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Kajian Ilmiah REDD+ MRV : Konteks Global dan Relevansinya dengan Kegiatan Demonstrasi REDD+ di Indonesia
1. Kajian Ilmiah REDD+ MRV : Konteks Global
dan Relevansinya dengan Kegiatan
Demonstrasi REDD+ di Indonesia
Temu Pihak Terkait Pengembangan Kolaborasi Inventarisasi Hutan
untuk Pendugaan Karbon Hutan di Propinsi Kalimantan Tengah
Palangkaraya, November 2014
Arief Wijaya
Center For International Forestry Research (CIFOR)
2. Outline
Gambaran umum FREL/FRL
Update terkini dari diskusi FREL/FRL internasional
Skema pendanaan REDD+ non-UNFCCC
Perbandingan dengan negara/sub-national region lainnya
Lesson learnt untuk REDD+ MRV Kalimantan Tengah
3. Gambaran Umum FREL/FRL
Sampai saat ini sudah ada 4 keputusan COP terkait
dengan FREL/FRL RED+, terkait dengan 1) modalities dan
petunjuk untuk penyusunan FREL/FRL, and 2) evaluasi
teknis terhadap dokumen FREL/FRL
Negara yang akan melaksanakan REDD+ activities harus
memiliki:
– National strategy action plan
– National forest reference emission level and/or forest reference level
– sub national as interim
– Robust and transparent forest monitoring system
– System for providing information on how the safeguards …are
being addressed and respected….
4. COP decisions providing details on REDD+
FREL/FRLs
Be expressed in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per
year
Maintain consistency with national GHG inventories
Be established transparency, providing information and
rationale FREL/FRL development
Allow for a stepwise approach
Allow for the use of subnational FREL/FRLs as an interim
measure
6. Higher tier approaches for REL development
Retain predictive power of historical trend data and move to
more driver-based assessment and predictions
Include data-driver reasoning for deviations from historical
trend (i.e. national circumstances)
Higher tiers use national data:
– Deforestation and emissions and understanding of historical processes
using data on drivers and activities causing forest carbon stocks
change
– Establish relationship with underlying causes (proxies)
– Justification why and how deforestation varies from historical trend on
the level of drivers and activities
7. Note on FREL/FRL terminology
In UNFCCC COP decisions the term forest reference
emission levels and/or forest reference levels (FREL/FRLs)
is used.
The most common understanding is that a FREL includes
only emissions from deforestation and degradation
FRL includes both emissions by sources and removals
by sink, thus it includes also enhancement of forest carbon
stocks.
9. REDD+ Financing Mechanism
The most common reason for developing a REDD+
FREL/FRL is to access international finance linked to
positive performance (or results) from implementing REDD+
actions
There is currently no operational financing mechanism
under the UNFCCC that provides payments for REDD+
results
The COP has agreed to a number of requirements that
could assist in the operationalization of such a mechanism
Green Climate Fund (GCF) (decision 1/CP.16) to support
projects, programs, policies and other activities in
developing country Parties
10. REDD+ Financing Mechanism
Specific programs focus on finance for results-based REDD+
actions:
World Bank Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) –
Carbon Fund
REDD+ Early Movers (REM) – German government
The BioCarbon Fund’s Initiative for Sustainable Forest
Landscapes (ISFL)
13. Norwegian Initiatives to Combat Climate
Change - NICFI
Norway pays developing countries to reduce emissions
and not to watch their forests
Norway agreement respects on national circumstances
and sovereignty
They care on the processes and the outcomes – CO2
emissions reduction target
Inclusiveness principles
15. Implications to national carbon emissions
estimate (Indonesia) – how about Kalteng?
Source
Annual CO2 Emission from
deforestation 2000 -
2009/2012 (in Gt CO2e)*
Methods Remarks
FAOStat 0.35
FRA country report
(EF = 138 ton C/ha)
Net forest conversion
MoE - Second National
Communication to UNFCCC
0.83 IPCC Guidelines 2006 Net forest conversion
Winrock International
(Harris, 2012)
0.39
Carbon Bookkeeping model
(RS + Field)
Gross deforestation
MOF (official) 0.81
Approach 3 + average national
emission (Tier 1 or 2)
Gross deforestation
MOF + Saatchi (CIFOR) 0.20
Approach 3 + Global EF
(Tier 1 or 2)
Net forest conversion
National FREL document 0.21 Approach 3 + NFI data (Tier 2) Gross deforestation
* does not include peat emissions and peat fire
16. Lesson learned from CIFOR Global Comparative
Study on REDD+ Project
Countries should start as soon as possible for estimating
their national REL/RL based on the best available data
(tier 1 estimate)
– If we have less data the more we depend on those data
Countries should invest for collecting national datasets
(i.e. time series forest cover change and local emissions
factor data)
Estimate on carbon stocks change at national/sub-
national/project scale should comply with the convention
(i.e. IPCC guidelines)
17. Lesson learned from CIFOR Global Comparative
Study on REDD+ Project
Participation of local people is important to significantly
reduce risks of REDD+ and to improve credibility of national
climate change mitigation programs
Source: Indonesian REDD+
Agency
18. Study on REDD+ incentives
Emissions reductions that can claim for REDD+ financial
incentives should be additional of those resulted from national
climate change mitigation program (i.e. based on self
financed/national efforts)
– Differentiate between REL as business as usual (BAU) and crediting baseline
(or financial incentive benchmark)
Source: redd-net.org
19. Study on REDD+ incentives
Emissions reduction that can claim REDD+ incentives
should be additional of those of national climate change
mitigation program (based on self financed/national efforts)
Carbon emissions reduction should be estimated following
Tier 2 approach
Trade off between climate change mitigation and
national economic development sectors is the main
challenge to engage in phase 3 of REDD+ implementation
(i.e. results-based payment at national scale)
– Phase 1 and 2 funding of REDD+ project established at
subnational/project levels can be financed through non-market
mechanism (e.g. international donors, project based, etc)
– Phase 3 REDD+ project should be ideally financed through market
based mechanism
20. Four Decades of Forests
Persistence, clearance and
logging in Borneo
(1973-2010)
Source: Gaveau, et.al (2014)
76% of forest cover (1973) 46% of forest cover (2010)
http://gislab.cifor.cgiar.org/wm/borneo/
21. CIFOR Study
(Subset of Borneo-wide Data 1973 – 2010)
Class labels Area (Mha)
Intact Forest 2010 4.12
Logged Forest 2010 4.04
Deforestation from 1973 to 2010 3.86
Non-Forest 1973 2.97
Clouds 0.26
Total 15.24
Courtesy: David Gaveau (CIFOR)
Editor's Notes
REDD+ Policies
examines how REDD+ is unfolding in the national policy arena.
REDD+ Subnational Initiatives
examines how REDD+ projects can be designed and implemented so that their outcomes are effective, efficient and equitable and they deliver co‑benefits.
Measuring Carbon Emissions
looks for ways to enable better carbon accounting so that emission reductions can be reliably measured and verified.
Mitigation–Adaptation Synergies
looks for ways to exploit the synergies between REDD+ and climate change adaptation, to ensure that REDD+ has an impact beyond mitigation and is sustainable in a changing climate.
REDD+ Benefit Sharing
aims to provide policy options and guidance for the design, development and implementation of REDD+ benefit‑sharing mechanisms