The document discusses the organs that make up the speech apparatus and the articulators involved in producing speech sounds. It notes that the first element to contact the vocal cords is air, which distinguishes between voiced and unvoiced consonants. The active articulators that can move include the lips, tongue, vocal cords, lungs and certain teeth, while passive articulators that cannot move include other parts of the lips, teeth and palate. Consonant sounds are described by their voicing, place and manner of articulation. The document also discusses linguistic inconsistencies in English spelling and differences between orthography and phonology.

1. ¿Qué órganos componen el aparato fonador?
Los órganos que pueden hacer posible el habla (lengua, labios, velo, etc)
¿Cuál es el primer elemento que hace contacto con las cuerdas vocales?
El primer elemento es el aire, que al pasar por la vocal cords, distingue los sonidos
consonánticos sordos y sonoros.
¿Cuáles son los articuladores activos?
Son aquellos que pueden moverse como el labio inferior, la
lengua, las cuerdas vocales, los pulmones, dientes
superiores, la mandíbula inferior.
¿Cuáles son los articuladores pasivos?
Son aquellos que no pueden moverse como el labio
superior, dientes superiores, el alveolo, el paladar, la úvula.
Los articuladores activos
tocan a los articuladores
pasivos para afectar el
movimiento del aire y
producir los sonidos
consonánticos.
Los aspectos a considerar al describir
los sonidos consonánticos son:
- The voicing.
- The place of articulation
- The manner of articulation

2. Linguistic Inconsistencies.- Is most common in English.
The spelling system.- The English
alphabet has 26 letters but more
than 40 sounds (the sounds consist
of vowels and consonants).
There are some differences between English
spelling and English sounds.

3. - Orthography is different to phonology
• Letters representing no sounds.- right, design, island,
bomb, wrong.
• More letters than sounds.- knee, know, knight.
- Phonology is different to orthography.
• Same letters, different sounds: hat, aim, all, any, ant,
above, orange.
• Same sounds, different letters: baby, they, steak, rain, may.
• More sounds than letters: fix, taxi, extra, exit. <x> /k//s/
- Dialect.- A regional variety derived from another parent
language the dialect include the phonology.
• Tire
• License
• Defense
• Tyre
• Licence
• Defence
The dialect has its own
form of structure.

4. Segments are the syllables of a word.
Suprasegmental elements
- Rhythm
- Accent
- Intonation

5. CLUSTERS When in a word or segment we have a group of two or more consonants (or vowels)
without vowels between them, there we can say that we have a cluster consonant.
Word initial clusters.- If consonants are sequenced word initially, the cluster is
known as word initial cluster.
A consonant generally plosive
consonants or some fricative
consonants.
LIQUID PHONEMES
English has two liquid phonemes,
one lateral /l/ and one rhotic / /
Initial cluster
CCV
Plosive consonants: /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/,
/d/, /g/.
Fricative consonants: /f/, /s/.
Liquid phonemes: /l/, / /.
<lend>, <red>.
/pr/, /pl/, /tr/, /kl/, /kr/,
/bl/, /br/, /dr/, /gr/, /gl/,
/fr/, /fl/.
<play>, <prime>, <train>, <class>,
<cry>, <blend>, <break>, <drive>,
<glad>, <green>, <flu>, <fray>.
English
Same structure is in English and in Spanish:
<planta>, <primo>, <triste>, <clases>,
<crema>, <bloque>, <brisa>, <drama>,
<glúteo>, <grasa>, <flecha>, <franela>.
Spanish
/s/ /p/, /t/, /k/ /r/, /l/ Initial cluster CCCV/s/ /l/, /m/, /n/, /p/, /t/, /k/ Initial cluster CCV
This phonotactic combination does
not exist in Spanish.
<slogan>, <small>, <snail>,
<special>, <stop>, <sky>.
<splash>, <spring>,
<strong>, <screen>,
<sclerosis>.

6. Medial clusters:
<CONS-TAN-CIA>
vcc-c vc-c
Inter syllabic.- is when the cluster is between the first and second segment.
- Inter syllabic
- Intra syllabic
Inter syllabic: vccc onst
Inter syllabic: vcc anc
Intra syllabic.- is when the cluster is into the second segment.
<SO-BRE-PO-BLA-CIÓN>
v-cc v-cc vv
Intra syllabic: vcc obr
Intra syllabic: vcc obl
Vowel cluster: vv io
Final clusters: is when we have cluster at the final position.
Length
A diphthong is a
vowel cluster