An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise logical operations on integer binary numbers.
This is in contrast to a floating-point unit (FPU), which operates on floating point numbers. It is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits, including the central processing unit (CPU) of computers, FPUs, and graphics processing units.
A single CPU, FPU or GPU may contain multiple ALUs
History Of ALU:Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945 in a report on the foundations for a new computer called the EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
Typical Schematic Symbol of an ALU:A and B: the inputs to the ALU
R: Output or Result
F: Code or Instruction from the
Control Unit
D: Output status; it indicates cases
Circuit operation:An ALU is a combinational logic circuit
Its outputs will change asynchronously in response to input changes
The external circuitry connected to the ALU is responsible for ensuring the stability of ALU input signals throughout the operation
In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, and even the simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes such as maintaining timers. The processors found inside modern CPUs and graphics processing units (GPUs) accommodate very powerful and very complex ALUs; a single component may contain a number of ALUs.
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise logical operations on integer binary numbers.
This is in contrast to a floating-point unit (FPU), which operates on floating point numbers. It is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits, including the central processing unit (CPU) of computers, FPUs, and graphics processing units.
A single CPU, FPU or GPU may contain multiple ALUs
History Of ALU:Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945 in a report on the foundations for a new computer called the EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
Typical Schematic Symbol of an ALU:A and B: the inputs to the ALU
R: Output or Result
F: Code or Instruction from the
Control Unit
D: Output status; it indicates cases
Circuit operation:An ALU is a combinational logic circuit
Its outputs will change asynchronously in response to input changes
The external circuitry connected to the ALU is responsible for ensuring the stability of ALU input signals throughout the operation
In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, and even the simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes such as maintaining timers. The processors found inside modern CPUs and graphics processing units (GPUs) accommodate very powerful and very complex ALUs; a single component may contain a number of ALUs.
In electronics, an adder is a digital circuit that performs addition of numbers.
In modern computers and other kinds of processors, adders are used in the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), but also in other parts of the processor, where they are used to calculate addresses, table indices, and similar operations.
An adder is a digital circuit that performs addition of numbers. It can be constructed for many numerical representations, such as binary-coded decimal. The most common adders operate on binary numbers.
Adder
Types of Adder
Half Adder
Exclusive OR gate and AND Gate
Block diagram
Logic circuit
Truth Table
Full Adder
OR Gate
Block diagram
Logic circuit
Truth Table
An adder is a digital logic circuit in electronics that implements addition of numbers. In many computers and other types of processors, adders are used to calculate addresses, similar operations and table indices in the ALU and also in other parts of the processors. These can be built for many numerical representations like excess-3 or binary coded decimal
In electronics, an adder is a digital circuit that performs addition of numbers.
In modern computers and other kinds of processors, adders are used in the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), but also in other parts of the processor, where they are used to calculate addresses, table indices, and similar operations.
An adder is a digital circuit that performs addition of numbers. It can be constructed for many numerical representations, such as binary-coded decimal. The most common adders operate on binary numbers.
Adder
Types of Adder
Half Adder
Exclusive OR gate and AND Gate
Block diagram
Logic circuit
Truth Table
Full Adder
OR Gate
Block diagram
Logic circuit
Truth Table
An adder is a digital logic circuit in electronics that implements addition of numbers. In many computers and other types of processors, adders are used to calculate addresses, similar operations and table indices in the ALU and also in other parts of the processors. These can be built for many numerical representations like excess-3 or binary coded decimal
DESIGN OF REVERSIBLE MULTIPLIERS FOR LINEAR FILTERING APPLICATIONS IN DSPVLSICS Design
Multipliers in DSP computations are crucial. Thus modern DSP systems need to develop low power multipliers to reduce the power dissipation. One of the efficient ways to reduce power dissipation is by the use of bypassing technique. If a bit in the multiplier and/or multiplicand is zero the whole array of row and/or diagonal will be bypassed and hence the name bypass multipliers. This paper presents the column Bypass multiplier and 2-D bypass multiplier using reversible logic; Reversible logic is a more prominent technology, having its applications in Low Power CMOS and quantum computations. The switching activity of any component in the bypass multiplier depends only on the input bit coefficients. These multipliers find application in linear filtering FFT computational units, particularly during zero padding where there will be umpteen numbers of zeros. A bypass multiplier reduces the number of switching activities as well as the power consumption, above which reversible logic design acts to further almost nullify the dissipations.
Introduction to combinational logic is here. We discuss analysis procedures and design procedures in this slide set. Several adders, multiplexers, encoder and decoder are discussed.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. Bus:
In computer architecture, a bus is a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer,
or between computers. This expression covers all related hardware components (wire, optical fiber, etc.) and software,
including communication protocols.
Early computer buses were parallel electrical wires with multiple hardware connections, but the term is now
used for any physical arrangement that provides the same logical function as a parallel electrical bus. Modern computer
buses can use both parallel and bit serial connections, and can be wired in either a multi drop (electrical parallel) or
daisy chain topology, or connected by switched hubs, as in the case of USB.
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5. ALU stands for Arithmetic Logic Unit:
It is a digital circuit that performs Arithmetic (Add,Sub,…) and Logical
(AND,OR,NOT) operations
This architecture was proposed by John Von Neumann in 1945 when he was
working on EDVAC (Electronic discrete variable automatic computer)
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7. Introduction:
Logic gate are the basic building blocks of any digital system. It is an electronic circuit having 1 or more
than 1 input and only one output. The relationship between the input and output is based on a certain logic.
Based on this, logic gates are named as and gate, or gate, NOT gate et…
Logic gates are mostly implemented using electronic switches like diodes or
transistors, but can also be built using electromagnetic relays, vacuum tubes, fluidic logic, optics, etc.
In computers or control units, a large number of electronic circuits are made up of logic gates. These
processes signals are denoted by T (True) or F (False).
Logic gates are mainly used in some devices like microprocessors, embedded systems,
microcontrollers, registers, ALUs, MUX and also in computer memory; there are more than 100 million
gates especially in microprocessors.
8. Definition of Logic Gate:
A logic gate is a basic building block of a circuit used to make a large number of electronic
circuits.
Types of Logic Gates:
Different types of logic gates include AND,OR,NOT,NAND,NOR,EX-OR,EX-NOR
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9. AND Gate :
When both the inputs are high, then the output is high, otherwise
the output is low.
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10. OR Gate:
If any of the input is high, then the output is high
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11. NOT Gate:
The output is inversely proportional to the input.
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12. NAND Gate :
If both the inputs are high, then the output is low, otherwise high
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13. NOR Gate: If both the inputs are low, then the output is high otherwise low.
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14. EX-OR Gate:
If both the inputs are high or low, then the output is low, otherwise high.
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15. EX-NOR Gate:
If both the inputs are high or low, then the output is high, otherwise low.
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16. Arithmetic Circuit:
Binary Adder : Binary adder is used to add two binary numbers.
In general, the adder circuit needs two binary inputs and two binary outputs. The input
variables designate the x and y; Then the output variables produce the sum and carry.
The binary addition operation of single bit is shown in the truth table
In fourth case, a binary addition is creating a sum of (1 + 1 = 10) i.e. 0 is written in the given
column and a carry of 1 over to the next column.
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17. The simplified sum of products expressions are
The circuit implementation is
This circuit can not handle the carry input, so it is termed as half adder.
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18. Half Adder:
A half adder is a type of adder, an electronic circuit that performs the addition of
numbers. The half adder is able to add two single binary digits and provide the
output plus a carry value.
It has 2 inputs, called A and B, twso outputs S (sum) and C (carry).
The common representation uses a XOR logic gate an AND logic gate.
Full Adder:
A full adder is a combinational circuit that forms the arithmetic sum of three inputs
and two outputs.
Two of the input variables, denoted by x and y, represented the two bits to be
added.The third input Z, represents the carry from the previous lower position.
The two outputs are designated by the symbols S for sum and C for carry
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Ripple Carry Adder:
The ripple carry adder is constructed by cascading full adder blocks in series.
The carryout of one stage is fed directly to the carry-in of the next stage
For an n-bit ripple adder , it requires n full adders.
23. Carry Look Ahead Adder:
A carry-lookahead adder (CLA) or fast adder is a type of adder used in digital logic.
A carry-lookahead adder improves speed by reducing the amount of time required to determine
carry bits. It can be contrasted with the simpler, but usually slower, ripple-carry adder (RCA), for
which the carry bit is calculated alongside the sum bit, and each stage must wait until the previous
carry bit has been calculated to begin calculating its own sum bit and carry bit. The carry-
lookahead adder calculates one or more carry bits before the sum, which reduces the wait time to
calculate the result of the larger-value bits of the adder.
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Booth’s Algorithm:
Booth algorithm gives a procedure for multiplying binary integers in signed 2’s complement
representation in efficient way, i.e., less number of additions/subtractions required. It operates on the fact
that strings of 0’s in the multiplier require no addition but just shifting and a string of 1’s in the multiplier
from bit weight 2^k to weight 2^m can be treated as 2^(k+1 ) to 2^m.
As in all multiplication schemes, booth algorithm requires examination of the multiplier bits and shifting
of the partial product. Prior to the shifting, the multiplicand may be added to the partial product, subtracted
from the partial product, or left unchanged according to following rules:
1. The multiplicand is subtracted from the partial product upon encountering the first least significant 1 in
a string of 1’s in the multiplier
2. The multiplier is added to the partial product upon encountering the first 0 (provided that there was a
previous ‘1’) in a string of 0’s in the multiplier.
3. The partial product does not change when the multiplier bit is identical to the previous multiplier bit.