The document outlines the history and development of photovoltaic solar cells, starting from the first cell built by Edmond Becquerel in 1839 to the introduction of various materials such as silicon and organic polymers. It highlights the Topaz Solar Farm as one of the largest solar stations, utilizing advanced technology to capture light and convert it into electricity efficiently. Additionally, it discusses the advantages of organic solar cells, including their flexibility and ease of manufacturing, as well as the use of advanced materials like plasmonic nanoparticles to enhance light trapping.

2. HISTORY
● In 1839 EDMOND BECQUEREL built the
first photovoltaic cell
● In 1883 CHARLES FRiTTS
built the solid state
photovoltaic on applying a
layer of semiconductor
selenium.
25 April 1954 -”First practical photovoltaic cell was
evidenced at Bell laboratories.”

3. Photovoltaic
Solar Cells
Named after the semiconducting
materials they are made of
- silicon ,CdTe and CIGS

4. solar- cells made from crystalline silicon are in form
of wafers *160 - 240 micrometers thick

5. TOPAZ SOLAR FARM
Topaz solar farm is one of the largest photovoltaic solar stations on the world.
550 Megawatt power stations present in California.
Topaz solar farm from space.
The project covers 4,700 acres

6. Solar panels capture
light and convert
into electricity.
The metal strips
conducts the flow
of electrons
Electrons flow back
out of the house
and return to the
cell the the metal
backing
Antireflective coating-
Photons needed to
generate solar power-
absorbed by silicon
wafers and not
reflected away.

7. -THEY ARE FLEXIBLE
- Various types of organic solar cell
- Made from POLYMERS
-Single layered structure
-Multilayered structured cell
Organicsolarcells

8. ADVANTAGES
Easily Manufactured
Light weight
Can be used with Thin film substrates
● 1,ooo times thinner than silicon cells

10. 1. Flexibility as an Advantage,is shared
with thin- film photovoltaics,and is a
feature allowing solar-cells to be
encoporated into applications where
flexibility is an advantage
Materials used in plastic solar
cells can be synthesized using
organic chemistry methods
offering opportunities to tune-in
the properties of photoactive
materials
2
Organic polymers production do not require rare
materials and hence, reducing risk regarding cost and
supply.
3.

11. Researchers were able to increase the efficiency by using a nanostructured
“sandwich” of a metal that collects and traps light.
The sandwich - called a subwavelength plasmonic cavity -has a property to
collect light .
PLASMONIC particles are metal nanoparticles -silver,gold and platinum
highly capable of gripping sun-rays.

13. Electron Microscopic image of Gold mesh
Each hole is 175 nanometre in
size which is smaller than the
wavelength of light easing the
chances of trapping light.

14. PEDOT:PSS is a transparent, conductive
polymer. Highly ductile
PCBM : An electron acceptor material
INDIUM TIN OXIDE (ITO) :Most widely used
because of its electrical conductivity
and high optical transparency.
Can operate upto a temperature of
47320 degree Fahrenheit

15. Aluminium
Polyethylene-terephthalate( PET)
Polyaniline
Thermal- Gel
Graphene layer