Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and risk factors include hormonal influences like early menarche, late menopause, and family history, as well as non-hormonal factors like radiation exposure, alcohol consumption, high fat diet, and obesity. The document discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, genetics, screening, diagnosis, staging, and histopathology of breast cancer. Treatment options aim to prevent or reduce the risk of developing invasive breast cancer through chemoprevention, risk-reducing surgery, intensive screening, and management of early-stage disease.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. There are several types including ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and invasive ductal carcinoma. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage. For early-stage disease, lumpectomy with radiation or mastectomy are equivalent options. Lumpectomy is preferred for cosmetic reasons when possible. Reconstruction options are available for patients undergoing mastectomy.
This document discusses various types of breast tumours, including benign and malignant tumours. It describes fibroadenoma as the most common benign breast tumour, occurring typically in young women aged 15-30 years. It also discusses carcinoma of the breast, which it notes is one of the most common cancers worldwide. The document outlines the risk factors for breast cancer including genetic factors, excess estrogen exposure, family history, and lifestyle factors. It then describes the different types of breast cancer in more detail, distinguishing between in situ (non-invasive) and invasive forms, with infiltrating ductal carcinoma being the most common type of invasive breast cancer.
This document discusses breast cancer, including:
1. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States, and the second most common cause of cancer death in women. One in eight women will get breast cancer.
2. Risk factors for breast cancer include age, family history, benign breast disease, reproductive history, and environmental/lifestyle factors.
3. Genetic changes like mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, and p53 genes can increase the risk of breast cancer.
4. The main types of breast cancer are ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma. Prognosis depends on cancer stage and characteristics.
This document provides information on carcinoma of the breast, including:
- Breast cancer is the most common cause of death in middle-aged women in western countries.
- Aetiological factors for breast cancer include geographical, age-related, genetic, dietary, endocrine, and previous medical history factors.
- Breast cancer can be diagnosed through clinical examination, imaging tests, and biopsy. Staging evaluation determines the extent of the cancer and is important for determining prognosis and appropriate treatment.
Breast cancer by Waweru and Kavuka.pptptxvenusodero
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. The breasts are made up of glandular, connective, and fatty tissue. Risk factors include family history, early menarche, late menopause, and obesity. Symptoms may include breast lumps, nipple discharge, and skin changes. Diagnostic tests include clinical breast exams, mammograms, and biopsies of suspicious areas. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage.
breast cancer
cancer
epidemiology
community medicine
awareness of breast cancer
سرطان الثدي
وبائيات سرطان الثدي
epidemiology of breast cancer
prevention of breast cancer
risk factors of breast cancer
epidemiology of breast cancer in iraq
sign and symptoms of breast cancer
location of breast cancer
Criteria I – Introduction (4 points)1. Describe the common comCruzIbarra161
The SPPiRE trial is a cluster randomized controlled trial that aims to assess the effectiveness of a web guided medication review in reducing potentially inappropriate prescribing and polypharmacy in older patients taking many medications in Irish primary care. General practices are randomized to either the intervention of a web guided medication review plus training or usual GP care. The primary outcomes are the number of repeat medications and proportion of patients with at least one potentially inappropriate prescription. Secondary outcomes include quality of life, treatment burden, attitudes to deprescribing and healthcare utilization.
science has an evolving nature. what happened today may not be tomorrow, what is not today may happen tomorrow.
No one is complete so reading and thinking may open the door to the hidden ground.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. There are several types including ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and invasive ductal carcinoma. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage. For early-stage disease, lumpectomy with radiation or mastectomy are equivalent options. Lumpectomy is preferred for cosmetic reasons when possible. Reconstruction options are available for patients undergoing mastectomy.
This document discusses various types of breast tumours, including benign and malignant tumours. It describes fibroadenoma as the most common benign breast tumour, occurring typically in young women aged 15-30 years. It also discusses carcinoma of the breast, which it notes is one of the most common cancers worldwide. The document outlines the risk factors for breast cancer including genetic factors, excess estrogen exposure, family history, and lifestyle factors. It then describes the different types of breast cancer in more detail, distinguishing between in situ (non-invasive) and invasive forms, with infiltrating ductal carcinoma being the most common type of invasive breast cancer.
This document discusses breast cancer, including:
1. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States, and the second most common cause of cancer death in women. One in eight women will get breast cancer.
2. Risk factors for breast cancer include age, family history, benign breast disease, reproductive history, and environmental/lifestyle factors.
3. Genetic changes like mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, and p53 genes can increase the risk of breast cancer.
4. The main types of breast cancer are ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma. Prognosis depends on cancer stage and characteristics.
This document provides information on carcinoma of the breast, including:
- Breast cancer is the most common cause of death in middle-aged women in western countries.
- Aetiological factors for breast cancer include geographical, age-related, genetic, dietary, endocrine, and previous medical history factors.
- Breast cancer can be diagnosed through clinical examination, imaging tests, and biopsy. Staging evaluation determines the extent of the cancer and is important for determining prognosis and appropriate treatment.
Breast cancer by Waweru and Kavuka.pptptxvenusodero
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. The breasts are made up of glandular, connective, and fatty tissue. Risk factors include family history, early menarche, late menopause, and obesity. Symptoms may include breast lumps, nipple discharge, and skin changes. Diagnostic tests include clinical breast exams, mammograms, and biopsies of suspicious areas. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage.
breast cancer
cancer
epidemiology
community medicine
awareness of breast cancer
سرطان الثدي
وبائيات سرطان الثدي
epidemiology of breast cancer
prevention of breast cancer
risk factors of breast cancer
epidemiology of breast cancer in iraq
sign and symptoms of breast cancer
location of breast cancer
Criteria I – Introduction (4 points)1. Describe the common comCruzIbarra161
The SPPiRE trial is a cluster randomized controlled trial that aims to assess the effectiveness of a web guided medication review in reducing potentially inappropriate prescribing and polypharmacy in older patients taking many medications in Irish primary care. General practices are randomized to either the intervention of a web guided medication review plus training or usual GP care. The primary outcomes are the number of repeat medications and proportion of patients with at least one potentially inappropriate prescription. Secondary outcomes include quality of life, treatment burden, attitudes to deprescribing and healthcare utilization.
science has an evolving nature. what happened today may not be tomorrow, what is not today may happen tomorrow.
No one is complete so reading and thinking may open the door to the hidden ground.
This document provides information about carcinoma of the breast, including:
- The normal anatomy and structure of the breast.
- The main types of breast cancer like ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma in situ, and invasive lobular carcinoma.
- Risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods like imaging and biopsy, staging of breast cancer according to tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis.
- Histological classification, morphology, gene expression patterns, and prognosis for different types of breast cancers.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, affecting 1 in 9 women in the United States. It usually presents as a solitary, painless lump that is detected by self-examination. The incidence is highest in perimenopausal women and is rare before age 25. While the majority of breast cancers are invasive ductal carcinomas, other types include invasive lobular carcinoma, tubular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, and Paget's disease of the nipple. Risk factors include family history, early menarche, late first childbirth, and genetic mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2.
This document discusses breast cancer histopathology, including carcinoma in situ (LCIS and DCIS), invasive breast cancers (Paget's disease, medullary carcinoma, etc.), and breast cancer therapy approaches based on cancer type and stage. Key points include: LCIS and DCIS can be multicentric or multifocal; invasive cancers like invasive ductal carcinoma are the most common type; breast conservation is the standard treatment for early-stage cancers; and neoadjuvant therapy and endocrine therapy are options for locally advanced or metastatic cancers.
This document provides information about carcinoma of the breast, including:
- Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and the second most common cause of cancer death. It affects 1 in 9 women in the US.
- Risk factors include family history, early menarche, nulliparity, late age of first childbirth, fibrocystic changes, hereditary factors like BRCA1/2 mutations, and lifestyle/environmental factors.
- Breast cancer is classified as non-invasive (in situ) or invasive. Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common type, accounting for 80% of cases. Other types include invasive lobular carcinoma and rare histological variants.
- Staging
1. Breast carcinoma is classified based on histology, with invasive ductal carcinoma accounting for 70-85% of cases. Common risk factors include age, family history, and genetic mutations like BRCA1/2.
2. Presentation varies but may include a breast lump, nipple changes, or asymptomatic findings on screening. Diagnosis involves history, exam, and imaging tests.
3. Spread occurs via lymphatics to axillary nodes or bloodstream to distant sites like bone and lung. Prognosis depends on stage, with early-stage disease having better survival.
This document discusses the anatomy, histology, genetics, epidemiology, risk factors, histopathology, and molecular classification of breast cancer. It provides details on the normal anatomy of the breast and describes various precursor lesions and histological types of both in situ and invasive breast carcinomas. It discusses genetic factors like BRCA1/2 mutations and their associated risks. Prognostic markers like grade, stage, hormone receptors and HER2 are summarized. Molecular classification of breast cancer into intrinsic subtypes is introduced, along with the concept of cancer stem cells.
Carcinoma of the breast is the most common cause of cancer death in middle-aged women in western countries. In 2004, approximately 1.5 million new cases were diagnosed worldwide. In England and Wales, one in 12 women will develop breast cancer during their lifetime. The document discusses risk factors, clinical presentation, investigations, pathology, staging, prognosis, and treatment of breast cancer.
Chapter 38 role of surgery in cancer preventionNilesh Kucha
The document discusses the role of surgery in preventing cancers caused by hereditary genetic mutations. It focuses on several high-risk cancer syndromes including BRCA1/2 mutations which increase breast and ovarian cancer risk, CDH1 mutations which increase stomach cancer risk, and APC mutations which cause Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) and increase colon cancer risk. For each, it describes the associated cancer risks, genetic testing recommendations, surveillance guidelines, and risk-reducing surgical options such as prophylactic mastectomies, salpingo-oophorectomies, and gastrectomies. The timing of such surgeries is based on the earliest age of cancer onset in the
Carcinoma breast and its management (1).pptxDr Sajad Nazir
This ppt is about carcinoma breast, its types,presentation, diagnosis, examination,management and recent trends in it.
Sentinel lymph node indications, axillary lymph node management.
Indications for chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
This is mainly for post graduates...
Kindly read anatomy of breast before proceeding for cancer breast and its management
This document provides an overview of breast cancer including what it is, causes and risks, symptoms, epidemiology, BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, early detection methods, treatments, and a checklist for screening. It discusses that breast cancer primarily affects women and is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. It also summarizes the stages of breast cancer from 0 to IV, treatments including radiation, chemotherapy, surgery, and hormonal therapy, and vaccines that are being researched.
This document discusses oncologic disorders and breast cancer. It provides details on carcinogenesis, cancer development and progression, breast cancer risk factors and presentation, diagnosis, staging, prognostic factors, and treatment approaches for early, locally advanced, and metastatic breast cancer. Treatment involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, targeted therapies, and palliation depending on the cancer stage and characteristics. The goal is cure for early-stage cancer and disease control for advanced or metastatic cancer through prolonging survival and improving quality of life.
Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecological cancer. Risk factors include low parity, infertility, family history of breast or ovarian cancer, and genetic mutations. Symptoms are often vague until late stages. Most cancers are epithelial in origin and present at advanced stage III or IV at diagnosis, contributing to poor prognosis. Treatment involves surgical staging and tumor debulking followed by chemotherapy. Screening methods to improve early detection are still lacking.
1. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, accounting for 33% of all female cancers.
2. Risk factors include hormonal factors like early menarche, late menopause, and genetic factors such as mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.
3. Diagnostic tools include mammography, ultrasound, and MRI. Mammography is the standard screening tool but has limitations in detecting cancers in dense breasts or in young women. Ultrasound and MRI can help identify cancers not seen on mammography.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, accounting for 26% of cancers. Genetic factors play a role, with around 10% of cases having inherited mutations like BRCA1/BRCA2. Risk is increased by factors like family history, benign breast disease, older age at first birth, hormone therapy, obesity, alcohol. Screening includes annual mammograms from age 40 and clinical exams. High risk women may benefit from more intense screening or preventative surgery/drugs due to genetic mutations or family history. Molecular markers help classify subtypes with different prognoses.
Cervical cancer arises from the transformation zone of the cervix where squamous and glandular cells meet. It is caused most commonly by persistent infection with high-risk HPV types. Globally there are over 500,000 new cases and 250,000 deaths annually, though rates have declined in countries with widespread cervical cancer screening. Early lesions are usually asymptomatic while late stages can present with vaginal bleeding or discharge. Screening includes Pap tests and HPV testing to detect pre-cancerous lesions, which if found are typically treated to prevent progression to invasive cancer. Invasive cancers are staged surgically and may require additional chemotherapy or radiation treatment.
It contains details about breast carcinoma-pathology,investigations and diagnosis,NACT,surgery and adjuvant therapy. Hope you will find it helpful.....
This document discusses the role of surgery in preventing hereditary cancers. It describes several hereditary cancer syndromes where prophylactic surgery can significantly reduce cancer risk, including breast cancer associated with BRCA1/2 mutations and diffuse gastric cancer associated with CDH1 mutations. For these high-risk conditions, the document reviews cancer risks, genetic testing approaches, screening options, and evidence regarding risk-reducing surgeries such as mastectomy and gastrectomy. It provides guidance on identifying appropriate candidates and timing for preventive surgical interventions.
Breast Carcinoma.
Breast cancer is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that starts in the cells of the breast and spread to other tissues.
The most common form of cancer among women
It is estimated that each year more than 83,000 cases of breast cancer are reported in Pakistan. Nearly 40,000 women die, just due to this deadly disease
Carcinoma of the breast occurs commonly in the western world,accounting for 3–5% of all deaths in women. In developing countries it accounts for 1–3% of death
The most common form of cancer among women
The second most common cause of cancer related mortality
1 of 8 women (12.2%)
This document discusses several types of cancers. It begins by focusing on breast cancer, noting that it is the most common non-skin cancer in women. Several risk factors for breast cancer are described, including age, family history, reproductive history, lifestyle factors, and genetic factors. Treatment options for breast cancer like lumpectomy, mastectomy, and lymph node removal are explained. The document then discusses other cancers like cervical, endometrial, ovarian, prostate, penile, testicular cancers and cancers of the esophagus, providing details on risk factors, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options for each.
Epithelial ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer death in women. The peak incidence is around age 60. Serous carcinomas are the most common type and often originate from the fallopian tubes. Symptoms are often vague until late stages, making early detection challenging. Screening methods have not proven effective at reducing mortality from ovarian cancer. Surgical staging and optimal debulking surgery along with chemotherapy are the mainstay of treatment.
This document provides an overview of acute abdomen, including causes, clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and management. Acute abdomen refers to new onset abdominal pain that requires determining if urgent intervention is needed, and can be caused by surgical, medical, or gynecological issues. A thorough history and physical exam are important for diagnosis, and may be supplemented by laboratory tests, imaging, or laparoscopy. Depending on the underlying cause, management can include surgery, antibiotics and supportive care, or discharge with conservative treatment and observation.
This document defines and classifies different types of joints in the body. It begins by explaining that a joint is the union between two or more bones that allows varying degrees of movement. There are three main classifications of joints: fibrous joints which have minimal movement; cartilaginous joints which allow slight movement; and synovial joints which allow the greatest range of movement. Within synovial joints, the document further distinguishes six types - gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket - based on their structure and the motions they permit. It concludes by defining common angular, circular, and special movements associated with different joints.
This document provides information about carcinoma of the breast, including:
- The normal anatomy and structure of the breast.
- The main types of breast cancer like ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma in situ, and invasive lobular carcinoma.
- Risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods like imaging and biopsy, staging of breast cancer according to tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis.
- Histological classification, morphology, gene expression patterns, and prognosis for different types of breast cancers.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, affecting 1 in 9 women in the United States. It usually presents as a solitary, painless lump that is detected by self-examination. The incidence is highest in perimenopausal women and is rare before age 25. While the majority of breast cancers are invasive ductal carcinomas, other types include invasive lobular carcinoma, tubular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, and Paget's disease of the nipple. Risk factors include family history, early menarche, late first childbirth, and genetic mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2.
This document discusses breast cancer histopathology, including carcinoma in situ (LCIS and DCIS), invasive breast cancers (Paget's disease, medullary carcinoma, etc.), and breast cancer therapy approaches based on cancer type and stage. Key points include: LCIS and DCIS can be multicentric or multifocal; invasive cancers like invasive ductal carcinoma are the most common type; breast conservation is the standard treatment for early-stage cancers; and neoadjuvant therapy and endocrine therapy are options for locally advanced or metastatic cancers.
This document provides information about carcinoma of the breast, including:
- Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and the second most common cause of cancer death. It affects 1 in 9 women in the US.
- Risk factors include family history, early menarche, nulliparity, late age of first childbirth, fibrocystic changes, hereditary factors like BRCA1/2 mutations, and lifestyle/environmental factors.
- Breast cancer is classified as non-invasive (in situ) or invasive. Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common type, accounting for 80% of cases. Other types include invasive lobular carcinoma and rare histological variants.
- Staging
1. Breast carcinoma is classified based on histology, with invasive ductal carcinoma accounting for 70-85% of cases. Common risk factors include age, family history, and genetic mutations like BRCA1/2.
2. Presentation varies but may include a breast lump, nipple changes, or asymptomatic findings on screening. Diagnosis involves history, exam, and imaging tests.
3. Spread occurs via lymphatics to axillary nodes or bloodstream to distant sites like bone and lung. Prognosis depends on stage, with early-stage disease having better survival.
This document discusses the anatomy, histology, genetics, epidemiology, risk factors, histopathology, and molecular classification of breast cancer. It provides details on the normal anatomy of the breast and describes various precursor lesions and histological types of both in situ and invasive breast carcinomas. It discusses genetic factors like BRCA1/2 mutations and their associated risks. Prognostic markers like grade, stage, hormone receptors and HER2 are summarized. Molecular classification of breast cancer into intrinsic subtypes is introduced, along with the concept of cancer stem cells.
Carcinoma of the breast is the most common cause of cancer death in middle-aged women in western countries. In 2004, approximately 1.5 million new cases were diagnosed worldwide. In England and Wales, one in 12 women will develop breast cancer during their lifetime. The document discusses risk factors, clinical presentation, investigations, pathology, staging, prognosis, and treatment of breast cancer.
Chapter 38 role of surgery in cancer preventionNilesh Kucha
The document discusses the role of surgery in preventing cancers caused by hereditary genetic mutations. It focuses on several high-risk cancer syndromes including BRCA1/2 mutations which increase breast and ovarian cancer risk, CDH1 mutations which increase stomach cancer risk, and APC mutations which cause Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) and increase colon cancer risk. For each, it describes the associated cancer risks, genetic testing recommendations, surveillance guidelines, and risk-reducing surgical options such as prophylactic mastectomies, salpingo-oophorectomies, and gastrectomies. The timing of such surgeries is based on the earliest age of cancer onset in the
Carcinoma breast and its management (1).pptxDr Sajad Nazir
This ppt is about carcinoma breast, its types,presentation, diagnosis, examination,management and recent trends in it.
Sentinel lymph node indications, axillary lymph node management.
Indications for chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
This is mainly for post graduates...
Kindly read anatomy of breast before proceeding for cancer breast and its management
This document provides an overview of breast cancer including what it is, causes and risks, symptoms, epidemiology, BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, early detection methods, treatments, and a checklist for screening. It discusses that breast cancer primarily affects women and is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. It also summarizes the stages of breast cancer from 0 to IV, treatments including radiation, chemotherapy, surgery, and hormonal therapy, and vaccines that are being researched.
This document discusses oncologic disorders and breast cancer. It provides details on carcinogenesis, cancer development and progression, breast cancer risk factors and presentation, diagnosis, staging, prognostic factors, and treatment approaches for early, locally advanced, and metastatic breast cancer. Treatment involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, targeted therapies, and palliation depending on the cancer stage and characteristics. The goal is cure for early-stage cancer and disease control for advanced or metastatic cancer through prolonging survival and improving quality of life.
Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecological cancer. Risk factors include low parity, infertility, family history of breast or ovarian cancer, and genetic mutations. Symptoms are often vague until late stages. Most cancers are epithelial in origin and present at advanced stage III or IV at diagnosis, contributing to poor prognosis. Treatment involves surgical staging and tumor debulking followed by chemotherapy. Screening methods to improve early detection are still lacking.
1. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, accounting for 33% of all female cancers.
2. Risk factors include hormonal factors like early menarche, late menopause, and genetic factors such as mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.
3. Diagnostic tools include mammography, ultrasound, and MRI. Mammography is the standard screening tool but has limitations in detecting cancers in dense breasts or in young women. Ultrasound and MRI can help identify cancers not seen on mammography.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, accounting for 26% of cancers. Genetic factors play a role, with around 10% of cases having inherited mutations like BRCA1/BRCA2. Risk is increased by factors like family history, benign breast disease, older age at first birth, hormone therapy, obesity, alcohol. Screening includes annual mammograms from age 40 and clinical exams. High risk women may benefit from more intense screening or preventative surgery/drugs due to genetic mutations or family history. Molecular markers help classify subtypes with different prognoses.
Cervical cancer arises from the transformation zone of the cervix where squamous and glandular cells meet. It is caused most commonly by persistent infection with high-risk HPV types. Globally there are over 500,000 new cases and 250,000 deaths annually, though rates have declined in countries with widespread cervical cancer screening. Early lesions are usually asymptomatic while late stages can present with vaginal bleeding or discharge. Screening includes Pap tests and HPV testing to detect pre-cancerous lesions, which if found are typically treated to prevent progression to invasive cancer. Invasive cancers are staged surgically and may require additional chemotherapy or radiation treatment.
It contains details about breast carcinoma-pathology,investigations and diagnosis,NACT,surgery and adjuvant therapy. Hope you will find it helpful.....
This document discusses the role of surgery in preventing hereditary cancers. It describes several hereditary cancer syndromes where prophylactic surgery can significantly reduce cancer risk, including breast cancer associated with BRCA1/2 mutations and diffuse gastric cancer associated with CDH1 mutations. For these high-risk conditions, the document reviews cancer risks, genetic testing approaches, screening options, and evidence regarding risk-reducing surgeries such as mastectomy and gastrectomy. It provides guidance on identifying appropriate candidates and timing for preventive surgical interventions.
Breast Carcinoma.
Breast cancer is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that starts in the cells of the breast and spread to other tissues.
The most common form of cancer among women
It is estimated that each year more than 83,000 cases of breast cancer are reported in Pakistan. Nearly 40,000 women die, just due to this deadly disease
Carcinoma of the breast occurs commonly in the western world,accounting for 3–5% of all deaths in women. In developing countries it accounts for 1–3% of death
The most common form of cancer among women
The second most common cause of cancer related mortality
1 of 8 women (12.2%)
This document discusses several types of cancers. It begins by focusing on breast cancer, noting that it is the most common non-skin cancer in women. Several risk factors for breast cancer are described, including age, family history, reproductive history, lifestyle factors, and genetic factors. Treatment options for breast cancer like lumpectomy, mastectomy, and lymph node removal are explained. The document then discusses other cancers like cervical, endometrial, ovarian, prostate, penile, testicular cancers and cancers of the esophagus, providing details on risk factors, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options for each.
Epithelial ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer death in women. The peak incidence is around age 60. Serous carcinomas are the most common type and often originate from the fallopian tubes. Symptoms are often vague until late stages, making early detection challenging. Screening methods have not proven effective at reducing mortality from ovarian cancer. Surgical staging and optimal debulking surgery along with chemotherapy are the mainstay of treatment.
This document provides an overview of acute abdomen, including causes, clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and management. Acute abdomen refers to new onset abdominal pain that requires determining if urgent intervention is needed, and can be caused by surgical, medical, or gynecological issues. A thorough history and physical exam are important for diagnosis, and may be supplemented by laboratory tests, imaging, or laparoscopy. Depending on the underlying cause, management can include surgery, antibiotics and supportive care, or discharge with conservative treatment and observation.
This document defines and classifies different types of joints in the body. It begins by explaining that a joint is the union between two or more bones that allows varying degrees of movement. There are three main classifications of joints: fibrous joints which have minimal movement; cartilaginous joints which allow slight movement; and synovial joints which allow the greatest range of movement. Within synovial joints, the document further distinguishes six types - gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket - based on their structure and the motions they permit. It concludes by defining common angular, circular, and special movements associated with different joints.
This document provides an overview of vitamins and minerals. It discusses 13 known vitamins, classifying them as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Key details are provided on the sources, functions, and deficiency symptoms of important vitamins like A, C, D, B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, and folate. Minerals are introduced as inorganic nutrients divided into macro and trace categories. Examples like calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, and zinc are described as important cations, while anions like chloride, fluoride, phosphate, and selenium are outlined along with their major functions in the body. The document serves as an introductory chapter on vitamins and minerals for pharmacy students.
This document provides an overview of obstructive jaundice. It begins with definitions and classifications of jaundice. The anatomy and physiology of bile flow is reviewed. The main causes of obstructive jaundice are then discussed in detail, including gallstones, tumors, strictures, cysts, and more. Clinical manifestations and evaluation methods such as history, exam, imaging and labs are outlined. Finally, management approaches like surgery and stenting are covered. The presentation aims to give attendees a comprehensive understanding of obstructive jaundice.
This document discusses the evaluation and management of abdominal trauma. It notes that physical exam can be unreliable, so diagnostic adjuncts like CT scans and laparoscopy are used. Penetrating trauma like gunshot wounds usually require exploration, while stab wounds may not penetrate the abdomen. Blunt trauma is initially evaluated by FAST exam. Unstable patients undergo further tests like DPL. Surgical exploration controls bleeding and repairs injuries, using damage control techniques if the patient's physiology is unstable.
Gallstone disease is common, affecting 11-36% of people based on autopsy reports. Gallstones can be asymptomatic or cause biliary colic, acute cholecystitis, or other complications. The document discusses the epidemiology, types, natural history, complications, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of gallstone disease and acute cholecystitis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the definitive treatment for symptomatic gallstones and acute cholecystitis to prevent future attacks or complications.
This document provides an overview of wound healing and classification. It discusses the phases of wound healing including hemostasis and inflammation, proliferative phase, and maturation and remodeling. Factors affecting wound healing and healing in specific tissues like bone, cartilage, and nerves are also reviewed. Chronic wounds like ischemic, venous stasis, diabetic and pressure ulcers are described. Excess healing processes such as hypertrophic scarring, keloids, and contractures are also summarized.
C1 Medical interviewing- history taking & PE.pptxmyLord3
This document outlines the schedule and instructors for a series of clinical medicine lectures and demonstration sessions. The lectures will cover topics such as the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, locomotor system, abdomen, nervous system, and lymphoglandular system. The dates, times, responsible departments, and assigned instructors are provided for each lecture and demonstration session. The document also includes schedules assigning groups of students to ward demonstrations for different weeks as well as information on the final exam date and group assignments.
Histamine and serotonin function as neurotransmitters and local hormones. Histamine is an important mediator of allergic and inflammatory reactions that is stored in mast cells and basophils and released through immunologic or chemical means. It exerts effects through four receptor subtypes. First and second generation antihistamines competitively block histamine H1 receptors, with second generation drugs having fewer side effects like sedation. H2 receptor antagonists suppress gastric acid secretion. Third and fourth generation histamine receptor ligands may treat psychiatric and inflammatory conditions.
The document provides guidance on performing a physical examination of the abdomen. It describes dividing the abdomen into sections for inspection and outlines key steps for abdominal examination including inspection, auscultation, percussion, and palpation. Specific techniques are provided for assessing organs like the liver, spleen, and kidneys through percussion and bimanual palpation.
This document provides guidance on performing a neurologic examination, including:
1. Assessing mental status, cranial nerves, motor function, reflexes, sensory system, cerebellar function, and meningeal signs in 3 pages of detailed instructions.
2. It outlines the specific tests, procedures, and grading scales for each component of the neurologic exam.
3. The neurologic exam assesses many areas of neurologic function through tests of mental status, cranial nerves, motor skills, reflexes, sensation, coordination, and signs of meningeal irritation.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and produce urine. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, where it is stored until urination. The bladder expels urine through the urethra to be excreted from the body. The kidneys regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and blood pressure and produce hormones. Nephrons are the functional filtering units of the kidneys that form urine through filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
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(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
2. Epidemiology
• Breast cancer is the most common site-specific cancer in
women and is the leading cause of death from cancer for
women aged 20 to 59 years
• Breast cancer burden has well-defined variations by
geography, regional lifestyle, and racial or ethnic
background
– In general, both breast cancer incidence and mortality are
relatively lower among the female populations of Asia and
Africa, relatively underdeveloped nations, and nations that
have not adopted the Westernized reproductive and dietary
patterns
• Women begin childbearing at young ages and have multiple full-term
pregnancies followed by prolonged lactation
2
3. Cont.
• The average lifetime risk of breast cancer for
newborn U.S. females is 12%
• The longer a woman lives without cancer the
lower her risk of developing breast cancer
3
4. Risk factors
• Hormonal
– Increased exposure to estrogen is associated with an
increased risk for developing breast cancer, whereas
reducing exposure is thought to be protective
• Factors that increase the number of menstrual cycles such as
early menarche, nulliparity, and late menopause, are
associated with increased risk
• Moderate levels of exercise, a longer lactation period, and
factors that decrease the total number of menstrual cycles, are
protective
– The terminal differentiation of breast epithelium associated with a
full-term pregnancy is also protective
» Older age at first live birth is associated with an increased risk
of breast cancer
4
5. Cont.
• Non-hormonal
– Radiation exposure
– Alcohol consumption
• Alcohol is known to increase serum levels of estradiol
– High fat diet
• Long-term consumption of foods with a high fat content
increases serum estrogen levels
– Obesity
• Associated with a long-term increase in estrogen exposure
– Because the major source of estrogen in postmenopausal women is
the conversion of androstenedione to estrone by adipose tissue
5
6. Cont.
• General
– Old age
– Female
– White race
– Family history
• Hormonal
– Early menarche
– Late menopause
– Nulliparity
– Old age at first live birth
• Non-hormonal
– High fat diet
– Obesity
– Alcohol
– Radiation
6
8. Genetics
• Up to 5% of breast cancers are caused by
inheritance of germline mutations such as BRCA1
and BRCA2, which are inherited in an autosomal
dominant fashion with varying degrees of
penetrance
• Both BRCA1 and BRCA2 function as tumor
suppressor genes, and for each gene, loss of both
alleles is required for the initiation of cancer
8
9. Cont.
• Risk management strategies for BRCA1 and BRCA2
mutation carriers include the following:
– Risk-reducing mastectomy and reconstruction
• Reduces the cancer risk but mastectomy does not remove all
breast tissue and women continue to be at risk because a
germline mutation is present in any remaining breast tissue
– Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy
• Should be done between the ages of 35 and 40 years at the
completion of childbearing
– Chemoprevention
– Intensive surveillance for breast and ovarian cancer
9
10. Breast cancer screening
• Breast self-examination
– Age ≥ 20 years
– Monthly
• Clinical breast examination
– Women in their 20s and 30s
• At least every 3 years
– Women aged ≥40 y
• Annually
• Imaging
– Mammography
• Should be started at age 40 years
– Ultrasonography
• It can be used for breast cancer screening in women with dense breasts
– MRI
• Family history, BRCA mutation carriers, those individuals who have a family
member with a BRCA mutation, and individuals who received radiation to the
chest between the ages of 10 to 30 years
10
11. Breast cancer prevention
• Chemoprevention
– Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, was the first
drug shown to reduce the incidence of breast cancer in healthy
women
– Indications
• Gail relative risk of 1.66% or higher
• Age 35 to 59
• Age of 60 or women with a diagnosis of LCIS or atypical ductal or lobular
hyperplasia
– Risks
• VTE
• Endometrial cancer
• Risk-reducing Surgery (bilateral prophylactic mastectomy)
– For carriers of a breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA) mutation
11
12. Natural history
• Primary breast cancer
– More than 80% of breast cancers show productive fibrosis
that involves the epithelial and stromal tissues
– With growth of the cancer and invasion of the surrounding
breast tissues, the accompanying desmoplastic response
entraps and shortens Cooper’s suspensory ligaments to
produce a characteristic skin retraction
– Localized edema (peaud’orange) develops when drainage of
lymph fluid from the skin is disrupted
– With continued growth, cancer cells invade the skin, and
eventually ulceration occurs
– As new areas of skin are invaded, small satellite nodules
appear near the primary ulceration
12
13. Cont.
• Cont.
– The size of the primary breast cancer correlates with
disease-free and overall survival, but there is a close
association between cancer size and axillary lymph
node involvement
– In general, up to 20% of breast cancer recurrences
are localregional, >60% are distant, and 20% are
both local-regional and distant
13
14. Cont.
• Axillary lymph node metastases
– As the size of the primary breast cancer increases, some
cancer cells are shed into cellular spaces and transported via
the lymphatic network of the breast to the regional lymph
nodes, especially the axillary lymph nodes
– Lymph nodes that contain metastatic cancer are at first ill-
defined and soft but become firm or hard with continued
growth of the metastatic cancer
– Eventually the lymph nodes adhere to each other and form a
conglomerate mass
– Cancer cells may grow through the lymph node capsule and
fix to contiguous structures in the axilla, including the chest
wall
14
15. Cont.
• Cont.
– Typically, axillary lymph nodes are involved
sequentially from the low (level I) to the central
(level II) to the apical (level III) lymph node groups
– Approximately 95% of the women who die of breast
cancer have distant metastases, and traditionally
the most important prognostic correlate of disease-
free and overall survival was axillary lymph node
status
• Women with node-negative disease had less than a 30%
risk of recurrence, compared with as much as a 75% risk
for women with node-positive disease
15
16. Cont.
• Distant Metastases
– At approximately the 20th cell doubling, breast cancers
acquire their own blood supply (neovascularization)
– Thereafter, cancer cells may be shed directly into the
systemic venous blood to seed the pulmonary
circulation via the axillary and intercostal veins or the
vertebral column via Batson’s plexus of veins
• Common sites of involvement, in order of frequency, are bone,
lung, pleura, soft tissues, and liver
– Brain metastases are less frequent overall
– Successful implantation of metastatic foci from breast
cancer predictably occurs after the primary cancer
exceeds 0.5 cm in diameter, which corresponds to the
twenty-seventh cell doubling
16
17. Cont.
• Cont.
– For 10 years after initial treatment, distant metastases
are the most common cause of death in breast cancer
patients
– Although 60% of the women who develop distant
metastases will do so within 60 months of treatment,
metastases may become evident as late as 20 to 30
years after treatment of the primary cancer
– Patients with estrogen receptor negative breast cancers
are proportionately more likely to develop recurrence in
the first 3 to 5 years
17
19. Carcinoma in situ
• Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS)
– It originates from the terminal duct lobular units
and develops only in the female breast
– It is characterized by distention and distortion of
the terminal duct lobular units by cells which are
large but maintain a normal nuclear: cytoplasmic
ratio
– It may be observed in breast tissues that contain
microcalcifications, but the calcifications associated
with LCIS typically occur in adjacent tissues
(neighborhood calcification)
19
20. Cont.
• Cont.
– Occurs more frequently in white women
– Invasive breast cancer develops in 25% to 35%
• Up to 65% of subsequent invasive cancers are ductal, not
lobular, in origin
– LCIS is regarded as a marker of increased risk for invasive breast
cancer rather than as an anatomic precursor
– Individuals should be counseled regarding their risk of
developing breast cancer and appropriate risk reduction
strategies, including observation with screening,
chemoprevention, and risk-reducing bilateral
mastectomy
20
21. Cont.
• Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS)
– Although DCIS is predominantly seen in the female
breast, it accounts for 5% of male breast cancers
– Histologically, DCIS is characterized by a proliferation of
the epithelium that lines the minor ducts, resulting in
papillary growths within the duct lumina
– Calcium deposition occurs in the areas of necrosis and is
a common feature seen on mammography
– Invasive breast cancer develops in 25-70%
– The invasive cancers are observed in the ipsilateral
breast, usually in the same quadrant as the DCIS that
was originally detected, which suggests that DCIS is an
anatomic precursor of invasive ductal carcinoma
21
23. LCIS Vs. DCIS
• Multicentricity refers to
the occurrence of a second
breast cancer outside the
breast quadrant of the
primary cancer (or at least
4 cm away)
• Multifocality refers to the
occurrence of a second
cancer within the same
breast quadrant as the
primary cancer (or within 4
cm of it)
23
24. Invasive Breast Carcinoma
• Invasive breast cancers have been described as lobular
or ductal in origin
• Foote and Stewart classification
– Paget’s disease of the nipple
– Invasive ductal carcinoma (80%)
• Adenocarcinoma with productive fibrosis (scirrhous, simplex, NST)
– Medullary carcinoma (4%)
– Mucinous (colloid) carcinoma (2%)
– Papillary carcinoma (2%)
– Tubular carcinoma (2%)
– Invasive lobular carcinoma (10%)
– Rare cancers (adenoid cystic, squamous cell, apocrine)
24
25. Cont.
• Invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast
– It presents with macroscopic or microscopic axillary
lymph node metastases in up to 25% of screen-
detected cases and up to 60% of symptomatic cases
– It occurs most frequently in perimenopausal or
postmenopausal women in the fifth to sixth decades
of life as a solitary, firm mass
– 75% of ductal cancers show estrogen receptor
expression
25
26. Cont.
• Paget’s disease of the nipple
– It frequently presents as a chronic, eczematous eruption of
the nipple, which may be subtle but may progress to an
ulcerated, weeping lesion
– It usually is associated with extensive DCIS and may be
associated with an invasive cancer
– A palpable mass may or may not be present
– Pathognomonic of this cancer is the presence of large, pale,
vacuolated cells (Paget cells) in the rete pegs of the
epithelium
– Surgical therapy for Paget’s disease may involve lumpectomy
or mastectomy, depending on the extent of involvement of
the nipple-areolar complex and the presence of DCIS or
invasive cancer in the underlying breast parenchyma
26
28. Clinical features
• Symptoms
– In~30% of cases, the woman discovers a lump in her breast
– Other less frequent presenting signs and symptoms of breast
cancer include:
• Breast enlargement or asymmetry
• Nipple changes, retraction, or discharge
• Ulceration or erythema of the skin of the breast
• An axillary mass
• Musculoskeletal discomfort
• Breast pain usually is associated with benign disease
– Up to 50% of women presenting with breast complaints have
no physical signs of breast pathology
28
29. Cont.
• Physical examination
– Inspection
• Done with her arms by her side, with her arms straight up
in the air, and with her hands on her hips (with and
without pectoral muscle contraction)
• Symmetry, size, and shape of the breast are recorded, as
well as any evidence of edema (peaud’orange), nipple or
skin retraction, or erythema
• With the arms extended forward and in a sitting position,
the woman leans forward to accentuate any skin
retraction
29
30. Cont.
• Cont.
– Palpation
• Palpate the breasts, making certain to examine all
quadrants of the breast from the sternum laterally to the
latissimus dorsi muscle and from the clavicle inferiorly to
the upper rectus sheath
– With the patient in supine position
• Palpate lymph nodes in the axilla, supraclavicular and
parasternal areas
– Sitting position
30
31. Imaging
• Mammography
– There is no increased breast cancer risk associated
with the radiation dose delivered with screening
mammography
– Views
• Craniocaudal view
• Mediolateral oblique view
• 90-degree lateral view (used in diagnostic
mammography)
• Spot compression views (used in diagnostic
mammography)
31
32. Cont.
• Cont.
– Specific mammographic features that suggest a
diagnosis of breast cancer include:
• A solid mass with or without stellate features
• Asymmetric thickening of breast tissues
• Clustered microcalcification
32
33. Cont.
• Ultrasonography
– Second only to mammography in frequency of use for breast
imaging
– Advantages
• Resolving equivocal mammographic findings
• Demonstrating the echogenic qualities of specific solid abnormalities
• Defining cystic masses
• Imaging the regional lymph nodes
– Size larger than 1 cm, cortical thickening, change in shape of the node to
more circular appearance, absence of a fatty hilum and hypoechoic internal
echoes
• Guiding FNAB
– Disadvantages
• It does not reliably detect lesions that are ≤1 cm in diameter
• Operator dependent 33
34. Cont.
• MRI
– Highly sensitive and specific
• However, in the circumstance of negative findings on both
mammography and physical examination, the probability
of a breast cancer being diagnosed by MRI is extremely
low
– It can also detect additional tumors in the index
breast (multifocal or multicentric disease)
34
35. Breast biopsy
• FNAB or core needle biopsy
– Image-guided for non-palpable lesions
– Core-needle permits the analysis of breast tissue
architecture and allows the pathologist to
determine whether invasive cancer is present
– Added advantages include a low complication rate,
minimal scarring, and a lower cost compared with
excisional breast biopsy
35
37. Staging
• The clinical stage of breast cancer is determined
primarily through physical examination of the skin,
breast tissue, and regional lymph nodes (axillary,
supraclavicular, and internal mammary)
– However, clinical determination of axillary lymph node
metastases has an accuracy of only 33%
• US is more sensitive
• FNA or core biopsy of sonographically indeterminate or
suspicious lymph nodes can provide a more definitive
diagnosis
37
38. TNM staging
• Tis: carcinoma in situ
• T1: tumor ≤2 cm in greatest dimension
– T1mi: tumor ≤1 mm in greatest dimension
– T1a: tumor >1 mm but ≤5 mm in greatest dimension
– T1b: tumor >5 mm but ≤10 mm in greatest dimension
– T1c: tumor >10 mm but ≤20 mm in greatest dimension
• T2: tumor >2 cm but ≤5 cm in greatest dimension
• T3: tumor >5 cm in greatest dimension
• T4: tumor of any size with direct extension to the
chest wall and/or to the skin (ulceration or skin
nodules
38
39. Cont.
• N1: metastases to movable ipsilateral level I, II axillary lymph
node(s)
• N2
– Metastases in ipsilateral level I, II axillary lymph nodes that are
clinically fixed or matted OR
– In clinically detected ipsilateral internal mammary nodes in the
absence of clinically evident axillary lymph node metastases
• N3
– Metastasis in ipsilateral infraclavicular (level III axillary) lymph
node(s) with or without level I, II axillary lymph node involvement
– In clinically detected ipsilateral internal mammary lymph node(s)
with clinically evident level I, II axillary lymph node metastases
– Metastases in ipsilateral supraclavicular lymph node(s) with or
without axillary or internal mammary lymph node involvement
39
40. Cont.
• M0: no clinical or radiographic evidence of
distant metastases
• M1: distant detectable metastases as determined
by classic clinical and radiographic means and/or
histologically proven larger than 0.2 mm
40
43. Introduction
• Once a diagnosis of breast cancer is made, the type
of therapy offered to a breast cancer patient is
determined by the stage of the disease, the
biologic subtype and the general health status of
the individual
• Options
– Surgery
– Radiotherapy
– Chemotherapy
– Hormonal therapy
43
44. Steroid receptor
• Patients with hormone receptor-positive
tumors survive two to three times longer after a
diagnosis of metastatic disease than do patients
with hormone receptor-negative tumors
– Tumors positive for estrogen or progesterone
receptors have a higher response rate to endocrine
therapy than tumors that do not express estrogen
or progesterone receptors
44
45. Growth factor receptor
• Overexpression of EGFR in breast cancer
correlates with estrogen receptor-negative
status and with p53 overexpression
– Similarly, increased immunohistochemical
membrane staining for the HER-2/neu growth
factor receptor in breast cancer is associated with
mutated p53, Ki-67 overexpression, and estrogen
receptor–negative status
• HER-2/neu is a member of the EGFR family of growth
factor receptors
45
47. Introduction
• Fewer than 1% of all breast cancers occur in men
• It has a peak incidence in the sixth decade of life
• It is preceded by gynecomastia in 20% of men
• It is associated with radiation exposure, estrogen
therapy, testicular feminizing syndromes, and
Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY)
47
48. Cont.
• DCIS makes up <15% of male breast cancer,
whereas infiltrating ductal carcinoma makes up
>85%
• Male breast cancer is staged in the same way as
female breast cancer, and stage by stage, men with
breast cancer have the same survival rate as
women
• Overall, men do worse because of the more
advanced stage of their cancer (stage II, III or IV) at
the time of diagnosis
48
49. Management
• A firm, non-tender mass in the male breast
requires investigation
• The treatment of male breast cancer is surgical,
with the most common procedure being a
modified radical mastectomy
49
50. Cont.
• Adjuvant radiation therapy is appropriate in cases in
which there is a high risk for local-regional recurrence
• Approximately 80% of male breast cancers are hormone
receptor positive, and adjuvant tamoxifen is considered
• Systemic chemotherapy is considered for men with
hormone receptor-negative cancers and for men with
large primary tumors, multiple positive nodes, and
locally advanced disease
50