small residential buildings. By adopting this rating system more and more buildings may be covered fo sustainable development. It gives a boost to nearby surroundings
ROOF TILE POWDER AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT TO CEMENT IN MASONRY MORTARcivej
Ordinary Portland cement is an inevitable material for construction. However, it is highly energy intensive
and liable for the emission of green house gases. In this context, utilization of pozzolanic materials as
supplementary cementing materials has become the leading research interest in recent decades. Roof tile
industries generate huge amount of solid waste materials during their manufacturing processes. Disposal
of these waste materials is serious environmental concern. This paper presents the results of the study
conducted on the potential of roof tile powder (RTP) as a cement replacement material in mortar. The
physical, chemical and mineralogical compositions of RTP were investigated. Strength characteristics of
masonry mortar with varying proportions of RTP as cement replacement were tested. The test results verify
the potential of roof tile powder as partial replacement to cement in masonry mortar upto an extend of 15-
20% in 1:3 and 1:5 mortar proportions respectively.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PESTICIDE EF...civej
Solvent extraction and adsorption techniques are effective methods for the removal of pesticides like DDT
and Dicofol from the waste water. Study was conducted using 3 different solvents- Ethylene dichloride
(EDC), Monochlorobenzene (MCB) and Hexane to optimise parameters like effluent to solvent ratio,
agitation speed, agitation time and settling time to attain maximum removal of pesticides by solvent
extraction process. MCB was found to be the best solvent when compared to other two solvents using the
optimised parameters. The activated carbon (8 x30) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of DDT and
Dicofol. The material have good adsorptive capacity and follows Freundlich model. The optimum
adsorbent dose was observed as 2 gm/100ml and optimum contact time needed to reach the equilibrium
was observed as 3 hr. Column study was conducted with the synthetic effluent after solvent extraction.
Combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique was very effective for the removal of
Dicofol and DDT with an efficiency of 99 % and 97 % respectively.
ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF SPATIAL INTERPOLATION OF RAINFALL ON THE STREAMFLOW ...civej
Precipitation within a river basin varies spatially and temporally and hence, is the most relevant input for
hydrologic modelling. Various interpolation methods exist to distribute rainfall spatially within a basin.
The sparse distribution of raingauge stations within a river basin and the differences in interpolation
methods can potentially impact the streamflow simulated using a hydrologic model. The present study
focuses on assessing the effect of spatial interpolation of rainfall using Theissen polygon, Inverse distance
weighted (IDW) method and Ordinary Kriging on the streamflow simulated using a physically based
spatially distributed model-SHETRAN in Vamanapuram river basin in Southern Kerala, India. The
SHETRAN model in the present study utilises rainfall data from the available rain gauge stations within the
basin and potential evapo-transpiration calculated using Penman-Monteith method, along with other input
parameters like soil and landuse. Four years of rainfall and evapo-transpiration data on a daily scale is
used for model calibration and one year data for validation. The performance of the different spatial
interpolation methods were assessed based on the Mean Annual flow and statistical parameters like NashSutcliffe
Efficiency, coefficient of determination. The ordinary kriging and IDW methods were found to be
satisfactory in the spatial interpolation of rainfall.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MUD MORTAR IN COMPARISON WIT...civej
Mud is a versatile material which finds application in construction industry as mud blocks for wall
construction, mud mortar for binding and plastering and as tiles for flooring and roofing. It is universally
accepted as an environment friendly and user friendly material for construction from time immemorial. The
state of Kerala, where nature imprints its heritage witnessed numerous mud constructions in the form of
traditional buildings, ancient palaces and monumental buildings irrespective of the size of the buildings
and status of the owners. Yet its utilization as a construction material has come down drastically over a
past few decades with the advent of cement and concrete. In a state like Kerala, where there is ample
scope for procuring mud, it is high time that its potential as building material has been fully utilized. The
potential of mud as a sustainable building material has been overviewed by the same authors in the first
phase of investigation. As the second phase experimental work was conducted to compare the properties of
mud mortar with conventional mortars so as to check the feasibility of using mud as mortar. The effect of
stabilizers such as cow dung, cement and lime on raw mud has been studied in this paper. This paper also
checks the effect of fibres on the durability of reinforced mud mortar.
MODIFICATION OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING PIT TO NEUTRALIZE ACIDIC pH OF RAIN WATER civej
Acidification of rain water in urban cities is playing major environmental issues. Acid rain is generally
caused by the formation of sulphuric acid and nitric acid. These sulphur and nitrogen emission are resulted
from different sources like industries, vehicles etc. Rain water is a major source for ground water recharge
in urban and rural India, Government of India has already provided water policies in 1987 and 2002 for
conservation of water with different technology of harvesting. Roof top rain water harvesting is a good
practice to collect rain water and inject it directly in the ground without much contamination. Ministry of
Environment and Forest (MoEF) suggested different design and material selection for rain water
harvesting pits to remove the suspended particles and other impurities, however no provision of controlling
the pH is provided for the acidic rain water. Hence the present study proposes modification in the existing
rain water harvesting pit to neutralize the acidic pH from rain water.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF RIGID PAVEMENT USING EVERFE2.24& COMPARISION OF RE...civej
In this study analysis of plain cement concrete pavement was done with 3-D mechanistic FEM computer
programme EVERFE2.24. This programme was developed by Bill David, University of Maine,USA. Rigid
pavement is modelled as a flat slab with DLC as base course and subgrade beneath it.
Stresses in rigid pavement at critical location was calculated due to combined effect of axle load and
environmental factor.These results are compared with IRC58-2015&2002.The disparity between results
are analysed and plotted on graph.
This study finds that stressesgiven by IRC58-2015 is up to 42% less than that given by IRC58-2002, and
stresses given by EverFE2.24 is nearly same as given by IRC58-2002.italso highlighted some issues related
to new code of design i.e. IRC58-2015.
SOCIAL AND HEALTH FACILITIES: HEALTH POST PLANNING FOR A NEW CONSTRUCTIVE SYS...civej
This paper tries to analyze a planning for Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities in developing countries
through a flexible system construction in order to realize a multi-scale prototype adaptable in different
contexts.
While Emergency Medical Assistance (EMA) is delivered in disasters or emergency situations, Primary
Health Care is based on a support as part of overall development constructing as best multi-purpose
facilities that can be adapted as a social for different tasks and activities. With this approach, we examine
the process of building system structure for different functions by adapting the flexible system to the
different countries, areas and settlements.
The aim is to define guidelines for planning health facilities with multi-criteria approach, identifying a
score to the same factors relating to different contexts. This paper describes a new process to define a
program for a flexible, modular and expandable system for health facilities.
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF INDIAN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE OVER THE PAST, PRESENT AND...civej
Management of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been a grave issue all over the world. The conventional
environment friendly techniques adopted to tackle the matter is turning futile owing to the appalling
increase in the waste generation rate. The resultant environmental and health hazards emphasise the need
for a more rapid solution. An apt and quick response to India’s mounting waste management and energy
demand crisesis the promotion and execution of waste to energy technologies. Although the MSW
composition and characteristics in the past have been unfavourable for the successful implementation of
waste to energy thermal facilities, there have been variations in the waste characteristics of late, in this
regard. Inert fraction which constituted almost 50% of the Indian MSW in the 1970s reduced by 30-40%by
the early 2000s, making energy recovery facilities an economically and environmentally feasible option.
The varying trends in MSW characteristics in India are analysed and its implications on the thermal energy
recovery techniques are investigated.
INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP TRAITS ON TEAM PERFORMANCE AS CORRELATES OF SUCCESS I...civej
The project environment in Nigeria is shifting from traditional practice towards dispersed teams thereby
creating the need to understand leadership attributes that lead to successful project outcomes. This study
assessed the impact of leadership traits on team performance as correlates of success in construction
projects. Like many other management research, the study involve inferential survey. 172 participants
drawn from the different professions in the construction industry selected from 42 mega projects completed
in the last three years in south-south Nigeria were sampled. Twelve collaborative leadership traits drawn
from emotional, managerial competencies were tested against team performance and team spirit stimulants
from the literature. Mean item score was used to evaluate relevance of the traits to collaborative working
while hypotheses were tested using chi square. While the result of the study is not different from literature,
the far reaching implication is that, project team members’ satisfaction translates into successful projects.
Project management’s leadership quest to satisfy the project team must be guided towards collaboration.
The current result has advance significantly the understanding of team leadership attributes for the
research environment and further buttress the need to meet project participants’ mutual objectives for a
successful project.
Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Civil Engineering and Urban Planning. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Civil Engineering and Urban Planning.
Soil Biotechnology to Treat Nazafgarh Drain Water before Disposal into River ...civej
The potential risks associated with the use of recycled water have become a matter of concern for many
organisations which are recycling water. Out of the many reasons, the major ones are that they are not
able to maintain the efficiency of the treatment plant and to meet the high energy demand of these plants.
These problems have led to restricted usage of treatment plants by the industries hence they allow the
waste water to bypass directly into the natural water bodies without any treatment. This work has taken
into consideration the issue of river Yamuna in Delhi, which is one of the most polluted rivers of the world.
It has been identified that Nazafgarh drain located in west Delhi has got a major contribution in the
polluting Yamuna. The need of the hour is to find an innovative solution to resolve the problem of water
recycling and offer a platform to the industries where the burden of treating their factory effluents is taken
care of. This paper proposes a 1 MLD water treatment plant based on Soil Biotechnology which can
efficiently treat the Nazafgarh drain water and make it fit for disposal into Yamuna. SBT is an eco-friendly
and sustainable technology developed at IIT Bombay which provides all levels of treatment in a single
evergreen set up open to atmosphere which is odorless, cheap, simple to operate, easy to maintain and
could be set up within the area of habilitation.
A Laboratory Study on Acid Modified Bituminous Mixes in Comparison for Ruttin...civej
The rapid growth in trafficload intensity, tire pressure and traffic volume has put a hugedemand on
pavements to perform satisfactorily for the design period. A number of efforts are made in the past to
develop pavement materials that helped in attaining longer serviceability. Most of these efforts were
directed towards improving the design of bituminous mix through modified bituminous binders. In this
context an attempt is made to evaluate rutting characteristics of conventional bitumen modified with Poly
phosphoric Acid (PPA). Immersion Type Wheel Rutting Machine was used for evaluation of rutting
characteristics and is considered as one of the major critical criteria for design of pavement. Poly
phosphoric Acid (PPA) is added as modifier to virgin bitumen (VG – 30) at regular interval of 1% up to
6% to the weight of Bitumen. Bituminous Concrete of Grade-II is considered for Analysis. Slabs of
400X300X50mm are prepared for evaluation of rutting characteristics. Stability, density, voids and flow
parameters were determined using marshal test method for virgin and PPA modified mix. The result of
immersion wheel rutting explains that acid modified binders resist more rutting compared to virgin
binders. Acid modified mixes at 3% optimum performs better in rutting characteristics when tested in
laboratory for induced applied pressures, load and number of passes.
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF COMPRESSION MEMBER WITH BAMBOO AS REINFORCEMENT AND COC...civej
Concrete is the most widely used construction material. Among all ingredients of concrete, aggregates form
the major portion; further there exists a challenge in attaining the structural light weight concrete utilizing
the waste. Among the natural waste coconut shells can suitably replace these natural aggregates. The
compression testing on cube and split tensile test on cylinder were performed to authenticate its feasibility.
Concrete is reinforced with steel bars to negate its weak tension carrying capacity. However, due to higher
cost and non-renewability of steel, nowadays attempts were made to provide a low-cost, sustainable
material. The feasibility for the usage of locally procured bamboo as reinforcement is tested to evaluate its
Elasticity and ultimate strength. The axial compression test on various columns were performed comparing
its axial deformation, Energy absorption capacity, ultimate load, displacement ductility and degradation in
stiffness.
The Effect of the Use of Mineral Additives on Early and Advanced Age Compress...civej
In this study, the effect of using certain proportions of fly ash, Silica fume and milled blast furnace slag
instead of cement on the early and final pressure resistances of the high strength concretes has been
examined. Within the framework of the experiments, Silica fume has been changed in a ratio of 0-10 %,
milled blast furnace slag between 0-50 %, and fly ash between 0-25 % by means of making the usage rates
of the aforementioned three different mineral additives. "Water/Binder" rate, which is known to be an
important parameter in terms of the compressive strength of concrete, has been changed as 0.20, 0.25 and
0.30 in the context of the experiments, and 100x100x100mm cube samples have been taken from the
mixtures generated separately for each mineral additive type. This samples 2, 7, 28, 56 and 90-day
pressure resistance have been tested.
WARM MIX ASPHALT INVESTIGATION ON PUBLIC ROADS-A REVIEWcivej
Warm mix asphalt has been introduced in Europe in 1997 and in the United State 2002. The first trail of
warm mix asphalt has done publically in Europe in 1999, in U.S.A 2004 and in India 2009. Most of
countries like Germany, Norway, France, U.S.A, Canada, China, Korea, South Africa, India and Brazil
have successfully used the WMA construction on public roads after successful laboratory test. The WMA is
more success in U.S.A compare to European countries (EAPA, 2014). The main goal of WMA is to produce
the bituminous mixtures with similar strength, durability and performance characteristics as HMA
substantially reduced the mixing and compaction temperature.
This study focus on history and development of warm mix asphalt in different countries including
advantage and disadvantage of warm mix asphalt. This paper also reviews the warm mix asphalt in India.
Progressive Collapse Analysis of RC Structure with Shear WallsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on progressive collapse analysis of a reinforced concrete structure with shear walls. The researchers analyzed an "S" shaped RC structure using ETABS software by removing columns one by one according to GSA guidelines. When interior, exterior, and corner columns were removed, demand capacity ratios and interaction ratios were calculated in critical regions. Previous literature found interior column removal at the base to be most critical for progressive failure. The researchers analyzed changes in bending moment, axial load, and interaction ratio from floor to floor when different columns were removed to understand progressive collapse.
Progressive collapse analysis of reinforced concrete framed structureeSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on progressive collapse analysis of a 12-story reinforced concrete framed structure. The structure was modeled and designed in ETABS software. Progressive collapse was analyzed by removing individual columns and performing linear static analysis according to GSA guidelines. Demand capacity ratios were calculated for members. Results showed that columns met acceptance criteria but some beams adjacent to removed columns had demand capacity ratios over 2.0 and were deemed unsafe. Reinforcement of these beams is recommended to develop alternative load paths and prevent progressive collapse from localized failure.
Pushover analysis was performed on a 12-story building model designed for seismic zones 3 and 5 in India. The analysis assessed damage at different performance levels from immediate occupancy to collapse. For the zone 3 design, yielding initially occurred in beams and then columns. The structure remained within collapse prevention limits, indicating ductile behavior. Similarly, the zone 5 design remained ductile with initial yielding in beams and columns. The structures designed using linear analysis for both seismic zones were found to perform well under pushover analysis and experience damage within acceptable limits.
This document summarizes a method for analyzing and designing steel framing systems that accounts for second-order effects. It combines the Direct Analysis Method from the AISC Specification with LeMessurier's simplified second-order analysis approach. The key steps are: 1) Performing a first-order elastic analysis, 2) Calculating story displacement amplification factors, 3) Determining P-Delta shear forces based on amplified displacements, and 4) Analyzing for second-order forces and checking required strengths. This integrated approach allows for consideration of second-order effects in braced frames and other systems in a consistent manner without separate analyses.
Progressive Collapse Analysis of Low Rise Steel Frame Structure With and With...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the progressive collapse of low-rise steel frame structures with and without bracing systems. Progressive collapse is when one local structural failure causes additional collapse in a disproportionate manner. The study uses linear static analysis based on GSA-2013 guidelines to assess progressive collapse potential. A 5-story and 10-story steel frame is modeled and analyzed with the sudden removal of columns at different locations. Results show bracing systems help minimize progressive collapse by providing alternate load paths, as measured by demand capacity ratios, joint displacements, member forces, etc. being lower when braces are included.
Progressive Collapse Analysis of RC Buildings with consideration of Effect of...ijsrd.com
To study the effect of failure of load carrying elements i.e. columns on the entire structure; 15 storey moment resistant RC buildings is considered. The buildings are modeled and analyzed for progressive collapse using the structural analysis and design software SAP2000. Normally it has been considered only the failure of primary load carrying members like columns, beams, struts, foundations etc. to understand the progressive collapse scenario. This paper involves the effect of slabs in progressive collapse with the failure of column.
IRJET- A Review on Progressive Collapse of Composites StructuresIRJET Journal
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STABILITY ASSESSMENT OF STEEL MOMENT FRAMES AGAINST PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE
1. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.2, June 2015
1
STABILITY ASSESSMENT OF STEEL MOMENT FRAMES
AGAINST PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE
Mussa Mahmoudi1
, Hazhir Koozani2
, Taha Teimoori2
1
Civil Engineering department, Civil Engineering faculty, ShahidRajaee Teacher
Training University, Tehran, Iran, m.mahmoudi@srttu.edu.
2
Graduate student, Civil Engineering faculty, ShahidRajaee Teacher Training University,
Tehran, Iran.
ABSTRACT
Analyzing progressive collapse plays a pivotal role in diagnosing structure stability caused by earthquake,
explosion, car crashes, and fire and so on. In the current research, condition of progressive collapse has
been analyzed in structures which have been designed based on current codes in Iran. For this purpose, a
couple of steel buildings with steel moment frame systems that have many stories and various bay, have
been evaluated. With sudden removal of each column, the possibility of bridging over other elements has
been studied; besides, alternative path method introduced by the UFC 4-023-03 code has been applied in
the assessment process. Results indicate that the beams located on the highest floor do not have a suitable
performance and in case of sudden removal of each of the columns, it will be impossible to bridge over
other elements and it will face collapse and progressive collapse in spite of the fact that other members are
resistant against the collapse.
KEYWORDS:
Progressive Collapse, Non-linear Time History Analysis, Moment Resisting Frames.
1. INTRODUCTION
Progressive collapse means gradual destruction of a part of a construction resulting from
uncommon damage and expansion of this destruction to other parts of the construction. The
damage can be caused by an explosion, earthquake, being hit by a vehicle or a sudden collapse
etc. The damage is often applied to the structure dynamically and during a short time period.
After the destruction of Ronand’s Building and engineers’ focus on progressive collapse, a wave
of research on protective methods or reducing the structure’s potential against progressive
collapse started. In the beginning the result was in the form of some changes in codes; however,
after a few years when a couple of similar happenings occurred, such as September 11 terrorist
attacks, separate codes were set to reduce or protect destruction. Two of these codes which deal
with progressive collapse separately are Department of Defense (DoD) and General Service
Administration(GSA). The approach of these codes is as follows:
If one of the members of the main structure is destroyed suddenly, the rest of the members are
able to bridge over other elements and have an alternative path to transfer the load[1 and 2]. All
structures were designed in accordance with the steel design codes of Iran [3 and 4]. It is to be
noted that the Iranian codes are generally similar to UBC 97 though the load and resistance
factors are slightly different. DoD code in particular deals with controlling progressive collapse in
the form of a series of UFC codes, which is the basis of the current paper[1].
2. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.2, June 2015
2
Kim and Kim[5],have studied the performance of steel moment resisting frame (SMRF) against
progressive collapse. In this paper which has been conducted on three steel moment resisting
frame the performance of the structures has been an evaluated using DoD2005 and GSA2003
codes. Also, structures have been analyzed using these three analyses: Linear Static (LS), Linear
Dynamic (LD), and Nonlinear Dynamic (ND).The results of the survey are the indicative of the
fact that the condition of corner columns compared to similar columns is very week and enjoys a
high potential to expand destruction. The cause of such a problem is redundancy of extra
elements to bridge the load. In addition, as the number of floors increases the probability of
progressive collapse in lower floors decreases. Although analyzing the structure using Linear
Static is simpler, in some cases it is more conservative. It should also be mentioned that the
results of nonlinear dynamic analysis depends on different factors such as: materials, position of
the columns, load, number of stories etc. Khandelwal and Tawil[6], have run a search on
measuring the structure resistance using Pushdown method. In this approach the structure is
evaluated in three different modes as follows:
Uniform Pushdown
Span Pushdown
Incremental Dynamic Pushdown
The results of the paper are the indicative of the fact that GSA code method is more conservative
than DoD. Liu [7]worked on optimized method of SMRF against progressive collapse. In his
paper each of the structures, regarding the genetic algorithm, were optimized in normal
disposition (NWD), Linear Static (PCLS), Nonlinear Static (PCNS), Nonlinear Dynamic (PCND)
and in the end the weight of the structures were compared. After redesigning the structures, in the
optimized mode the amount of needed profile weight increase in three dispositions [(PCLS),
(PCNS) and (PCND)] were calculated as follows: 38.8%, 13.2%, and 8.2%. In addition, the
present progressive collapse design optimization successfully produces a seismic IMF design that
satisfactorily meets the UFC alternate path criteria by enhancing load redistribution capability
through appropriate member sizing. Meanwhile, the cost of constructing this frame is
considerably reduced through minimization of the overall steel weight. As it is obvious from the
results it was stated that designing with the use of linear static is not economical.
2. ANALYZING METHODS OF PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE
In order to study the building’s structure against progressive collapse using the alternative path
method in DoD code, there are three analyses (LS, NS, and ND) to control the behavior of main
members such as beams and columns which are destroyed suddenly.
2.1. Linear Static Approach
In this method which is considered the simplest one, to check the members against progressive
collapse, to rectify the effects resulting from member geometry and dynamic load in gravity
loading of upper members of removed column a factor called mLIF is applied. Regarding the type
of structure whether steel, concrete etc, and also the kind of joints, a factor called magnifying
coefficient (m) is extracted. It is necessary to mention that mLIF is the smallest magnifying
coefficient (m) of elements which are joined to the beam. In the current research, the amount of m
has been taken into account regarding the improved rigid joint. The loading coefficient ( ) is
calculated concerning the mLIF. This factor is applied to combine loading in the area above the
removed column. Increased gravity loads for floor areas above removed column or wall is
GLD= LD[(0.9 or 1.2) D+ (0.5L or 0.2S)] and gravity loads for floor areas away from removed
3. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.2, June 2015
3
column or Wall is G = (0.9 or 1.2) D + (0.5 L or 0.2 S).In Figure 1 you can see how the load is
applied. In these equations, D is Dead load including façade loads; L is Live load and S is Snow
load.
After applying the new load on the structure, 0.002∑P is applied in each design as a lateral load
on each side of the structure. ∑P is the sum of live and dead loads without coefficient on each
story. To assess the resistance of members, the ratio of member capacity, which is determined
through dividing current capacity by demand capacity ratio of the member’s section (DCR), is
calculated. If the calculated DCR is bigger than mLIF, that member is considered vulnerable and
it should be either redesigned or reinforced.
Figure1: Loading application process in DoD code
2.2. Nonlinear Static Approach
In Nonlinear Static Method (NS) the factor which results from dynamic loading effect is added to
the gravity loading of the removed column’s upper members. This coefficient is calculated and
extracted based on the defined tables in code regarding the type of structure as well as the type of
joints. To calculate the deformation-controlled and force-controlled actions, simultaneously apply
the following combination of gravity and lateral loads:
Increased gravity loads for floor areas above removed column or wall is GN = N [(0.9 or 1.2) D
+ (0.5L or 0.2S)] and Gravity Loads for Floor Areas Away From Removed Column or Wall is G
= (0.9 or 1.2) D + (0.5L or 0.2S). After applying the new load on the structure, 0.002∑P is
applied in each design as a lateral load on each side of the structure. ∑P is the sum of live and
dead loads without coefficient on each story. Now after removing the column, if the defined
joints in members pass the determined criterion area that member is considered vulnerable and it
should be either redesigned or reinforced.
2.3. Nonlinear Dynamic Approach
In Nonlinear Dynamic Method which includes the real behavior of the structure to evaluate
members first the existing interior forces in the node of the removed column are calculated. Then
the mentioned column is removed from the numerical modeling and analogous reactions in the
mentioned node are applied. To calculate displacement and specifying the condition of plastic
joints of the members’ elements, the incoming reactions are removed from the structure in a form
of an impact load. It is necessary to mention that the time period of removing the load is time
history algorithm; moreover, its duration according to the DoD code Equals to one tenth of the
period associated with the structural response mode for the vertical motion of the bays above the
removed column(Figure2).
GL
×GL
GL ×GL
4. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.2, June 2015
4
Figure2: Speed of unloading in Nonlinear Dynamic Approach
3. RESEARCH METHOD
In this paper, different scenarios of removing the column are based on the introduced locations in
codes which behaviorally speaking is divided into three groups: Middle Column (MC), Edge
Column (EC) and Corner Column (CC). Figure3, shows the location of each group in the plan
and Figure4, depicts the location of the height of destruction. To control the accuracy of
performed analyses, we have used the comparison of the solved example in DoD2009regulation.
In this example, a 3-floor steel structure was evaluated under definite loading based on linear
static analysis whose destruction points have been shown in Figure5. Regarding the section
specifications, first the factor (m) and then mLIF were compared. It needs to be mentioned that to
assess this example the code has used Sap2000 software[8].After analysis, the amounts of created
DCR’s and plastic joints in the introduced structure in the code were compared with that of
modeled structure and the difference is very small.
Figure 3: Categorization of column destruction position in stories plan
P
tto=0.1T
Po
5. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.2, June 2015
5
Figure 4: Categorization of column destruction position in height
Figure 5: Destruction of the intended columns in DoD code example
3.1. The Studied Models
In this paper, 24 structure models in Ordinary MRF with following specifications have been
studied:
Number of stories: 3,5,7 and 10
Number of Spans: 3 and 5
Various span length,4, 5 and 6 meters
The height of stories in all models is the same and it Equals 3.4 meters. The gravity loading for
all the constructions have been considered 600 kg per square meters on floors and live load has
been considered based on the residential use. The roof dead load the same as the floor dead load
and its live load (Snow load) was considered 150 kg per square meters. The SAP2000 is used as a
computational tool for investigating the load redistribution behavior within the damaged steel
frame after a column is removed.
The steel material has yield strength of 345 MPa and a tensile strength of 450 MPa. All in all,
216 destruction conditions for each of the studied situations were evaluated. Moment frame
specifications have been shown in tables 1 to 3.
4. THE EVALUATION PROCEDURE
In this paper, we have used SAP2000-ver14 software to analyze the progressive collapse.
Because of the requirement of the DoD code, all the analyses have been done employ a three-
dimensional assembly of elements and components. The defined plastic joints are in accordance
with tables 5-6 of ASCE 41 code[9]. For each of the Nonlinear Dynamic (ND), Nonlinear Static
(NS) and Linear Static (LS) analyses, a combination of presented loads in DoD code have been
applied. The type joints of this evaluation are improved welded unreinforced flange with bolted
web (Figure5).
Table1: Specifications of structural members (span length 6 meters)
Length
Beam 6 m
3 Story 5 Story 7 Story 10 Story
Beam
(IPE)
Column
(Box)
Beam
(IPE)
Column
(Box)
Beam
(IPE)
Column
(Box)
Beam
(IPE)
Column
(Box)
Story1 360 35-1.2 450 45-1.5 500 45-2 550 55-2
Story2 360 30-1 450 45-1.5 500 45-1.5 550 50-2
Story3 300 25-1 450 40-1.2 500 45-1.5 550 50-2
Story4 400 35-1.2 500 40-1.2 550 45-2
6. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.2, June 2015
6
Story5 300 30-1 450 40-1.2 550 45-2
Story6 400 35-1.2 550 45-1.5
Story7 300 30-1 450 45-1.5
Story8 450 40-1.2
Story9 400 40-1.2
Story10 360 35-1.2
5. DISCUSSION
After analyzing the fore mentioned structures for each of (ND), (NS) and (LS) analyses, besides
calculation of subsidence, vibration period, study of DCR’s, etc, also comparison of structure’s
response to each other, we can assess the steel moment resisting frame against Progressive
Collapse.
Table2: Specifications of structural members (span length 5 meters)
Length
Beam 5 m
3 Story Story5 7 Story 10 Story
Beam
(IPE)
Column
(Box)
Beam
(IPE)
Column
(Box)
Beam
(IPE)
Column
(Box)
Beam
(IPE)
Column
(Box)
Story1 330 30-1 360 45-1.5 450 45-1.5 500 50-2
Story2 330 30-1 360 45-1.5 450 40-1.2 500 45-2
Story3 240 25-1 360 40-1.2 450 40-1.2 500 45-2
Story4 330 35-1.2 450 35-1.2 500 45-1.5
Story5 270 30-1 400 35-1.2 500 45-1.5
Story6 330 30-1 450 40-1.2
Story7 270 25-1 450 40-1.2
Story8 400 35-1.2
Story9 360 35-1.2
Story10 270 30-1
Table3: Specifications of structural members (span length 4 meters)
Length
Beam4 m
3 Story Story5 7 Story 10 Story
Beam
(IPE)
Column
(Box)
Beam
(IPE)
Column
(Box)
Beam
(IPE)
Column
(Box)
Beam
(IPE)
Column
(Box)
Story1 270 30-1 330 40-1.2 360 40-1.2 450 45-2
Story2 240 30-1 330 35-1.2 360 40-1.2 450 45-1.5
Story3 220 25-1 330 30-1 360 35-1.2 450 45-1.5
Story4 300 30-1 360 35-1.2 450 40-1.2
Story5 240 25-1 330 30-1 450 40-1.2
Story6 300 30-1 450 35-1.2
Story7 240 25-1 400 35-1.2
Story8 360 35-1.2
Story9 300 35-1.2
Story10 270 30-1
5.1. Situation of beams
After analyzing the structures’ response in three modes [Nonlinear Dynamic (ND), Nonlinear
Static (NS) and Linear Static (LS)], the results indicates that in all the models, including 3, 5, 7
and 10-story buildings, the beams which have been located on the highest floor do not have a
suitable performance because they become unstable quickly when the column is removed, which
can due to unclear redundancy in the last beam, particularly lack of upper column. In addition, all
the studied areas’ beams are capable of bridging over other members, except for the beams
located on the highest floor that have been tested with Nonlinear Dynamic (ND), Nonlinear Static
7. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.2, June 2015
7
(NS) method. It is necessary to mention that the results of Linear Static (NS) analysis concerning
the floor beams shows the percentage of destroyed beams compared to total number of upper
beams in the removed column area (Nbf/Nbt) increases as the proportion of span length (L) to
beam’s height (d) goes up. Nbf is the percentage of destroyed beams in the upper area of removed
column and Nbt is the total number of upper beams in the removed column area. Generally
speaking, if the proportion of L/d does not exceed 9 (L/d<9) the destruction potential in linear
static method will be zero. In Figure6, the average percentage of destroyed beams has been
checked in different positions.
Figure6: Situation of beam’s destruction to the total number of beams in the removed column area in
proportion of length to beam’s height
5.2. Situation of columns
After checking the models in different destruction modes and type of analysis, it got clear that in
all the controlled areas (MC,EC and CC) with nonlinear dynamic (ND), nonlinear static (NS)
methods the columns have the capability of transferring loads over other elements. In linear static
method it was made clear that as the proportion of L/d increases, in particular more than 15
(L/d>15 ), the upper column in the destruction place in the corner of building is not capable of
transferring load. Also, as the proportion of L/d exceeds 16, in the edge columns of the structure
the DCR of the upper column of the destroyed place exceeds mLIF while in all the interior
columns of the building DCR is less than mLIF. Table 4 illustrates the comparison of column
resistance against progressive collapse regarding the destruction position and the performed
analysis.
5.3. Comparison of subsidence in different destruction position in various analyses
After analyzing the structures with nonlinear static and linear static methods in different positions
(MC, EC and CC) the subsidence of upper node of each structure was extracted. In Figures 7 to 9,
subsidence variance of LS to ND and also subsidence variance of NS to ND in proportion to both
length and height of the beam (L/d) was drawn for different positions. Checking the graphs, the
following conclusions can be drawn:
The Vertical Displacement of upper node in removed column place in the studied structures is in
LS, ND and NS, respectively. In other words: ∆LS>∆ND>∆NS.
In regular steel structures, the lateral load response (0.002∑P) in various directions is almost the
same and the difference is marginal.
0.0% 5.0%
35.4%
70.8%
80.0%
80.0%
100.0%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
8 10 12 14 16 18
(Nbf/Nbt)
L/d
8. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.2, June 2015
8
After checking the node subsidence of the destruction place, it was made clear that the
displacement resulting from linear static analysis is 40% more than nonlinear dynamic analysis.
Needless to say, this amount declines as the indeterminacy degree increases. Besides, the amount
of node subsidence in the destruction place in NS method is less than ND method and it equals
30%.
Figure 7: Comparison of proportion of node vertical displacement in removed column place in NS and LS
modes to ND in CC position
Figure 8: Comparison of proportion of node Vertical Displacement in removed column place in NS and LS
modes to ND in EC position
Figure 9: Comparison of proportion of node Vertical Displacement in removed column place in NS and LS
modes to ND in MF position
135%
144%
142%
145%
143%
146%
147%
131%
69%
73%
71%
71%
70%
71%
72%
73%
0%
40%
80%
120%
160%
0%
40%
80%
120%
160%
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17
∆NS/∆ND
∆LS/∆ND
L/D
Average of LS/ND Average of NS/ND
135%
135%
139%
142%
141%
144%
143%
121%
69%
68%
69%
70%
68%
70%
70%
72%
0%
40%
80%
120%
160%
0%
40%
80%
120%
160%
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17
∆NS/∆ND
∆LS/∆ND
L/D
Average of LS/ND Average of NS/ND
127% 130% 135% 140% 138% 142%
133% 96%
66%
66%
67%
68%
66%
68%
66%
94%
0%
40%
80%
120%
160%
0%
40%
80%
120%
160%
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17
∆NS/∆ND
∆LS/∆ND
L/D
Average of LS/ND Average of NS/ND
9. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.2, June 2015
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6. CONCLUSION
Regarding the carried out research on steel structures designed based on Iranian codes as well as
their evaluations against progressive collapse with alternative path approach suggested by DoD,
the following results were achieved:
Concerning the performed studies, it was made clear that in SMRF buildings designed based on
IBC code, the last floor’s beam are not capable of bridging over other members and are prone to
progressive collapse.
Except for the roof beams, all the controlled places – EC, CC and MC – in ordinary moment
resistance frame, if the proportion of evaluated area to the ratio of beam’s length to height is less
than 17 (L/d<17), it is resistant against progressive collapse in nonlinear dynamic and nonlinear
static analyses. It is necessary to mention that in linear static approach the response of the
structure has been like this: as the proportion of length to beam’s bay (L/d) declines, the elements,
destruction decreases; in other words, in areas where L/d<9, the destruction potential tends to be
zero.
In nonlinear dynamic and nonlinear static analyses, the upper column and the columns around the
destruction do not have the potential of progressive collapse; as a result, in linear static analysis,
the upper column of the destruction in CC area has a more suitable situation compared to EC and
MC.
The introduced linear static approach in DoD code is approximately 40% more conservative than
nonlinear dynamic method.
Inanalyzing the structures designed based on linear static approach the amount of ∆LS is
approximately 40% more ∆ND. It obvious that, as the proportion of length to beam’s bay exceeds
15 (L/d>15) or as indeterminacy degrees increase, the mentioned amount goes up.
In analyzing the structures designed based on nonlinear static approach the amount of ∆NS is
approximately 30% more ∆ND. It is clear that, as the proportion of length to beam’s bay exceeds
15 (L/d>15) or as indeterminacy degrees increase, the mentioned amount goes up.
In regular steel structures, the lateralload response (0.002∑P) in various directions is almost the
same and their difference is marginal. This issue is clear in all various models.
REFERENCES
[1] United States Department of Defence, 2009, United facilities criteria design of buildings to resist
progressive collapse (UFC 4-023-03). Washington (DC).
[2] US General Services Administration, 2003, Progressive collapse analysis and design guidelines for
new federal office buildings and major modernization projects, Washington (DC).
[3] Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, 2006, Iranian national building code (part 6): Loads on
buildings.
[4] Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, 2009, Iranian national building code (part 10): Steel
structure design.
[5] Kim J, Kim T., 2009, Assessment of progressive collapse-resisting capacity of steel moment frames,
Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 65:169-179.
[6] Khandelwal K, El-Tawil S, 2011, Pushdown resistance as a measure of robustness in progressive
collapse analysis, Engineering Structures, 33: 2653-2661.
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[7] Liu M., 2011, Progressive collapse design of seismic steel frames using structural optimization,
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[8] CSI, 2010, Analysis Reference Manual for Sap2000, Berkeley-California, USA.
[9] ASCE, 2007, Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings (ASCE 41-06). New York (NY): American
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