The document summarizes Aristotle's views on tragic heroes and the elements of tragedy. According to Aristotle, the ideal tragic hero is of high birth and essentially good, but makes an error in judgment that leads to their downfall, arousing pity and fear in the audience. The hero must also be appropriate to their station, true to life, and act consistently in character. Aristotle's views provided guidelines for later playwrights, though some elements like the hero's morality have been challenged.
An Apology for Poetry[7] (also known as A Defence of Poesie and The Defence of Poetry) – Sidney wrote the Defence before 1583. It is generally believed that he was at least partly motivated by Stephen Gosson, a former playwright who dedicated his attack on the English stage, The School of Abuse, to Sidney in 1579, but Sidney primarily addresses more general objections to poetry, such as those of Plato. In his essay, Sidney integrates a number of classical and Italian precepts on fiction. The essence of his defence is that poetry, by combining the liveliness of history with the ethical focus of philosophy, is more effective than either history or philosophy in rousing its readers to virtue. The work also offers important comments on Edmund Spenser and the Elizabethan stage. from wikipidea
Poetry, he wrote in the Preface, originates from ‘the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings’ which is filtered through ‘emotion recollected in tranquillity’.
An Apology for Poetry[7] (also known as A Defence of Poesie and The Defence of Poetry) – Sidney wrote the Defence before 1583. It is generally believed that he was at least partly motivated by Stephen Gosson, a former playwright who dedicated his attack on the English stage, The School of Abuse, to Sidney in 1579, but Sidney primarily addresses more general objections to poetry, such as those of Plato. In his essay, Sidney integrates a number of classical and Italian precepts on fiction. The essence of his defence is that poetry, by combining the liveliness of history with the ethical focus of philosophy, is more effective than either history or philosophy in rousing its readers to virtue. The work also offers important comments on Edmund Spenser and the Elizabethan stage. from wikipidea
Poetry, he wrote in the Preface, originates from ‘the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings’ which is filtered through ‘emotion recollected in tranquillity’.
This presentation is a part of my academic presentation of The Renaissance literature Semester 1 of Department English MA English, MKBU and it is submitted to Prof. Dr. Dilip Barad Sir.
The concept of imagination in biographia literariaDayamani Surya
Samuel Taylor Coleridge in his Biographia Literature considered that the mind can be divided into two faculties called as imagination and fancy.
Imagination is further divided into two types namely Primary Imagination and Secondary Imagination.
More Information :- https://www.topfreejobalert.com
The Waste land it’s a epic poem. A poem made of collage of images. In ‘The Waste land’ Image and symbol take in city life.
Beckett is believed to have said that the name Godot comes from the French "godillot" meaning a military boot. Beckett fought in the war and so spending long periods of time waiting for messages to arrive would have been commonplace for him. The more common interpretation that it might mean "God" is almost certainly wrong. Beckett apparently stated that if he had meant "God," he would have written "God". Godot: it is relatively common name in French
Beckett is believed to have said that the name Godot comes from the French "godillot" meaning a military boot. Beckett fought in the war and so spending long periods of time waiting for messages to arrive would have been commonplace for him. The more common interpretation that it might mean "God" is almost certainly wrong. Beckett apparently stated that if he had meant "God," he would have written "God". Godot: it is relatively common name in French
Beckett is believed to have said that the name Godot comes from the French "godillot" meaning a military boot. Beckett fought in the war and so spending long periods of time waiting for messages to arrive would have been commonplace for him. The more common interpretation that it might mean "God" is almost certainly wrong. Beckett apparently stated that if he had meant "God," he would have written "God". Godot: it is relatively common name in French
My Presentations on Overview of Culture and Anarchy written by Mathew Arnold.Culture and anarchy is a notorious philosophical work written by the celebrated Victorian poet and critic Mathew Arnold. This essay was first published in ‘Cornhill Magazine’ during 1867’-68.
Plato's Objection to Poetry and Aristotle's DefenceDilip Barad
This presentation deals with Greek philosopher Plato's objections to poetry and Aristotle's clarification on the confusion created by Plato. It is said that Plato confused study of morals/ethics with that of aesthetics. Aristotle removed this confusion.
Here is my Presentation as a part of my Academic activities of Sem-1 M.A . Submitted to Pro.Dr Dilip Barad , Department of English MK Bhavnagar University.
Literary Theory and Criticism
By Belachew Weldegebriel
Jimma University
College of Social Sciences and Humanities
Department of English Language and Literature
#Chaucer's art of characterization
#Presentation
#classical poetry
#education
#helping material
#teaching
#knowledge
https://www.linkedin.com/posts/ayman-batool-4b55a3205_chaucers-art-of-characterization-activity-6767364096041005056-cgX-
This presentation is a part of my academic presentation of The Renaissance literature Semester 1 of Department English MA English, MKBU and it is submitted to Prof. Dr. Dilip Barad Sir.
The concept of imagination in biographia literariaDayamani Surya
Samuel Taylor Coleridge in his Biographia Literature considered that the mind can be divided into two faculties called as imagination and fancy.
Imagination is further divided into two types namely Primary Imagination and Secondary Imagination.
More Information :- https://www.topfreejobalert.com
The Waste land it’s a epic poem. A poem made of collage of images. In ‘The Waste land’ Image and symbol take in city life.
Beckett is believed to have said that the name Godot comes from the French "godillot" meaning a military boot. Beckett fought in the war and so spending long periods of time waiting for messages to arrive would have been commonplace for him. The more common interpretation that it might mean "God" is almost certainly wrong. Beckett apparently stated that if he had meant "God," he would have written "God". Godot: it is relatively common name in French
Beckett is believed to have said that the name Godot comes from the French "godillot" meaning a military boot. Beckett fought in the war and so spending long periods of time waiting for messages to arrive would have been commonplace for him. The more common interpretation that it might mean "God" is almost certainly wrong. Beckett apparently stated that if he had meant "God," he would have written "God". Godot: it is relatively common name in French
Beckett is believed to have said that the name Godot comes from the French "godillot" meaning a military boot. Beckett fought in the war and so spending long periods of time waiting for messages to arrive would have been commonplace for him. The more common interpretation that it might mean "God" is almost certainly wrong. Beckett apparently stated that if he had meant "God," he would have written "God". Godot: it is relatively common name in French
My Presentations on Overview of Culture and Anarchy written by Mathew Arnold.Culture and anarchy is a notorious philosophical work written by the celebrated Victorian poet and critic Mathew Arnold. This essay was first published in ‘Cornhill Magazine’ during 1867’-68.
Plato's Objection to Poetry and Aristotle's DefenceDilip Barad
This presentation deals with Greek philosopher Plato's objections to poetry and Aristotle's clarification on the confusion created by Plato. It is said that Plato confused study of morals/ethics with that of aesthetics. Aristotle removed this confusion.
Here is my Presentation as a part of my Academic activities of Sem-1 M.A . Submitted to Pro.Dr Dilip Barad , Department of English MK Bhavnagar University.
Literary Theory and Criticism
By Belachew Weldegebriel
Jimma University
College of Social Sciences and Humanities
Department of English Language and Literature
#Chaucer's art of characterization
#Presentation
#classical poetry
#education
#helping material
#teaching
#knowledge
https://www.linkedin.com/posts/ayman-batool-4b55a3205_chaucers-art-of-characterization-activity-6767364096041005056-cgX-
This presentation introduces students to the classical definition of tragedy. After the presentation--and after reading Macbeth--the students prepare a debate on whether Macbeth is really a tragedy by the classical definition.
This presentation introduces students to the classical definition of tragedy. After the presentation--and after reading Macbeth--the students prepare a debate on whether Macbeth is really a tragedy by the classical definition.
Avoid plot summary.You may use any formal method of citation, but .docxaman341480
Avoid plot summary.
You may use any formal method of citation, but stick to the same method throughout your paper.
Paper 1 Prompt Background:
Greek tragedies are plays that were intended to reinforce traditional religious values, as ancient Greek society became more and more sophisticated. In
Poetics
(which is linked from the course main page, if you want to check it out), the philosopher Aristotle discusses poetry (including epic poetry) and theatre, describing the similarities and differences in terms of format, method, and overall purpose. He provides that all artistic representations of life (which present the possibility of what could be real life, without actually describing real events) fulfill humanity's desire to experience and learn.
"Though the objects themselves may be painful to see, we delight to view the most realistic representations of them in art... The explanation is to be found in a further fact: to be learning something is the greatest of pleasures not only to the philosopher but also to the rest of mankind, however small their capacity for it; the reason of the delight... is that one is at the same time learning - gathering the meaning of things.”
Tragedy in particular should make people feel intensely and think carefully:
"A tragedy...is the imitation of an action that is serious and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself; it is in a dramatic, not narrative form; with incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish its catharsis of such emotions."
“Structure of tragedy at its best should be complex, not simple, and that it should represent actions capable of awakening fear and pity.”
It should
“appeal to our humanity, or awaken pity or fear in us...the well conceived plot will have a change in fortune from prosperity to misery, and it will be due not to depravity, but to some great error."
While Greek tragedies are not specifically meant to be character studies, the best tragedies incorporate protagonists whom audiences both respect and identify. Aristotle describes tragedy as being less about a protagonist's character than it is about the way circumstances converge to affect his life: the things that happen to him, and the consequences of the actions he takes in the course of the experience. Aristotle writes:
"Tragedy is not a representation of men but of a piece of action, of life, of happiness and unhappiness, which come under the head of action, and the end aimed at is the representation not of qualities of character but of some action; and while character makes men what they are, it's their actions and experiences that make them happy or the opposite."
In other words, you can have a full-fledged tragedy without knowing much about who a character is inside, but the more you know him, the more the events of the tragedy can make you feel for the character and understand the gravity of what is happening to him. The changes - normally bad - that occur in the tragic protagonist's life create the "pi ...
Paper 1 Oedipus the King (worth 75 points)Please consider a.docxbunyansaturnina
Paper 1: Oedipus the King (worth 75 points)
Please consider all portions of the prompt in your essay. Your paper should be at least 1100 words. Please use a readable font and double-space your paper. You must submit it via your account on Turnitin.com (make sure you are correctly registered on the site WELL BEFORE you attempt to submit your paper - see the Syllabus for information).
Do not use outside sources; stick to the text of the play, the film assigned for class, and the other readings assigned so far in this course (if they apply). Remember to cite these sources if you quote them, borrow turns of phrase from them, or appropriate ideas directly from them. Limit direct quotations to 2 lines or less per quote.
Avoid plot summary.
You may use any formal method of citation, but stick to the same method throughout your paper.
Paper 1 Prompt Background:
Greek tragedies are plays that were intended to reinforce traditional religious values, as ancient Greek society became more and more sophisticated. In Poetics (which is linked from the course main page, if you want to check it out), the philosopher Aristotle discusses poetry (including epic poetry) and theatre, describing the similarities and differences in terms of format, method, and overall purpose. He provides that all artistic representations of life (which present the possibility of what could be real life, without actually describing real events) fulfill humanity's desire to experience and learn.
"Though the objects themselves may be painful to see, we delight to view the most realistic representations of them in art... The explanation is to be found in a further fact: to be learning something is the greatest of pleasures not only to the philosopher but also to the rest of mankind, however small their capacity for it; the reason of the delight... is that one is at the same time learning - gathering the meaning of things.”
Tragedy in particular should make people feel intensely and think carefully:
"A tragedy...is the imitation of an action that is serious and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself; it is in a dramatic, not narrative form; with incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish its catharsis of such emotions."
“Structure of tragedy at its best should be complex, not simple, and that it should represent actions capable of awakening fear and pity.” It should “appeal to our humanity, or awaken pity or fear in us...the well conceived plot will have a change in fortune from prosperity to misery, and it will be due not to depravity, but to some great error."
While Greek tragedies are not specifically meant to be character studies, the best tragedies incorporate protagonists whom audiences both respect and identify. Aristotle describes tragedy as being less about a protagonist's character than it is about the way circumstances converge to affect his life: the things that happen to him, and the consequences of the actions he takes in the course of the experi.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
4. Introduction
Aristotle (384-322 B.C) was a
great Greek philosopher,
psychologist, logician,
moralist, political thinker,
biologist and founder of
literary criticism.
His analysis of the ideal form
of tragic plays became a
guideline for later
playwrights in western
civilization.
5. “Tragedy is the imitation of an action that is
serious and also, having magnitude complete in
itself; in language embellished with each kind of
artistic ornament, each kind bought in
separately in the parts of the work; in dramatic,
not in narrative form; with incidents arousing
pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish its
catharsis of such emotions.”
6. According to him tragedy involves the imitation of
men better than they are in actual life.
Hence tragedy presents a character in idealized form.
The characters are good in strictly moral sense.
It merely means that characters live in a more
complete and intense life than the real man and
women dare to in real world.
7. High birth:
Aristotle believed that hero of tragedy should either
King or Prince, a man belonging to a noble family.
Tragedy of a noble person affects more.
So the hero should not be a common man or layman or
man of street.
According to A.C. Bradley:
“Tragedy of noble man affects the welfare of the
whole nation.”
8. Concept of Pity and fear:
The main object of tragedy is to create the feelings of pity
and fear.
In tragedy the fall of hero creates the feelings of pity and
fear.
Aristotle knew it very well that if a thoroughly gentleman
or saint like figure is moves from prosperity to adversity, we
take pity on him but we don’t feel fear.
It indicates that a saint like person can’t be a tragic hero.
This concept of tragic hero is rejected by George Bernard
Shaw.
He wrote play “Saint John” in which he has violated
various concepts of tragic hero propounded by Aristotle.
9. Contrary to this, Aristotle believed that a ruffian rascal
or murderer cannot be a tragic hero.
If a murderer is moving from prosperity to adversity,
we don’t take pity on him but we feel only fear.
This same philosophy is also refuted by many
Renaissance playwrights.
William Shakespeare violated concept of pity in his
play “Macbeth”.
10. Four Qualities of the Tragic Hero
In chapter 15 of “Poetics”, Aristotle laid stress on four
qualities of the tragic hero.
1. Goodness
2. Appropriateness
3. Likeness/true to life
4. Consistency
11. Goodness:
A character is assumed ‘good’, if his works and action
reveal a good purpose behind them.
This is irrespective of class to which he belongs.
Sympathy is necessary as it is the very basis of the
whole tragic pleasure.
The bad man does not arouse pity in us if he falls from
happiness to misery.
12. Place of Wicked Persons In Tragedy
Entirely wicked persons have no place in tragedy
according to Aristotle.
But we must remember that, by implication, we can
see that Aristotle allows the ‘bad’ and ‘wicked’ in
tragedy if he is indispensable to the plot.
And the action of the play as a whole should be a good
one.
13. Hero is Good But not Perfect
Aristotle asks for a good man, not for a perfect man. In
Greek sense, goodness involves any virtues of courage,
temperance, magnificence, truthfulness, liberty etc.
According to Humphry House:
“The term ‘good’ and ‘goodness’ is Greek meant
something different from what it has come to
mean in terms of Christian ethics. The insistence
on goodness is not coloured with direct didacticism”
14. Place of woman and slaves in tragedy:
Aristotle held women to be inferior (classified them
with slaves) but even women, if introduced in tragedy,
should be shown to have some good in them.
15. Appropriateness:
The next essential quality for a tragic hero is
appropriateness.
It means the character should be true to their
particular age, profession, class, sex or status.
But they are individuals at the same time, for they are
‘men in action’ as represented in tragedy.
In other sense the character should be appropriate to
the historical and traditional portrait of him.
16. So, each character should be given a character
appropriate to his ‘status’ or situation.
The character’s actions and words should be
appropriate to what he is represented to be,
As well as to the situation in which he is placed.
17. Likeness/true to life:
The character must be true to life.
We can identify ourselves with the characters.
If we don’t see the characters as we see ourselves, the
tragic emotions of pity and fear become irrelevant.
Thus the tragic character has to be a normal person or
of an intermediate sort. Only then he will be
convincing
18. Consistency:
The fourth essential with regard to character is that
the character must be consistent.
This is valid point which can’t be disputed.
The character must be seen as a whole, and consistent
to what he is presented as from beginning to end.
There has to be probability or necessity in the
character’s actions and words.
If the character is to be shown as being an inconsistent
one, he should be consistently inconsistent.
The character should act and seem to think in a
manner which we can logically expect from that
particular individual.
19. An Ideal Tragic Hero: An intermediate sort of person:
The person who stands between complete villainy and
complete goodness according to Aristotle is the ideal
tragic hero, he is a man like us, yet he has a moral
elevation.
He is more intense person, his feelings are deeper. But
he is essentially a human.
So, that it is easy for us to identify ourselves with him
and sympathise with him.
20. :According to Aristotle the tragic hero must be like:
“The tragic hero must be an intermediate kind of
personage, a man not pre-eminently virtuous
and just, whose misfortune however, is brought
upon him not by vice and depravity; but by
some error of judgment(Hamartia). He must be
one of those enjoying great reputation and
prosperity.”
21. A good man—coming to bad end. (Its shocking and disturbs faith)
A bad man—coming to good end. (Neither moving nor moral)
A bad man coming to bad end. (moral, but not moving)
A rather good man—coming to bad end. (An ideal situation to arouse
pity and fear)
22. Hamartia
Hamartia has been interpreted variously. Bradley
interpreted Hamartia as “tragic flaw”.
Hamartia is not a moral falling but some error of
judgment.
The entire tragedy should rise from this minor flaw or
error of judgment.
Critics like, Butcher, Bywater, Rostangi and Lucas
agree that Hamartia is not a moral drawback.
23. Hamartia, arises in three ways:
1. Ignorance of some material fact or circumstances.
2. Hasty or careless view of given situation. One
example is Othello. In his case the error was
avoidable but he does not avoid it
3. Error may be voluntary, though not deliberate. This
happens in an act of anger or passion. Lear commits
such an error when he banishes Cordelia.
24. Conclusion:
On the whole we see that Aristotle concept of the tragic
hero is not unacceptable.
In some ways he has a limited vision.
Tragedy is possible with saints, as G.B Shaw and Eliot have
shown. But this is not a generally found fact.
Tragedy is also much possible with villainous hero, has
been remarkably shown by Renaissance dramatists,
especially by Shakespeare.
Nevertheless the views of Aristotle cannot be completely
ignored.
Many dramatists have learned much from his conception.
25. The main points
1. Noble man/high birth.
2. Good but not perfect.
3. Intermediate person neither saint nor Satan. Because the
tragedy of Saint like person crates the feelings of pity but
not of fear. And the tragedy of Satanic/rascal person
creates the feelings of fear but not of pity.
4. Appropriate to his class and status and to that what he is
presenting.
5. Likeness/true to life.
6. Consistent in his actions and words.
7. Misfortune/downfall comes due to his error of judgment;
it means he is not morally deprived.