This research aims to use a demerit system as a method to evaluate the level of the quality of the final product. Demerit system was applied as a case study to obtain the research objectives in the factory of transformers and household appliances, which represents as a majority factory in the formations of the general company for Electronic Industries. In this research, the Reflective Product was selected as a sample research. Several of the quantitative and scientific instruments that represent demerit system were used to achieve the research objectives. The results demonstrations that adopted identified each of the level of the quality of the final Reflective Product and standard level of quality are very important during the period of the assessment final product.
U.S.F.D.A. was the pioneer in the concept of process validation.
Validation had proven to be an important tool for quality management of pharmaceutical according to ISO 9000:2000.
This document presents information on process analytical technology (PAT) for pharmaceutical development, manufacturing, and quality assurance. It discusses the definition, principles, goals, framework, tools, and implementation of PAT. Case studies are provided that demonstrate how PAT tools like in-situ FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and chemical imaging can be used for reaction monitoring, crystallization, granulation, blending, and identification of raw materials. Barriers to PAT implementation include historical, cultural, organizational challenges but benefits include reduced cycle times, prevention of rejects, continuous improvement, and real-time release. PAT facilitates building quality into pharmaceutical products through process understanding.
The document discusses key aspects of validating solid dosage forms such as tablets. It emphasizes that quality must be built into the product from the beginning, starting with validating the characteristics of the active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients used. Analytical methods, manufacturing equipment, and the entire production process must also be validated to ensure reproducible quality batches. The validation program involves defining critical material attributes, establishing control parameters, and testing batches to set specification limits to maintain process control.
1. The quality inspection process involves generating an inspection lot number, recording inspection results, and making a usage decision to complete the inspection lot.
2. Key steps include sample determination, results recording, and updating the inspection lot status with all inspection data.
3. The quality management module provides continuous improvement tools like notification processing to implement tasks, find problems and solutions, and analyze defects and causes.
This document discusses validation in the pharmaceutical industry. It begins by defining validation and listing its objectives and advantages. It describes the need for validation and covers validation master plans, types of validation including process, cleaning, and equipment validation. It also discusses validation of specific dosage forms and calibration master plans. Finally, it addresses user requirement specifications, installation qualification, operational qualification, and performance qualification for facilities validation.
The document discusses Quality by Design (QbD) in the pharmaceutical industry. It defines QbD and outlines its key benefits, including higher product quality assurance, cost savings, and regulatory flexibility. The main elements of QbD are described as identifying target quality profiles, critical quality attributes, risk assessment, linking attributes and parameters to quality, defining a design space and control strategy. QbD facilitates innovation and continuous improvement across a product's lifecycle.
U.S.F.D.A. was the pioneer in the concept of process validation.
Validation had proven to be an important tool for quality management of pharmaceutical according to ISO 9000:2000.
This document presents information on process analytical technology (PAT) for pharmaceutical development, manufacturing, and quality assurance. It discusses the definition, principles, goals, framework, tools, and implementation of PAT. Case studies are provided that demonstrate how PAT tools like in-situ FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and chemical imaging can be used for reaction monitoring, crystallization, granulation, blending, and identification of raw materials. Barriers to PAT implementation include historical, cultural, organizational challenges but benefits include reduced cycle times, prevention of rejects, continuous improvement, and real-time release. PAT facilitates building quality into pharmaceutical products through process understanding.
The document discusses key aspects of validating solid dosage forms such as tablets. It emphasizes that quality must be built into the product from the beginning, starting with validating the characteristics of the active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients used. Analytical methods, manufacturing equipment, and the entire production process must also be validated to ensure reproducible quality batches. The validation program involves defining critical material attributes, establishing control parameters, and testing batches to set specification limits to maintain process control.
1. The quality inspection process involves generating an inspection lot number, recording inspection results, and making a usage decision to complete the inspection lot.
2. Key steps include sample determination, results recording, and updating the inspection lot status with all inspection data.
3. The quality management module provides continuous improvement tools like notification processing to implement tasks, find problems and solutions, and analyze defects and causes.
This document discusses validation in the pharmaceutical industry. It begins by defining validation and listing its objectives and advantages. It describes the need for validation and covers validation master plans, types of validation including process, cleaning, and equipment validation. It also discusses validation of specific dosage forms and calibration master plans. Finally, it addresses user requirement specifications, installation qualification, operational qualification, and performance qualification for facilities validation.
The document discusses Quality by Design (QbD) in the pharmaceutical industry. It defines QbD and outlines its key benefits, including higher product quality assurance, cost savings, and regulatory flexibility. The main elements of QbD are described as identifying target quality profiles, critical quality attributes, risk assessment, linking attributes and parameters to quality, defining a design space and control strategy. QbD facilitates innovation and continuous improvement across a product's lifecycle.
Process validation is defined as collecting data throughout production to establish that a process can consistently deliver quality products. It involves three stages: process design, process qualification, and continued process verification. Process design uses development data to define the commercial process. Process qualification assesses if the process meets manufacturing targets. Continued process verification monitors all production aspects to ensure control. There are four types of validation: prospective, retrospective, concurrent, and revalidation. Prospective validation establishes a process can meet requirements before use. Retrospective uses historical data to validate existing processes. Concurrent monitors current production. Revalidation repeats validation due to changes.
The document discusses different approaches to process validation, including prospective and retrospective validation. Prospective validation involves experimentally validating a process before commercial use by executing a validation protocol. Retrospective validation involves analyzing historical batch data through statistical methods to demonstrate a process is controlled. Key aspects of both approaches are outlined such as including different raw material lots, running batches on different days/shifts, and confirming critical process parameters are within limits.
An analysis incoming quality control of material in manufacturing company l...Steve Sapp
This document summarizes a thesis submitted by Low Kuan Chuen to the National Technical University of Malaysia Malacca for a Bachelor of Engineering degree. The thesis analyzes quality control of incoming materials at a manufacturing company referred to as XX Company. It aims to identify issues with incoming materials and make recommendations to improve supplier relations and quality. Data collection and analysis techniques are used like control charts, cause-and-effect diagrams, and Pareto charts to understand problems and findings are constructed to provide suggestions for future enhancement.
The document provides guidance on quality inspection procedures for low voltage switchboards. It discusses the justification for quality inspection to ensure high quality equipment, detect issues, and reduce costs from defects. Quality inspection includes incoming, in-process, and final inspections. It aims to satisfy customers, guide staff training, and ensure safety and economic results. The inspector's role is to check products meet requirements and standards using inspection documents and means.
Quality managment impacts in constructionKhaled Eid
1. The document discusses quality management and ISO 9000 standards for construction projects. It analyzes problems that medium-sized construction companies may face when implementing quality management processes.
2. Implementing an ISO-compliant quality management system typically takes 1-2 years and costs around $250,000 on average. It requires extensive documentation which can increase costs and reduce productivity.
3. Potential issues include lack of resources, unnecessary procedures, restricted creativity, increased operating costs and ensuring timely information flows. However, quality management systems also provide benefits like defined processes, continual improvement and increased customer satisfaction.
i hope,,,this ppt will be more helpful for every fresher textile engineer....that provide the basic concept of quality for the product or service,,,,,,
Role of qa&qc in manufacturing presentationImran Jamil
This document discusses quality control, quality assurance, and quality improvement concepts. It provides examples of quality control and quality assurance activities in manufacturing, such as inspections, audits, and process documentation. Quality control focuses on inspection and testing to find defects, while quality assurance aims to prevent defects by improving processes. Quality improvement is about continuously studying processes to identify and implement solutions to problems. The goal is to create systems that prevent errors from occurring.
Therapure Biopharma provides bioprocessing services including technology transfer, process development, testing, validation, manufacturing, and project management. Located in Mississauga, Ontario, Therapure has expertise in developing and manufacturing proteins and biologics for clinical and commercial applications. Their services help clients bring products from pre-clinical through commercial stages while ensuring quality and regulatory compliance.
Definition
Scope of calibration
Scope of validation
Frequency of calibration
Importance/ purpose of calibration
Importance/ advantages of validation
Difference between calibration & validation
The document describes key concepts from ICH Q8 guidelines on pharmaceutical development, including defining a quality target product profile, identifying critical quality attributes, using risk assessment to link material and process attributes to critical quality attributes, establishing a design space, implementing a control strategy, and continually improving the product over its lifecycle. The guidelines provide a framework for a quality by design approach to pharmaceutical development and manufacturing.
This document discusses quality, defining it as the degree of excellence a product possesses based on customer perception. Quality is discussed in terms of five approaches: transcendent, product-based, user-based, manufacturing-based, and value-based. A quality product meets customer requirements, maintains consistency, and evolves to enhance performance. Reasons for poor quality include lack of management commitment, unclear requirements, and inadequate process control. Quality management takes a scientific approach to achieve quality levels through planning, quality control, and continuous improvement.
Technology transfer in pharmaceutical industryRakesh Wani
Evaluation and optimization Anti-hypertensive drug product by using technology transfer approaches from Research and development to manufacturing site.
The document discusses the construction, working, validation process, and qualification protocols for a fluidized bed dryer (FBD) used in pharmaceutical applications. It describes the key components of an FBD and the fluidization drying process. Validation of the FBD involves design, installation, operational, and performance qualifications to ensure proper functioning.
This document provides information on validating solid dosage forms. It discusses advantages and disadvantages of solid dosage forms, defines validation, and outlines steps for validating raw materials including testing multiple batches from suppliers. It also discusses analytical method validation and controlling process variables. Parameters for estimating process validation are presented, including evaluating critical parameters over three batches to determine specification compliance. The document outlines guidelines for solid dosage form validation and provides a checklist of validation and control documentation.
This document provides an overview of Quality by Design (QbD), a systematic approach to pharmaceutical development and manufacturing that emphasizes product and process understanding. It discusses key QbD concepts like critical quality attributes, design space, and control strategy. The document also outlines some advantages of QbD like improved quality, flexibility, and reduced regulatory oversight. Finally, it examines implications of QbD for various technical roles, including new skills needed and a shift towards more predictive and science-based approaches.
Process validation establishes documented evidence that a manufacturing process will consistently produce products meeting specifications. It involves qualifying facilities and equipment, validating critical process parameters, and revalidating when changes occur. Validation includes prospective validation of new processes and retrospective validation of existing stable processes by statistical analysis of historical batch data. Documentation of the validation master plan, protocols, reports, and results provide assurance that processes are properly controlled.
This document provides guidelines for process validation of pharmaceutical dosage forms issued by the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA). It outlines three stages of validation: process design, process qualification, and continued process verification. The guidelines describe the principles and approaches for validation, including qualification, protocols, reports, and management of changes. Process validation aims to ensure manufacturing processes are capable of consistently producing products of the required quality.
Palestra Summit Gigatron - Os desafios de um casal EmpreendedorAndré Bianchi
A União Europeia está preocupada com o impacto ambiental do plástico descartável e planeja proibir itens como canudos, talheres e pratos de plástico até 2021 para reduzir os resíduos plásticos nos oceanos. A proibição afetará produtos de plástico de único uso que são comumente encontrados nas praias e águas da UE. Isso faz parte dos esforços da UE para tornar a economia mais circular e sustentável.
Process validation is defined as collecting data throughout production to establish that a process can consistently deliver quality products. It involves three stages: process design, process qualification, and continued process verification. Process design uses development data to define the commercial process. Process qualification assesses if the process meets manufacturing targets. Continued process verification monitors all production aspects to ensure control. There are four types of validation: prospective, retrospective, concurrent, and revalidation. Prospective validation establishes a process can meet requirements before use. Retrospective uses historical data to validate existing processes. Concurrent monitors current production. Revalidation repeats validation due to changes.
The document discusses different approaches to process validation, including prospective and retrospective validation. Prospective validation involves experimentally validating a process before commercial use by executing a validation protocol. Retrospective validation involves analyzing historical batch data through statistical methods to demonstrate a process is controlled. Key aspects of both approaches are outlined such as including different raw material lots, running batches on different days/shifts, and confirming critical process parameters are within limits.
An analysis incoming quality control of material in manufacturing company l...Steve Sapp
This document summarizes a thesis submitted by Low Kuan Chuen to the National Technical University of Malaysia Malacca for a Bachelor of Engineering degree. The thesis analyzes quality control of incoming materials at a manufacturing company referred to as XX Company. It aims to identify issues with incoming materials and make recommendations to improve supplier relations and quality. Data collection and analysis techniques are used like control charts, cause-and-effect diagrams, and Pareto charts to understand problems and findings are constructed to provide suggestions for future enhancement.
The document provides guidance on quality inspection procedures for low voltage switchboards. It discusses the justification for quality inspection to ensure high quality equipment, detect issues, and reduce costs from defects. Quality inspection includes incoming, in-process, and final inspections. It aims to satisfy customers, guide staff training, and ensure safety and economic results. The inspector's role is to check products meet requirements and standards using inspection documents and means.
Quality managment impacts in constructionKhaled Eid
1. The document discusses quality management and ISO 9000 standards for construction projects. It analyzes problems that medium-sized construction companies may face when implementing quality management processes.
2. Implementing an ISO-compliant quality management system typically takes 1-2 years and costs around $250,000 on average. It requires extensive documentation which can increase costs and reduce productivity.
3. Potential issues include lack of resources, unnecessary procedures, restricted creativity, increased operating costs and ensuring timely information flows. However, quality management systems also provide benefits like defined processes, continual improvement and increased customer satisfaction.
i hope,,,this ppt will be more helpful for every fresher textile engineer....that provide the basic concept of quality for the product or service,,,,,,
Role of qa&qc in manufacturing presentationImran Jamil
This document discusses quality control, quality assurance, and quality improvement concepts. It provides examples of quality control and quality assurance activities in manufacturing, such as inspections, audits, and process documentation. Quality control focuses on inspection and testing to find defects, while quality assurance aims to prevent defects by improving processes. Quality improvement is about continuously studying processes to identify and implement solutions to problems. The goal is to create systems that prevent errors from occurring.
Therapure Biopharma provides bioprocessing services including technology transfer, process development, testing, validation, manufacturing, and project management. Located in Mississauga, Ontario, Therapure has expertise in developing and manufacturing proteins and biologics for clinical and commercial applications. Their services help clients bring products from pre-clinical through commercial stages while ensuring quality and regulatory compliance.
Definition
Scope of calibration
Scope of validation
Frequency of calibration
Importance/ purpose of calibration
Importance/ advantages of validation
Difference between calibration & validation
The document describes key concepts from ICH Q8 guidelines on pharmaceutical development, including defining a quality target product profile, identifying critical quality attributes, using risk assessment to link material and process attributes to critical quality attributes, establishing a design space, implementing a control strategy, and continually improving the product over its lifecycle. The guidelines provide a framework for a quality by design approach to pharmaceutical development and manufacturing.
This document discusses quality, defining it as the degree of excellence a product possesses based on customer perception. Quality is discussed in terms of five approaches: transcendent, product-based, user-based, manufacturing-based, and value-based. A quality product meets customer requirements, maintains consistency, and evolves to enhance performance. Reasons for poor quality include lack of management commitment, unclear requirements, and inadequate process control. Quality management takes a scientific approach to achieve quality levels through planning, quality control, and continuous improvement.
Technology transfer in pharmaceutical industryRakesh Wani
Evaluation and optimization Anti-hypertensive drug product by using technology transfer approaches from Research and development to manufacturing site.
The document discusses the construction, working, validation process, and qualification protocols for a fluidized bed dryer (FBD) used in pharmaceutical applications. It describes the key components of an FBD and the fluidization drying process. Validation of the FBD involves design, installation, operational, and performance qualifications to ensure proper functioning.
This document provides information on validating solid dosage forms. It discusses advantages and disadvantages of solid dosage forms, defines validation, and outlines steps for validating raw materials including testing multiple batches from suppliers. It also discusses analytical method validation and controlling process variables. Parameters for estimating process validation are presented, including evaluating critical parameters over three batches to determine specification compliance. The document outlines guidelines for solid dosage form validation and provides a checklist of validation and control documentation.
This document provides an overview of Quality by Design (QbD), a systematic approach to pharmaceutical development and manufacturing that emphasizes product and process understanding. It discusses key QbD concepts like critical quality attributes, design space, and control strategy. The document also outlines some advantages of QbD like improved quality, flexibility, and reduced regulatory oversight. Finally, it examines implications of QbD for various technical roles, including new skills needed and a shift towards more predictive and science-based approaches.
Process validation establishes documented evidence that a manufacturing process will consistently produce products meeting specifications. It involves qualifying facilities and equipment, validating critical process parameters, and revalidating when changes occur. Validation includes prospective validation of new processes and retrospective validation of existing stable processes by statistical analysis of historical batch data. Documentation of the validation master plan, protocols, reports, and results provide assurance that processes are properly controlled.
This document provides guidelines for process validation of pharmaceutical dosage forms issued by the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA). It outlines three stages of validation: process design, process qualification, and continued process verification. The guidelines describe the principles and approaches for validation, including qualification, protocols, reports, and management of changes. Process validation aims to ensure manufacturing processes are capable of consistently producing products of the required quality.
Palestra Summit Gigatron - Os desafios de um casal EmpreendedorAndré Bianchi
A União Europeia está preocupada com o impacto ambiental do plástico descartável e planeja proibir itens como canudos, talheres e pratos de plástico até 2021 para reduzir os resíduos plásticos nos oceanos. A proibição afetará produtos de plástico de único uso que são comumente encontrados nas praias e águas da UE. Isso faz parte dos esforços da UE para tornar a economia mais circular e sustentável.
20161216 Северное сияние + глаз Гора + КалендарьAndrei A. Emelin
Так формируется СИНТЕЗ ЗНАНИЙ АСТРОНОМИИ И АСТРОЛОГИИ, ОТРИЦАЕМЫЙ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ НАУКОЙ:
Северное сияние + Глаз Гора + первоначальная система времяисчисления
Найдя местоположение точки наблюдений и начала исчисления Годового Цикла нам открываются следующие Знания о причинах и источнике времяисчисления:
Знание этого, дает понимание использования одними источниками 12 и 13 знаков Зодиака, 1 из них был спрятан за 12ю знаками, представляя собой «время для Богослужения» в период этого созвездия (времени с 30 ноября по 16 декабря в существующей системе времяисчисления)
И открывает нам ЗНАНИЕ и причину использования не 12+1=13, а 16 и 27 созвездий, являющихся основой первоначальной системы времяисчисления, о которой и пойдет речь далее в следующих материалах, объясняя принципиальные отличия в производимых наблюдениях за временем и оборотами циклов Объектов Солнечной системы и Галактики, давая нам наиболее точные значения ряда достоверных констант предметных областей Знаний, ставших впоследствии интерпретированными базовыми константами, потерявшими свои первоначальные Значения в результате их многократной интерпретации (преобразования с целью сокрытия плагиата) разными Культурами народов Мира.
Projek detektor asap rokok berbasis Arduino ini menggunakan sensor MQ-2 untuk mendeteksi kadar asap rokok, buzzer dan LED sebagai indikator, LCD untuk menampilkan kondisi, serta kipas untuk membersihkan asap. Ketika sensor mendeteksi asap, buzzer berbunyi, LED merah menyala, dan LCD menampilkan "Ada Asap Rokok". Kipas akan bekerja hingga asap hilang, lalu LED berubah hijau dan LCD menunjukkan
Este documento contiene preguntas sobre varios textos literarios medievales españoles como las jarchas, canciones de amigo, el Libro del Buen Amor y las Coplas a la muerte de su padre de Jorge Manrique. Analiza temas, estructuras y tópicos literarios como el amor, la muerte y la condición humana en estas obras representativas de la lírica y literatura medieval española.
Javid Ali is a Pakistani national seeking a networking role. He has 9 years of experience in Gulf countries installing and maintaining networking equipment including CCTV cameras, fiber optic and UTP cabling, switches, routers and wireless devices. He is proficient in Windows, Office, and has technical and professional qualifications in networking, commerce and civil draughtsmanship. He is immediately available and has references from his work in Saudi Arabia.
Boostez votre trafic en magasin grâce à PROXI d'iSendPro telecomiSendPro Telecom
PROXI vous permet d'envoyer le bon message au bon moment au bon endroit. Vos offres promotionnelles sont reçues par les abonnés Orange en fonction de leur position géographique et de votre segmentation.
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The document discusses the organs that make up the speech apparatus and the articulators involved in producing speech sounds. It notes that the first element to contact the vocal cords is air, which distinguishes between voiced and unvoiced consonants. The active articulators that can move include the lips, tongue, vocal cords, lungs and certain teeth, while passive articulators that cannot move include other parts of the lips, teeth and palate. Consonant sounds are described by their voicing, place and manner of articulation. The document also discusses linguistic inconsistencies in English spelling and differences between orthography and phonology.
This document summarizes a meeting agenda for the IMC Cinema Group. The agenda covers social media strategies and evaluations, user experience issues, recommendations for improvements, database structure, and community guidelines. Key discussions include analyzing social media platforms, identifying problems from user evaluations, applying heuristics to the design, and outlining stakeholders and risk protocols.
El documento resume los resultados de una campaña de marketing digital para promover el Valle El Tambo en varias redes sociales. Instagram, Snapchat, WordPress y la página web tuvieron más éxito al alcanzar las metas y generar interacción con posibles visitantes, mientras que Facebook y Pinterest no lograron generar tantas visitas ni interacción. Spotify también fue efectiva al proponer una playlist para promover el destino.
Similar to Assess quality level of the final product by using Demerit system: A case study in one industry of General Company for Electronic Industries
U.S.F.D.A. was the pioneer in the concept of process validation.
Validation had proven to be an important tool for quality management of pharmaceutical according to ISO 9000:2000.
Chapter 1 (Lecture 1-3)-Basic Concept of Quality and Quality Control.pptxVandaMnica1
This document discusses key concepts related to quality and quality control. It defines quality as the characteristics of a product or service that determine its ability to meet customer demands. Aspects of quality include performance, conformance, reliability, durability, innovative features, serviceability, ease of use, and aesthetics. Factors that affect quality are the customer, processes, employees, and materials/suppliers. Poor quality can lead to lower productivity, material loss, loss of business, and liability issues. Quality control involves checking and regulating quality through verification activities, while quality assurance focuses on preventing defects through proactive processes and audits.
Chapter 1 (Lecture 1-3)-Basic Concept of Quality and Quality Control.pptxMohammedAbuBakkerSid2
This document discusses key concepts related to quality and quality control. It defines quality as the characteristics of a product or service that determine its ability to meet customer demands. Aspects of quality include performance, conformance, reliability, durability, innovative features, serviceability, ease of use, and aesthetics. Factors that affect quality are the customer, processes, employees, and materials/suppliers. Poor quality can lead to lower productivity, material loss, loss of business, and liability issues. Quality control involves checking and regulating quality through verification activities, while quality assurance focuses on preventing defects through proactive processes and audits.
This document discusses quality control implementation in four manufacturing companies in Malaysia. It provides an overview of quality control techniques and discusses the specific techniques used by each company, including acceptance sampling, control charts, failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), and design of experiments. The companies represented different industries: cables, soft drinks, plastics, and air conditioning. Each company faced some challenges in implementation, such as setting new specifications, integrating quality monitoring systems, training workers in statistical process control, and difficulties using control charts. The study aimed to identify motivating factors and challenges in quality control implementation.
This document discusses quality control techniques, including statistical quality control. It covers topics such as quality characteristics that can be measured, sources of variation in manufacturing processes, controlling variation, objectives of quality control programs, concepts of inspection and statistical quality control, benefits of quality control programs, and basic terminology used in statistical quality control like frequency distributions and histograms. The overall goal of quality control techniques is to ensure products meet specifications and customer expectations by monitoring processes for variation and taking actions to prevent defects.
Concept of quality
Total Quality Management
Quality by Design
Six sigma concept
Out of specification
Change control
Introduction to ISO 9000 series of quality systems standards,
ISO 14000,
NABL
GLP
The document discusses the FDA's 2011 guidance on a lifecycle approach to process validation. It begins by explaining the differences between the 1987 guidance and the 2011 guidance, which focuses on three stages: process design, process qualification, and continued process verification. The document then goes into detail about each stage, explaining the goals and key activities of each stage. It provides details on what should be included in process qualification protocols, execution of process qualification, and ongoing activities in continued process verification.
The document provides an overview of quality assurance and reliability (QAR). It discusses key concepts like quality control, statistical quality control, quality assurance, reliability, and the responsibilities of different departments in ensuring quality. Statistical tools for quality control include control charts, sampling distributions, measures of central tendency and dispersion. The document also covers cost of quality, hidden costs, quality losses, and techniques to reduce quality issues like following the Rule of Tens.
The document discusses several key dimensions and definitions of quality in software development. It describes quality as meeting requirements, meeting user needs and expectations, and being developed according to sound engineering practices. The quality process involves planning, assurance, control and prevention of defects. Testing is important but has limitations - it occurs late, catches only code issues, and does not ensure other quality attributes. Quality assurance involves standards, reviews, audits and feedback to stakeholders throughout the development lifecycle.
Quality management concepts include defining quality as customer satisfaction and fitness for use. Total quality management (TQM) is an organization-wide effort to improve quality. Key elements of TQM are leadership, employee involvement, continuous improvement, and customer focus. Implementing TQM requires integrating its principles into daily operations through strategic planning, communication, and process management tools like statistical process control.
Validation is the process of proving that procedures, processes, equipment, etc. produce expected results. It is important in pharmaceutical manufacturing to ensure consistent quality. There are three key points to validation: evidence must be documented, it applies to manufacturing processes and equipment, and it demonstrates systems perform as expected. Validation has several benefits including increased process knowledge, assured repeatability and quality, reduced costs from failures, and decreased risk of regulatory issues. It helps maintain compliance with cGMP regulations and ensures a higher degree of quality in pharmaceutical products.
This document discusses key concepts in quality management. It defines quality as meeting customer satisfaction through both product features and freedom from deficiencies. Total quality management (TQM) is described as an organization-wide effort to improve quality. Several quality gurus who contributed to the field are discussed, including Deming, Juran, and Crosby. The summary emphasizes the importance of continuous improvement, customer focus, and preventing defects to reduce costs.
Quality management involves defining quality, understanding customers and products, and implementing total quality management. Quality is defined as meeting customer requirements through both product design and conformance to specifications. Total quality management is an organization-wide effort to improve quality through elements like leadership, employee involvement, continuous improvement, and customer focus. Implementing TQM requires integrating its principles into daily operations through strategic planning, communication, and process management techniques like statistical process control.
The document discusses key concepts in quality management including definitions of quality, total quality management (TQM), customers, products, and how customer satisfaction is achieved. It also discusses reasons why quality has become a priority, different perspectives on quality, levels of quality in organizations, views of quality in services, historical philosophies of quality, and influential quality gurus such as Deming, Juran, and Shewhart and their philosophies and contributions to quality management.
CH 3 Quality management and Control.pptxamanuel236786
The document provides an overview of quality management concepts including definitions of quality from different perspectives, dimensions of quality for both products and services, costs of quality, total quality management principles, statistical process control charts, and types of statistical sampling. Some key points summarized:
- Quality is defined as meeting or exceeding customer requirements now and in the future from the customer's perspective, and producing a product that meets specifications from the producer's perspective.
- Dimensions of quality include quality of design, quality of conformance, and abilities like reliability and maintainability. For services, dimensions include timeliness, completeness, and courtesy.
- Costs of quality include prevention costs, appraisal costs, internal failure costs, and external failure costs
Similar to Assess quality level of the final product by using Demerit system: A case study in one industry of General Company for Electronic Industries (20)
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
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Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
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Assess quality level of the final product by using Demerit system: A case study in one industry of General Company for Electronic Industries
1. Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering And Science
Vol.6, Issue 9 (October 2016), PP -01-07
Issn (e): 2278-4721, Issn (p):2319-6483, www.researchinventy.com
1
Assess quality level of the final product by using Demerit system:
A case study in one industry of General Company for Electronic
Industries
Hussain ridha mahdi Al-ansari1
, A/P Dr. Nidaa Saleh Mahdi2
1
Department of Total Quality Management Techniques Technical College of Management Baghdad, Iraq
2
Department of Total Quality Management Techniques Technical College of Management Baghdad, Iraq
Abstract: This research aims to use a demerit system as a method to evaluate the level of the quality of the final
product. Demerit system was applied as a case study to obtain the research objectives in the factory of
transformers and household appliances, which represents as a majority factory in the formations of the general
company for Electronic Industries. In this research, the Reflective Product was selected as a sample research.
Several of the quantitative and scientific instruments that represent demerit system were used to achieve the
research objectives. The results demonstrations that adopted identified each of the level of the quality of the
final Reflective Product and standard level of quality are very important during the period of the assessment
final product.
Keywords: Product quality; Demerit system; value demerit; standard level of quality; Quality Index; Demerit
quality control
I. Introduction
Investigate the quality of product an important aim for any organizations, because of the poor quality of
the products leads to affect customers' confidence. Thus, could be a reluctance to buy its products. This leads to
encourage the majority of the organizations to focus on delivering a high level of the quality products.
Investigate the product quality is examined through three phases; (1) pre-production (2) during the
process of production, and (3) post-production. To ensure that the quality of the product is investigated, this
research use method to assess the quality of the product for all operation process such us, a demerit system to
evaluate the quality level the final product (post-production). This is a significantstage to evaluate the quality of
the final product, as it represents the last stage before delivery to the customer, which needs focus on this stage in
order to provide defect-free products.
II. Methodology
Currently, increasing complexity of the product leads to the appearance of different types of defects in
the final industrial product,which effects on product quality. In additional on, the emphasis on quality at any/or
all stages of the production process and the manufacturing process is required. Furthermore, evaluatethe quality
of the final product is important for investigatingthe level of production quality, because, it represents the last
stage before delivery to the customer. Thisneeds focus on the last stage of the production process in order to avoid
the arrival of defective products to customers, which may harm the reputation of the organization.
For this reason, theauthors’define the significant like this research, which can be expressed in the research
problem by examining research questions.
The research questions were: -
1) What is the level of quality of the final product reflective during the evaluation period?
2) What is the quality standard reflective of the level of the final product during the period of assessment?
3) Does the factory can provide a reflective product quality level higher than the standard level of quality
during the evaluation period?
The main objectives of this research are represented to identify; (1) the reflective quality level of the
final product by using the demerit system (2) determine the standard level of quality reflective of the final product
during the period of assessment, and (3) determine the industry's ability to presenting the highest level of product
than the standard level of quality of reflective quality product during the period of assessment.
The main significance of thisresearch is attempting to identify the level of the final product quality by
using demerit system.Therefore,identify the enhancements to be made in order to improve the level of
quality.This is reflected in improving the reputation of the Reflective Product in the market, as well as, provides
the information to directors about the effects of the control system through demerit that display on the quality
2. Assess quality level of the final product by using Demerit system: A case study in one industry of ..
2
control, and motivates employees to establish new ideasthat associatedwith improving the quality and reducing
the rates of defects in production.
This is research applied in the factory of transformers and household appliances of the general company
for electronic industries, because it produces a severaltypes of complex products. This offers the possibility to
apply the demerit system. Reflective product has been chosen to be the research sample.Thisresearch adoptedthe
case study method as being suitable to like this research. The data collected by using a several methods such as;
(1) personal observations (2) interviews with the director’s and staff, and (3) access to records and its formal
documents.The results enable the researchers to improve a rating system defects and assisted the factory area to
evaluate the level of the quality product.
III. Literature Review
A. QUALITY
The term of (Quality) is commonly used in the English Language. This term originally translated from
the Latin word (QUALITUS), which is also a translation of the Greek word (ποιοτεσ) discovered by Affiliation.
The meaning of quality has been changed over time, but still (good quality) means the reliability of products or
services according to the productivity requirement [1]. Garvin (1984) presented five basic entrances to quality.
These are as the following [2]:-
1) Entrance depends on use: Refers to quality according to this approach as the appropriate use of the product;
the reliability of products/services to perform their function according to the specifications accepted by
customer's satisfaction.
2)Entrance depends on the product: In this approach, quality refers to the accuracy and the ability to measure
the items or characteristics, which required in the product as customers wanted.
3)The entrance of excellence: The quality within this entrance in the product's ability to satisfy the customer
expectations. In this approach, the majority of organizations attempted to relevance between product
characteristics and customer expectations.
4)Entrance depends on manufacturing: refers that quality display according to entrance-making "defect-free
products", by adopting on comparison final product with design specifications required. This is consistent with
the concepts of quality in Japan.
5)Entrance depends on the value: This approach aims that quality considered through their relationship with the
price, as some of the customers may prefer the products that have a lower price compared with low specifications.
Juran and Godfrey (1999) argued that the quality term has several of meanings; but, in this research has
highlighted two of the most important meanings for the quality. These are as follows [3]:-
a)Quality is those characteristics of the products that satisfactory to the customer needs. In this research, the
quality directed to increase revenue. The purpose of providing the products or services within higher quality
levels is to increase the customer satisfaction, which leads in general to increase revenues.
b)Qualityis continuedact to remove the each of the defects and errors that need to extra work (re-work) in order to
achieve, that leads to resented customers. In this case, the quality focus directed to the costs, as the higher quality
means lower costs.
B. MEASURING (EVALUATION) PRODUCT QUALITY
The quality measure or evaluate are an important stage to achieve the quality of the product, because it
contributions the majority of an organization to control progress that leads to achieving the goals of quality
through the comparison between the actual performance and pre-defined goals [4]. The quality measurement is
the first step to adjusting and improving the quality through the availability of accurate data required to analyse
and solve the problems modify at the level of quality. Where, James Harrington the expert on the quality theme
said; “measurement is the first step that leads to the control system, then ultimately leads to obtaining
improved”[5]. The quality measure is a critical stage in the three main operations; (1) quality planning (2) quality
control, and (3) quality.
The Bell Labs Inc. for “wired-mobile” had a significant impact on the development of quality
measurement. In 1925, a new department had been established for the development and examination production
process and quality measure for the quality of economic criteria. This leads to obtaining several benefits in this
theme. This development is included; Acceptance samples, LTPD sampling tables, AOQL sampling tables, and
the demerit system [7].
C. DEMERIT SYSTEM
In 1926, demerit system introduced for the first time by (Dodge), and has been applied exclusively to
Western Electric Company. Where this system can be used with any product which has non-conformities varying
degrees of risk. Therefore, it is determined according to the level of the defect and its impact on the product
quality [9].
3. Assess quality level of the final product by using Demerit system: A case study in one industry of ..
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The main objective of the use of demerit system is to identify several different types of defects in the complex
products at one time [10]. This is applied through classified defects into four categories with giving relative
weights for each category according to the demerit system, as follows[11]:-
Class (A) Defects: Very serious, which established with a relative weight (100).
Class (B) Defects: Seriously, this established with a relative weight (50).
Class (C) Defects: Moderately serious, which established with a relative weight (10).
Class (D) Defects: Not serious, which established with a relative weight (1).
To apply the demerit system requires a series of steps to be followed:-
1) Calculating Value demerit ( ) by the equation (1) as follows [9, 10]:-
)
Where;
: Number of demerit points for product unit.
The number of defects diagnosed for category (A, B, C, D),during the evaluation period.
n: The number of units that have been evaluated during a specific period of time.
2) Determine the level of the quality levelof the final product in accordance with international standard ISO 9000
and related accessories, by relying on a number of demerit point diagnosed per unit as shown in Table 1 [12].
Table 1 Quality classifies according to the number of demerit points
Number of
demerit points
Quality
ratio
Quality
Recognition
Class Quality
0 - 0.99 100% Very Excellent First
1 – 1.99 90% Excellent Second
2 – 2.99 80% Very good Third
3 – 3.99 70% Good Fourth
4 - 4.99 60% Acceptable Fifth
5 and over - Rejected -
3- Calculating standard level of quality ( ), by using the following equation (2) [13, 14].
+10 + 1
Where;
: Standardized level of quality
, , ,and :The average defects per unit of each category (A, B, C, and D) for the number of samples. This
is calculated as follows:-
= =
=
4- Calculating Quality Index ( ) for the comparable value demerit ( ) with the standard level of quality ( ). A
calculates obtained by using the following equation [15].
After determining the value of ( ), the evaluation will be conducted according to the following cases: -
A- If [ = 1]; the level of quality is equal to the standard level of quality.
B- If [ I <1]; the level of quality is better than the standard level of quality.
C- If [ >1]; the level of quality is less than the standard level of quality.
5) Establishment of the demerit control chart for the number of demerits to determine the number of units that
are outside the control limits, by using the following equations; 4, 5 and 6 [13, 14].
Where:-
CL: Central line
UCL: Upper Control Limit
LCL: Lower Control Limit
The standard deviation which is calculated according to the following equation (7):-
......(7)
4. Assess quality level of the final product by using Demerit system: A case study in one industry of ..
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IV. Application demerit System
Examines the sample items, then the classification of defects into four categories as shown in Table (2). This
Table shows the number of defects and classes that are found in every month.
Calculating value demerit ( ) by using equation (1), as well as, it’s applied for the time-out of the other
months.
Table 2 The number and types of defects
Mon.
2013 2014
Classes of defects Classes of defects
A B C D A B C D
Jan. - 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 2 5
Feb. - 0 0 0 0 15 0 1 0 2
Mar. 30 0 1 1 4 25 0 0 3 2
Apr. 25 0 1 3 2 30 0 1 1 3
May 20 0 1 0 3 15 0 0 3 4
Jun. - - - - - - - - - -
July 35 0 1 2 4 25 0 2 1 4
Aug. 30 0 2 1 2 35 0 0 3 5
Sept. 20 0 1 2 5 20 0 1 0 4
Oct. 25 1 0 1 3 25 0 0 4 3
Nov. 20 0 1 0 2 20 0 0 3 1
Dec. 15 0 0 2 3 - 0 0 0 0
Total 220 1 8 12 28 235 0 5 20 33
Determine the degree of level quality of the final product as shows in Table (1). The value of the
demerit for the month of March is (2.13). So, the level of the production quality is (80%), this
appears a very good. This method will be used to calculate demerit values and determine the level
of quality for the time-out of the other months. The final results obtained showed in Table (3) and
(4).
Table 3 Value of the demerit and the level of quality reflective product in 2013
Table 4 Value of the demerit and the level of quality reflective product in 2014
Mon. 2014
Quality Rate Quality Recognition Class Quality
Jan. 1 90% Excellent Second
Feb. 3.46 70% Good Fourth
Mar. 1.28 90% Excellent Second
Mon. 2013
Quality Rate Quality Recognition Class Quality
Jan. - -
Feb. - -
Mar. 2.13 80% Very good Third
Apr. 3.28 70% Good Fourth
May 2.65 80% Very good Third
Jun. - - - -
July 2.11 80% Very good Third
Aug. 3.73 70% Good Fourth
Sept. 3.75 70% Good Fourth
Oct. 4.52 60% Acceptable Fifth
Nov. 2.6 80% Very good Third
Dec. 1.53 90% Excellent Second
5. Assess quality level of the final product by using Demerit system: A case study in one industry of ..
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Apr. 2.1 80% Very good Third
May 2.26 80% Very good Third
Jun. - -
July 4.56 60% Acceptable Fifth
Aug. 1 90% Excellent Second
Sept. 2.7 80% Very good Third
Oct. 1.72 90% Excellent Second
Nov. 1.55 90% Excellent Second
Dec. - -
As can be seen in Table3 & 4, the results obtain above are investigated the first question in this research.
Calculating the value of a standard level of quality for a reflective product by using equation 2.
=0.002198==
==
==
==
As can be seen from the results above, that ( ) estimated (2.48) as indicated in Table (2). The
percentage of outcomes of the product quality in the factory of a transformer and home appliances for a reflective
product during the years (2013 and 2014)were estimated at about 80%. This appears a very good rate. The class
degree of level quality is the Third. These results answered the second question in the research.
5- Calculating Quality Index ( ) by using equation (3). This is also applied for other months.
As can be seen from the results obtained above, the quality index value for the month of March was less
than 1. This means that the quality of a reflective product for this month has a better level degree of the standard
quality. The final results for other months will be calculated quality indicator during the evaluation period, as
illustrated in Tables 5 and 6.
As an be seen from the results indicated in Table 5 and 6, the factory appears to have the ability to
produce higher level of the production than the standard level of the quality during the evaluation period. This
represents appears an answer to the Third question research.
Table 3 Quality Index in 2013
Mon. 2013
The status
Jan. - - -
Feb. - - -
Mar. 2.13 2.48 0.85 Best
Apr. 3.28 2.48 1.31 Less
May 2.65 2.48 1.06 Less
Jun. - - -
July 2.11 2.48 0.85 Best
Aug. 3.73 2.48 1.50 Less
Sept. 3.75 2.48 1.50 Less
Oct. 4.52 2.48 1.81 Less
Nov. 2.6 2.48 1.04 Less
6. Assess quality level of the final product by using Demerit system: A case study in one industry of ..
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Dec. 1.53 2.48 0.61 Best
Table 4 Quality Index in 2014
Mon.
2014
The status
Jan. 1 2.48 0.40 Best
Feb. 3.46 2.48 1.39 Less
Mar. 1.28 2.48 0.51 Best
Apr. 2.1 2.48 0.84 Best
May 2.26 2.48 0.91 Best
Jun. - - -
July 4.56 2.48 1.83 Less
Aug. 1 2.48 0.40 Best
Sept. 2.7 2.48 1.08 Less
Oct. 1.72 2.48 0.69 Best
Nov. 1.55 2.48 0.62 Best
Dec. - - -
6- Establishment the demerit control chart for the number of demerit system by using equations 4, 5 and 6.
= 0.47014
UCL=2. 48+ (3*0.47014)
UCL=3. 89
LCL=2. 48-(3*0.47014)
LCL=1. 07
As can be seen from the results obtained above, the limits of the demerit control chart are identified. As
well as, the values of the demerit were described in Tables 3 and 4. Figure (1) shows the demerit control chart.
Fig..1. Demerit control charts for Reflective product (2013 -2014)
As can be seen in Figure 1 above, the results obtain from data collectedshowsas the following:-
7. Assess quality level of the final product by using Demerit system: A case study in one industry of ..
7
The demerit values during ( ),for these months (October/2013 and July/2014) are equal to (respectively;
4.56 and 4.52) outside the control limits. This appears that level of quality isan upper control limit (UCL).
This result shows the decline in the level of quality during these two months, this requires the identification
of the causes of this decline in order to avoid it in the future.
The demerit values ( ) during the months (December/2014 and August/2014) is appeared equal to (1). This
result is below the LCL.
That the occurrence of demerit values ( ) for months (December and August) for the year 2014 were under
the LCL,which indicated depreciation of demerits. This means that the quality level of the product has been
distinct for two months.
The existence of four samples outside the level of control limits means that demerit control chart is
statistically not significant. This has required identifying the samples that are outside the upper limit address
UCL. This represents a high failure and a low level of the quality, while the demerit values were below the
LCL. This represents the proportion of a few demerits and consequently the high level of the quality.
V. Conclusions
In this research, the results show a lack of rejected in the final production, because of the demerit values
is less than 5. This devaluation of demerit values leads to an increase in the level of product quality reflector. The
percentage of the standard level of quality of a reflective product was found (80%) during the evaluation period.
This percentage shows; the quality of the reflective product is a very good. Becauseof it’s turned out the factory's
ability to provide a reflective product with a high level quality than the standard level of the quality. Furthermore,
the demerit quality control of reflective product was not significant statistically, because of the presence of four
batches found outside the standard control liner.
The low-value demerits lead to an increase in the level of the quality of the Reflective Product.The
demerit system depends on four categories of defects, which are the main reason for obtaining a low-value of the
demerits.
VI. Recommendations
Using the demerit system in the industrial organization provides the ability to determine the quality of a
reflective product level, which are more accurate and detailed. Also, this system can assist the industrial
company to improve the quality of a reflective product standard level by reducing the value of the demerits.
Thus, improvement is in the quality level of the Reflective Product. This system is able to be applied in the
industrial organization through the adopted qualitative control tools during the various production stages.
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