An Apology for Poetry[7] (also known as A Defence of Poesie and The Defence of Poetry) – Sidney wrote the Defence before 1583. It is generally believed that he was at least partly motivated by Stephen Gosson, a former playwright who dedicated his attack on the English stage, The School of Abuse, to Sidney in 1579, but Sidney primarily addresses more general objections to poetry, such as those of Plato. In his essay, Sidney integrates a number of classical and Italian precepts on fiction. The essence of his defence is that poetry, by combining the liveliness of history with the ethical focus of philosophy, is more effective than either history or philosophy in rousing its readers to virtue. The work also offers important comments on Edmund Spenser and the Elizabethan stage. from wikipidea
Plato's Objection to Poetry and Aristotle's DefenceDilip Barad
This presentation deals with Greek philosopher Plato's objections to poetry and Aristotle's clarification on the confusion created by Plato. It is said that Plato confused study of morals/ethics with that of aesthetics. Aristotle removed this confusion.
An Apology for Poetry[7] (also known as A Defence of Poesie and The Defence of Poetry) – Sidney wrote the Defence before 1583. It is generally believed that he was at least partly motivated by Stephen Gosson, a former playwright who dedicated his attack on the English stage, The School of Abuse, to Sidney in 1579, but Sidney primarily addresses more general objections to poetry, such as those of Plato. In his essay, Sidney integrates a number of classical and Italian precepts on fiction. The essence of his defence is that poetry, by combining the liveliness of history with the ethical focus of philosophy, is more effective than either history or philosophy in rousing its readers to virtue. The work also offers important comments on Edmund Spenser and the Elizabethan stage. from wikipidea
Plato's Objection to Poetry and Aristotle's DefenceDilip Barad
This presentation deals with Greek philosopher Plato's objections to poetry and Aristotle's clarification on the confusion created by Plato. It is said that Plato confused study of morals/ethics with that of aesthetics. Aristotle removed this confusion.
Aristotle's Poetics (Greek: Περὶ ποιητικῆς, Latin: De Poetica;[1] c. 335 BCE[2]) is the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory and the first extant philosophical treatise to focus on literary theory.[3]
In it, Aristotle offers an account of what he calls "poetry" (a term which in Greek literally means "making" and in this context includes drama—comedy, tragedy, and the satyr play—as well as lyric poetry and epic poetry).
More Information :- https://www.topfreejobalert.com
The Waste land it’s a epic poem. A poem made of collage of images. In ‘The Waste land’ Image and symbol take in city life.
Poetry, he wrote in the Preface, originates from ‘the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings’ which is filtered through ‘emotion recollected in tranquillity’.
Literary Theory and Criticism
By Belachew Weldegebriel
Jimma University
College of Social Sciences and Humanities
Department of English Language and Literature
This is my presentation for my MA English class. You are free to modify, share, redistribute and add to it in any way you like.
*I do not own the images used in the presentation. They are the property of their respective owners.
Aristotle's Poetics (Greek: Περὶ ποιητικῆς, Latin: De Poetica;[1] c. 335 BCE[2]) is the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory and the first extant philosophical treatise to focus on literary theory.[3]
In it, Aristotle offers an account of what he calls "poetry" (a term which in Greek literally means "making" and in this context includes drama—comedy, tragedy, and the satyr play—as well as lyric poetry and epic poetry).
More Information :- https://www.topfreejobalert.com
The Waste land it’s a epic poem. A poem made of collage of images. In ‘The Waste land’ Image and symbol take in city life.
Poetry, he wrote in the Preface, originates from ‘the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings’ which is filtered through ‘emotion recollected in tranquillity’.
Literary Theory and Criticism
By Belachew Weldegebriel
Jimma University
College of Social Sciences and Humanities
Department of English Language and Literature
This is my presentation for my MA English class. You are free to modify, share, redistribute and add to it in any way you like.
*I do not own the images used in the presentation. They are the property of their respective owners.
What is Art” By Leo Tolstoy 1 What Is Art.docxhelzerpatrina
“What is Art?”
By Leo Tolstoy
1
"What Is Art?" (excerpts)
by Leo Tolstoy
Note: This essay was originally published in 1896 and is translated by
Alymer Maude (first published in 1899). Paragraph numbering below has
been added to facilitate class discussion. It was not included in the
original text.
CHAPTER FIVE (excerpts)
#1. In order correctly to define art, it is necessary,
first of all, to cease to consider it as a means to
pleasure and to consider it as one of the conditions of
human life. Viewing it in this way we cannot fail to
observe that art is one of the means of intercourse between
man and man.
#2. Every work of art causes the receiver to enter into a
certain kind of relationship both with him who produced, or
is producing, the art, and with all those who,
simultaneously, previously, or subsequently, receive the
same artistic impression.
#3. Speech, transmitting the thoughts and experiences of
men, serves as a means of union among them, and art acts in
a similar manner. The peculiarity of this latter means of
intercourse, distinguishing it from intercourse by means of
words, consists in this, that whereas by words a man
transmits his thoughts to another, by means of art he
transmits his feelings.
#4. The activity of art is based on the fact that a man,
receiving through his sense of hearing or sight another
man's expression of feeling, is capable of experiencing the
emotion which moved the man who expressed it. To take the
simplest example; one man laughs, and another who hears
becomes merry; or a man weeps, and another who hears feels
sorrow. A man is excited or irritated, and another man
seeing him comes to a similar state of mind. By his
movements or by the sounds of his voice, a man expresses
courage and determination or sadness and calmness, and this
state of mind passes on to others. A man suffers,
expressing his sufferings by groans and spasms, and this
suffering transmits itself to other people; a man expresses
his feeling of admiration, devotion, fear, respect, or love
to certain objects, persons, or phenomena, and others are
infected by the same feelings of admiration, devotion,
“What is Art?”
By Leo Tolstoy
2
fear, respect, or love to the same objects, persons, and
phenomena.
#5. And it is upon this capacity of man to receive another
man's expression of feeling and experience those feelings
himself, that the activity of art is based.
#6. If a man infects another or others directly,
immediately, by his appearance or by the sounds he gives
vent to at the very time he experiences the feeling; if he
causes another man to yawn when he himself cannot help
yawning, or to laugh or cry when he himself is obliged to
laugh or cry, or to suffer when he himself is suffering -
that does not amount to art.
#7. Art begins when one person, with the object of joining
another or others to himself in one and ...
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
1. PLATO
THE GREEK MASTER
Ms. M. CHRISTINA SUSAN MA., M.PHIL., PGDCA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
N. M. S. SERMATHAI VASAN COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
MADURAI
2. HIS AGE AND WORKS
427 BC-348 BC
Most celebrated disciple of Socrates.
Athenian art and literature – weak [wane]
Place taken by philosophy and oratory
Chief priests –
- Parmenides, Empedocles, Socrates – philosophers
- Gorgias, Antiphon and Lysias – orators
National character/ standard of social & public life –decline
Philosophers- discuss- great variety of matters – of concern to the citizen
and state, applying the test of reason to each.
Socrates- dispassionate quest for truth – challenged – value of literature to
society, its nature and functions.
Previous age- creative activity
4th century BC – age of critical inquiry and analysis.
3. Plato – not a professed critic of literature.
Chief interest- philosophical investigation – Dialogues
Dialogues
Question answer form.
Number of interlocutors- chief – Socrates
Socrates profound truths- form the philosophical system
of Plato.
Aim: to commend his masters teaching to the learned
men of all ages.
Other Works:
Ion
Cratylus
Protagoras
Gorgias,
Symposium
Republic
Phaedrus
Phileous
Laws
Philosophical Discussions/ Dialogues
4. HIS VIEW OF ART
Painting, sculpture, etc. –art
Literature is an Art.
Theory of Ideas: [Republic]
Ideas- ultimate reality
Things –conceived as ideas – before they take practical shape as things.
Eg: tree – a concrete embodiment of its image in idea.
Idea – original ; thing – copy
Copy – once removed from reality
So Art – merely copies a copy : it is twice removed from reality.
things themselves-imperfect copy of the ideas from which they spring.
Their reproduction in art – more imperfect.
Take men away from reality rather than towards it.
Plato judged all Human endeavour based on two things:
- art neither mould character.
- nor promote well-being of the state.
Plato Condemns:
Art’s incapacity to get to the root of things, being concerned with only a
semblance of them twice removed from reality.
5. HIS ATTACK ON POETRY
Poetic Inspiration
The Emotional Appeal of Poetry
Its Non- Moral Character
Plato’s other
grounds of
condemnation
Poetic Inspiration
The poet writes because he is ‘inspired’.
The Muse suddenly fills him and makes him sing.
Can such a sudden outpouring of the
soul be a reliable substitute for
truths based on reason?
The poets utterances contain a profound truth- but this appears only
when they have been subjected to the test of reason.
By themselves – not safe guides.
So Poetry cannot take the place of philosophy.
Poetry cannot be relied upon to make the individual a better citizen and
the state a better organization.
No poets in the ideal Commonwealth, unless they happened to be those who
composed ‘hymns to the gods and panegyrics on famous men.’
-Plato’s condemnation
6. The Emotional Appeal of Poetry
Poetry - Product of inspiration –affects the emotion rather than reason-
heart rather than the intellect.
Picture of Life- overpower the emotions – hold reason prisoner.
Emotions – impulses of the moment – like poetic inspiration.
Emotions cannot be safe guides as reason.
Emotion-considers everything coolly before allowing itself to any
direction.
Example: tragic poetry –weeping and wailing-to move the hearts of the
spectator.
Republic: “ If we let our own sense of pity grow strong by feeding upon
the griefs of others it is not easy to restrain in the case of our own
sufferings”.
Poetry “fed and watered the passions instead of drying them up, and
let them rule instead of ruling them as they ought to be ruled, with a
view to the happiness and virtue of mankind”
-Plato’s condemnation
7. Its Non- Moral Character
Indicts poetry for its lack of concern with morality.
Treatment of life- virtue and vice – alike –without regard for moral
considerations.
Virtue –grief –literature- Plato- pain –epics of Homer, the narrative verse
of Hesiod, the odes of Pindar, tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles and
Euripides.
Portraits of gods and heroes –equally objectionable.
Gods- unjust/ revengeful/guilty of other vices
Heroes- under the sway of uncontrollable passion of all kinds –
pride, anger, grief, etc..
Such literature corrupted both the citizen and the state.
“They give us to understand that many evil livers are happy and many righteous
men unhappy; and that wrong-doing, if it be undetected, is profitable, while
honest dealing is beneficial to one’s neighbour, but damaging to one’s self”
- Republic [Plato’s Condemnation]
8. The Function of Poetry
Mere pleasure cannot be its object. [although it pleases].
Art cannot be conceived as divorced from morals.
Suggests –The Test of Poetry: What contribution it makes to the
knowledge of virtue?
Mould character- promote the interests of the state.
Pleasure, even of the highest kind, ranks low in Plato’s scale of
values.
A poet is a good artist only in so far as he is a good teacher.
Poetic Truth must be the highest truth-ideal forms of justice,
goodness, beauty, and the like.
“We must look for artists who are able out of the goodness of their own natures
to trace the nature of beauty and perfection, that so our young men, like
persons who live in a healthy place, may be perpetually influenced for good.”
-Republic
9. HIS COMMENTS ON DRAMA
Dramatic writing – branch of poetry
Drama – as much removed from reality, product of inspiration, emotional
appeal, unconcerned with morality- as those of poetry.
Its Appeal to Baser Instincts
Effects of Impersonation
Tragic and Comic Pleasure
Its Appeal to Baser Instincts
Drama- meant to be staged.
Approval/disapproval- depends on heterogeneous multitude
In order to please – dramatist often introduces what they like
- quarrels, lamentations – tragedy
- imitation of thunder, cries of beasts – comedy
Arouses baser instincts- [normal life-feel ashamed]
Leads to bad taste and laxity in discipline
Plato censored such plays
10. Effects of Impersonation
Drama reacts unfavourably on the actors themselves
Constantly impersonating evil characters like cowards, knaves, and
criminals- let these evil qualities enter into their own nature –
detriment their natural self.
Acting is not a healthy exercise.
Represses individuality and leads to enfeeblement of character.
Plato admits – where the characters impersonated represent the cream
of humanity- men of courage, wisdom, or virtue.
By force of habit – the same qualities are stimulated in him.
Those tragedies therefore that represent the best and noblest in life
are of positive benefit to the community and deserve to be
encouraged.
11. Tragic and Comic Pleasure
The pleasure aroused by tragedy and comedy
What is it in a painful scene that causes pleasure?
Human nature- mixture of heterogeneous feelings- anger, envy, fear,
grief, etc.- which are painful by themselves –affords pleasure ehen
indulged in excess.
Comedy – [Plato knew only the satirical kind] –the pleasure takes the
form of laughter at what we see on the stage.
- a coward behaving as a brave man
- a fool as a wise man
-a cheat as an honest man etc.
The source of laughter- incongruity between what he is and what he
pretends to be.
Such pleasure- malicious.
Plato hits upon a profound truth: no character can be comic unless he
is lovable. But Plato warns against too frequent indulgence in
laughter- affects seriousness of conduct required to do great deeds.
12. HIS OBSERVATION ON STYLE
Plato lived in an age of oratory – lays down a few principles of good
speech- apply equally to good writing. [Phaedrus]
1. Thorough knowledge of the subject one is to speak on.
2. impress the hearers.
-Natural Gift – Knowledge of its rules- constant practice in the work.
3. his thoughts upon his subject must follow each other in a natural
sequence.
He can communicate himself best to his hearers.
Hearers: - men like himself
- with their own whims and prejudices
- likes and dislikes
- ideas and attitudes
4. have a knowledge of human psychology to get into the hearer’s heart
and soul..
13. THE VALUE OF HIS CRITICISM
Plato - A discerning critic of poetry and drama.
Thorough insight into nature, function and method.
Truth as the test of poetic greatness – awareness of the difference between
the truths of poetry and the truth of life.
Disapproval od the non-moral character of the poetic art – implied the
difference between the function of poetry and the function of philosophy.
-poetry- delight
- philosophy – instruction
Attack on the emotional appeal of poetry – indirectly discerned the poetic
method –to persuade by pleasing, to make one feel rather than think.
His observations on the sources of tragic and comic pleasure
Thoughtful analysis of the essentials of spoken and written speech.
He hits poetry and drama the hardest
- score of lack of moral teaching
-indulgence in unrestrained emotion, or melodramatic or farcical
scenes.
14. He was the first to see that all art is imitation or mimesis, imitating the
objects of life or Nature.
That there are two kinds of art :
Fine Arts- literature, painting, sculpture and music – indulged in
for mere pleasure.
Useful Arts – medicine, agriculture, cookery – cooperate with
Nature
We owe the division of poetry:
dithyrambic/purely lyrical
the purely mimetic/ imitative [drama – life is imitated in action
and speech.
mixed kind – epic- the poet partly indulges in lyrical fights and
partly introduces action and speech.
Epic superior to drama. – a verdict upheld by later generations.
Principles of art/ style:
Well thought out matter
A knowledge of its technique
Constant practice in it
Unity of design/ the interweaving of the parts into an inseparable
whole.
To interpret poetry aright it is necessary to have a knowledge of poetry as
a whole and of the principles of its composition.
- ‘Ion’ by Plato