The document discusses the basic functional blocks of a computer, including the CPU, memory, and input/output subsystems. It describes the CPU as having a control unit and execution unit. Memory is used to store data and programs and comes in volatile and non-volatile forms like RAM and ROM. The document also provides a brief history of computer generations from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits, and describes the Von Neumann architecture. It discusses data representation using fixed-point and floating-point number systems.
Network Interface Card (NIC) is also commonly referred to as an Ethernet card and network adapter and is an expansion card that enables a computer to connect to a network (such as Internet) using an Ethernet cable with a RJ-45 connector.
Network Interface Card (NIC) is also commonly referred to as an Ethernet card and network adapter and is an expansion card that enables a computer to connect to a network (such as Internet) using an Ethernet cable with a RJ-45 connector.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
1. Unit - 1
Basic Functional Blocks of a Computer
CPU
Memory
Input-output Subsystems
Control Unit
Unit-1 by M Indraja 1
Computer Organization And Architecture
2. Unit-1 by M Indraja 2
Basic Computer Model and different units of computer
CPUI/O
Devices
O/p
Devices
Memory
3. Central Processor Unit (CPU):
In CPU consist of 2 basic blocks
1.Control Unit
2.Execution Unit
Unit-1 by M Indraja 3
The program control unit has a set of registers and control circuit to generate control signals.
The execution unit or data processing unit contains a set of registers for storing data and an Arithmatic
and Logic Unit (ALU) for execution of arithmatic and logical operations.
4. Input Unit:
Keyboard, Mouse, Hard disk, Floppy disk, CD-ROM drive
Unit-1 by M Indraja 4
Output Unit:
Printer, Monitor, Hard disk, Floppy disk.
Memory Unit:
Memory unit is used to store the data and program. CPU can work with the information stored in memory unit.
This memory unit is termed as primary memory or main memory module. These are basically semi conductor
memories.
There ate two types of semiconductor memories -
Volatile Memory: RAM (Random Access Memory).
Non-Volatile Memory: ROM (Read only Memory), PROM (Programmable ROM), EPROM
(Erasable PROM), EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM).
5. Consider the Arithmatic and Logic Unit (ALU) of Central Processing Unit :
Consider an ALU which can perform four arithmatic operations and four logical operations
To distinguish between arithmatic and logical operation, it may use a signal line,
0 - in that signal, represents an arithmatic operation and
1 - in that signal, represents a logical operation.
In the similar manner, it may need another two signal lines to distinguish between four arithmatic
operations.
The different operations and their binary code is as follows:
Arithmatic Logical
000 ADD 100 OR
001 SUB 101 AND
010 MULT 110 NAND
011 DIV 111 ADD
Unit-1 by M Indraja 5
6. Consider the part of control unit, its task is to generate the appropriate signal at right moment.
There is an instruction decoder in CPU which decodes this information in such a way that computer can
perform the desired task
The simple model for the decoder may be considered that there is three input lines to the decoder and
correspondingly it generates eight output lines. Depending on input combination only one of the output signals
will be generated and it is used to indicate the corresponding operation of ALU.
In our simple model, we use three storage units in CPU,
Two -- for storing the operand and
one -- for storing the results.
These storage units are known as register.
Unit-1 by M Indraja 6
7. History of Computer:
First Generation (1940-50 :: Vacuum Tube):
ENIAC [1945]: Designed by Mauchly & Echert, built by US army to calculate trajectories for ballistic shells
during World War II. Around 18000 vacuum tubes and 1500 relays were used to build ENIAC, and it was
programmed by manually setting switches
UNIVAC [1950]: the first commercial computer
John Von Neumann architecture: Goldstine and Von Neumann took the idea of ENIAC and developed
concept of storing a program in the memory. Known as the Von Neumann's architecture and has been the basis for virtually
every machine designed since then.
Features:
1.Electron emitting devices
2.Data and programs are stored in a single read-write memory
3.Memory contents are addressable by location, regardless of the content itself
4.Machine language/Assemble language
5.Sequential execution
Unit-1 by M Indraja 7
8. Second Generation (1950-1964) :: Transistors
William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain invent the transistor that
reduce size of computers and improve reliability. Vacuum tubes have been replaced
by transistors.
First operating Systems:
Handled one program at a time
On-off switches controlled by electronically.
High level languages
Floating point arithmetic.
Unit-1 by M Indraja 8
9. Third Generation (1964-1974) :: Integrated Circuits (IC)
1.Microprocessor chips combines thousands of transistors, entire circuit on one
computer chip.
2.Semiconductor memory
3.Multiple computer models with different performance characteristics
4.The size of computers has been reduced drastically
Unit-1 by M Indraja 9
10. Fourth Generation (1974-Present) :: Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) /
Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI)
1.Combines millions of transistors
2.Single-chip processor and the single-board computer emerged
3.Creation of the Personal Computer (PC)
4.Use of data communications
5.Massively parallel machine
Unit-1 by M Indraja 10
11. Basics of Architecture and Organization:
Architecture: In architecture the attributes visible to the programmer like instruction set, number of bits used for
data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.
Ex: if any instruction like multiplication, addition etc.
Organization: It shows the how features are implemented like control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
Ex: There is a h/w multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition.
In COA there is a families of Architecture.
There are 1. Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture
2.The IBMsystem/370 family share the same basic architecture
Unit-1 by M Indraja 11
12. Structure of Von Neumann Machine:
The computer system works it basically on stored program principle as introduced by “Scientist Von
Neumann” and it is also called as Von Neumann stored program concept.
1. It is having a storage unit know as main memory (ROM).
2. Main Memory storing programs and data.
3. ALU operating on binary data.(like add, sub, divd etc)
4. CU interpreting instructions from memory and executing,
5. I/O equipment operated by CU,
6. Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) in 1952 was designed a architecture called Von Neumann
Architecture.
Unit-1 by M Indraja 12
13. Computer:
In computer there is two types of components. There are
Function of computer and another one is Structure of computer
Function of Computer:
All computer functions are same in these functions there are 4 categories.
1.Data Processing
2.Data Storing
3.Data Movement
4.Control.
Unit-1 by M Indraja 13
22. Unit-1 by M Indraja 22
RISC CISC
Acronym It stands for ‘Reduced Instruction Set Computer’.
It stands for ‘Complex Instruction Set
Computer’.
Definition
The RISC processors have a smaller set of instructions with
few addressing modes.
The CISC processors have a larger set of
instructions with many addressing modes.
Memory unit
It has no memory unit and uses a separate hardware to
implement instructions.
It has a memory unit to implement complex
instructions.
Program It has a hard-wired unit of programming. It has a micro-programming unit.
Design It is a complex complier design. It is an easy complier design.
Calculations The calculations are faster and precise. The calculations are slow and precise.
Decoding Decoding of instructions is simple. Decoding of instructions is complex.
Time Execution time is very less. Execution time is very high.
External
memory
It does not require external memory for calculations. It requires external memory for calculations.
Pipelining Pipelining does function correctly. Pipelining does not function correctly.
Code
expansion
Code expansion can be a problem. Code expansion is not a problem.
Disc space The space is saved. The space is wasted.
Applications
Used in high end applications such as video processing,
telecommunications and image processing.
Used in low end applications such as security
systems, home automations, etc.
23. Unit-1 by M Indraja 23
mPC: Micro Program Counter
mPM : Micro Program Memory
CW: Control Word
IR : Instruction Register
PC: Program Counter
30. Representation of Real Number:
Binary representation of 41.6875 is 101001.1011
Therefore any real number can be converted to binary number
system
There are two schemes to represent real number :
Fixed-point representation
Floating-point representation
Unit-1 by M Indraja 30
31. Unit-1 by M Indraja 31
Fixed-point representation:
Binary representation of 41.6875 is 101001.1011
To store this number, we have to store two information,
-- the part before decimal point and
-- the part after decimal point.
This is known as fixed-point representation where the position of decimal point is
fixed and number of bits before and
after decimal point are also predefined.
If we use 16 bits before decimal point and 8 bits after decimal point, in signed
magnitude form, the range is
One bit is required for sign information, so the total size of the number is 25 bits
( 1(sign) + 16(before decimal point) + 8(after decimal point) ).
32. Floating-point representation:
In this representation, numbers are represented by a mantissa
comprising the significant digits and an exponent part
of Radix R.
The format is:
Numbers are often normalized, such that the decimal point is
placed to the right of the first non zero digit.
For example, the decimal number, 5236 is equivalent to
To store this number in floating point representation, we store
5236 in mantissa part and 3 in exponent part
Unit-1 by M Indraja 32