Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere with 80% of the population living in absolute poverty. It has experienced rapid population growth, doubling in size in less than 50 years to over 8 million people. This has resulted in high population density of 295 people per square kilometer and significant population pressure on the limited resources and fragile environment. Solutions that have been tried include family planning programs, education initiatives, and efforts to increase economic opportunities.

1. AS Geography
Case Studies

2. AS Geography: Human
Population

3. Fertility rate =
Pop = 8.1million 5.2 children per
Rapid Impacts of Poorest country in
growth for overpopulation western 80% live in Doubled in less woman Pop density =
LEDCs hemisphere absolute than 50 years 295 people per
poverty sq/km
Core Themes Population
GDP = pressure
Malthus – Background $1,500 Population
optimistic Stage 2
theory country Hurricanes, flooding
and earthquakes
Sun Oven – reduced
deforestation and its Case Study:
cheap to make Over population:
Afforestation Haiti
– help soil Solutions Sharp drop –
AIDs (6% of High birth rate
fertility
Low life + Youthful
– reduce adults)
expectancy (53) population
over land
flow source Population pressure on
of food Human environment
Spreading
Other ideas; Poor health care disease - TB
Intercropping,
Plant nitrogen HIV/AIDs – 300,000 cases -
fixers for soil highest in Latin America and
fertility the Caribbean

4. Gov – 1960s gov sponsored
Gov – control
control pop GNP = $30,550 family planning ‘Stop at 2’ media Legalise abortions
pop numbers and sterilisations
movement Population Fertility rate = scheme to stem campaigns
4million 1.4 children per growth
Core Themes woman Social and economic incentives-
paid maternity leave, cheaper
Population SDS – Background healthcare, free education, tax
decline Stage 5 graduate Initial policy High life relief
MEDC country blind dates expectancy – Large number
better quality middle aged – Drop in
1987 – “have
Ext. Maternity previous high birth base
3” slogan of life
leave rate reflects
Targeted Reversing the Case Study: success of
educated decline Under population: Females live policy – Low
young Less Singapore longer than BR + smaller
women Gov. Part educated - families
Fertility rate Too successful men
Get £3750 fund housing
now 1.4 well – BR decline
for each of education below the 2.1 for the last 20
their first Other factors for the replacement
years
3 children + fall in fertility rate level Success?
no tax
Impacts –
Tend to suffer 50% women Falling economic growth,
stress – work – Ageing pop. – health service +
reduced careers pensions,
desire for Children priority
Jobs unfilled – 40% workforce
children costly migrants

5. BR = 10.1 Population Age White
DR = 11.9 Ethnicity
Structure 45-64 65+ 98.8
Females 27.50 21.77
Chinese Black
22,895
Males Total 0.6 0.6
21,521 44,416
Population dynamics Qualifications
Level 4-5 Level 2 None
17.6 20.9 27.4
Grants for Private Case Study:
community No village
education Affects of migration and population Conflict between activity
bus locals and
change in Rural areas:
newcomers
Transport Village Isle of Purbeck, Dorset
Elderly and
Schools poor left
Isolation
What is not there? Rural service decline What happened?
Health
care GP Deprivation Dormitory
Post Food Library's closure village
offices shops Mobile
Locals cannot afford Second home commuters
Have to travel ones
local houses – services unused
Combined services - pollution

6. Site and service schemes – given land for Developments – Rehab – encouraged to work
them to work and have an address tower blocks (crime, as community to build
1870 -
poorly built) schools etc.
25,000 Population
people Industrial estates Transport
Structure
Charities – jobs and medical
1990 - Authorities – gap years
15 mil cleared slums What they did
people Land – Lack of formal
Rapid for Population dynamics inappropriate – employment –
LEDCs riverside shoe shining
Housing etc.
Move to cities for
work Case Study:
Affects of migration and population 40% live in shanty
Machines take change in Urban areas: towns
over farming jobs Sau Paulo, Brazil
Shortage of
affordable housing
Medias positive
image Push and Pull factors Textiles etc.
-Why? Cheaper Affects of Urban
Services elsewhere Crime - growth
City gangs
Decline in
attractions industries
Rapid Transport
In -migration Unemployment/
Jobs population Pollution;
Housing growth BR high noise, air, underemployment
DR falls visual

7. Extra info: So they set limits on who could have
23 sewing needles woman They wanted to avoid children and when
- infanticide a Malthusian type China could only have
Chinas elderly care conundrum disaster a rising living
–heavy burden standard if the
Chinese government concerned population was
1960-73 1974-79 about population growth controlled
Pop. Boom Encouraged to
Aimed to stabilise Population control could Infanticide –
55 million reduce population growth cause social unrest – they couples
1950-59 -Longer, later, by 2050 wanted
could research life elsewhere
Large pop. fewer – Wan- males, killed if
(Famine in 59) xi-shao Case Study: girl` - males
Attempts to manage population spoilt – .
Stages of the policy
2006+ change to achieve sustainable Disadvantages emperor
little
. syndrome
Growth fallen 0.6% development (over population) :
Fertility rate 1.6 China – One Child Policy Unsuccessful
Better health service – With one child the average Allowed in countryside
ratio 118:100 families would fall to 370 million second child if – hard to
1979-90 1990+ Elderly dependent first a girl enforce in
Didn’t work One child more Advantages rural areas
population –
well – still relaxed younger would
increased - ageing pop social have to create Successful in urban Financial and educational
Source of
contracepti influences from west more wealth to areas, with 90% ofincentives for one child –
cheap labour +
on – granny successful in urban maintain the children being only fines , abortions and
police – one Report pregnancy same quality of sterilisations for more kept going till
children e.g. they had a boy
child policy babies killed life Beijing

8. Alcohol abuse and smoking –
Percentage of potential highest in the world
parents of child baring age
Threat of HIV/Aids
within the Russian population
is so small
Cause
Case Study:
Attempts to manage population
change to achieve sustainable
development (under population):
Russia
Russia census – 50% increase Slow depopulation
Aged workforce
Muslim majority nation
Urgent, polarised and
Effect
Scare-mongering angry debate
Muslim population groups Population decline
that are experiencing very
rapid growth Long term Destroyed Russia
consequences

9. High birth rates More diverse and
as migrants A lot of middle aged multi-cultural society
have children people due to Migrants experience
migration racism and prejudice
This strain on the More interesting
healthcare service will – experience
cause an increase in different
the numbers of staff Population changes cultures
Social Impacts (e.g. Celebrating
needed to work – these
will all also need to be Chinese new
trained year)
Case Study:
Change of population structures
Send money
because of migration: back to the
Employment in (Poland to) Slough, UK loosing
healthcare services country
3000-4000 more
This growth in the permanent jobs Economic Impacts
As their are more population will created because
people of working cause huge strain of labour shortage Takes money
age they will have on health services
away from the
more children as when they Companies based in Help other
receiving
putting more strain become elderly UK may move countries
country
on hospitals – they will need overseas if they could Businesses get become more
especially maternity care not get the workers cheap labour with affluent and
wards) flexible hours developed

10. AS Geography: Physical
Rivers

11. Dredging – make deeper Diversion channels Generate Deforestation (3000 Reservoir
channel (greater volume – send away from electricity acres), land slides 100m high,
allowed pass) flood risk areas from HEP for and animals Farmland 2.3km
Increased Central and disturbed long
Eastern china and tourist
flood plain Dams + Weirs attractions
height – to regulate destroyed
water Increased
Retention basins
+ balance lakes - What? Clean energy – Environmental downstream
divert when high no fossil fuels erosion
discharge Between 1998-2004
Banks/channel sediment transport
Case Study: fell by 50%
modification –
Hard Engineering (extensive
strengthen and raise
Expensive artificially modification): Toxins – 16,000
+ a lot of Three Gorges Dam, China factories Sediment
work build-up
No needing
flooding Economic
Political Social dredging
and less Forced 85 billion
problems Resettlement kilowatts Need for
in future Also created
of 1.3million maintenance
withstand
people Improved
earthquake Reduced risk of
navigation Reservoir
flooding for 15
Community and along river behind
14million million
history disappears – useful for dam
-2300 years worth homeless trade £25billion

12. Floodplain zoning – some areas Contour ploughing
allowed to flood naturally and strip farming – Artificial Environment agency – more
reduce runoff channels built sustainable
Wetland +
for diversion
river bank
conservation New lake and
schemes Afforestation – floodplains created
interception – – collect naturally
Forecasting floods
What? slows down water
and warnings - Environmental
reaching river Diverse
shelter and protect
environment for
River restoration scheme Case Study: wildlife
– to original stat before
Soft Engineering (Slow down the
being managed
Might not rate and/or reduce the amount): Park
always River Quaggy restoration lowered
work scheme, UK and shaped
Economic
Introduce Political Social
schemes to
do less
Flood
later
Reduced management
Won 2007 Flood zones and park
risk to 600
Natural don't save quality
homes and Can collect
environment people in improved
businesses 85,000m3
category poorer areas –(3 Olympic pools)

13. 80% river On bay of Borders India Improve Flood action 7 new dams
flood plains Bengal plan 7 meters of embankment
and Burma forecasts
Population – Cut cost to 6 billion
North 5000 flood Aid agencies
120 million Eastern, Sout Water Food and
shelters
(dense) h Asia Long term response purification plastic
Government tablets
4 rivers meet Location sheets
Afforestation gave rice and
here – Ganges, money
Meghna etc. - Napal
Sanitation
Wettest climate World poorest
countries (GNP
Short term response
$200)
Less than 1-2 All 3 rivers peak Case Study: Medicine International
meters above flow at same Flooding in LEDCs: and health aid
flood level time Bangladesh, Asia -1998 care
Fodder – Repair and
Physical Causes food for live construct
On a stock houses
Snow melt – Monsoon floodplain Secondary Effects
Global rains and delta Primary Effects (as a result)
warming (instant) Cost Communications
Human Causes $1billion down
Global warming
Urbanisation Spread of 30 million
980,571 1000 died disease
Farakka dam flooded ¾ of affected
26,564
Bangladesh
Deforestation Build up flood cattle killed 1 million people Shortage of clean
plains under water to refuge drinking water

14. 10 miles south of Minimal – keep present Unsupportable – economic and
Scottish border Confluence oflevel of flood defence environmental cost
Population River Eden Upstream storage – large scale
71,773 Cumbria,
Option 1 Option 2 – reservoirs and dams
northwest Option 3
History – 3 England Lower Eden strategic + planning
major floods in Appraisal Report (SPAR) Up streamed
Location Risk to
four years Long term response managed
property and realignment, move
Geology – sand lives This selected – flood defence,
and lime stone Rainfall – 73%
environ. larger flood plain
in Eden runoff in Eden
acceptable and raise existing
Case Study: defences
Physical Causes Flooding in MEDC’s: Short term response
Soils – Carlisle, UK - 2005
Alluvium + Relief – low News Emergency
deeper Vegetation gradient in warnings services – police
soils Carlisle 1915 homes and and hospital on
businesses flooded Secondary Effects standby
Urbanisation – to 2 meters (as a result) 3000 jobs at risk
increased Human Causes 3,000 Damage in public
spread of homeless
3 people Primary Effects(some for more perceptions of
towns and Emotional
died (instant) the area
villages in than 3 months) impact
valley areas Extreme financial
120 People 40,000 homes cost
Communications
injuries stranded without power
affected

15. AS Geography: Human
Health

16. People with: medical conditions, lung disease,
Seasonal
Nose, throat bronchi diabetes, cancer, kidney/heart problems epidemics
and Lungs Fever, headache, As a result can lead to
severe infection, complications,
Occurrence
Lasts a week malaise, cough pneumonia and death
(aprox.) and sore throat
Vulnerable groups
Burden on High attack
Recover 1-2
Symptoms hospitals and case-
weeks without Affects
mortality
treatment
rates
Case Study: Severe health
Another form: Bird Flu
Patterns of morbidity: consequences
– H5N1 (subtype)
Influenza Impacts in poorly
nourished
Transmitted from populations –
birds to humans One form: also limited
Spanish Flu History 250,000 – access to
300,000 deaths health care
2003 – every year
Hong Kong -
threats of Killed 40 Three times in 2002-
1993
pandemic million the last century Madagascar
Death rates highest world wide 27,000 cases
Genetic mutations =
among healthy in 1918-19 in 3 months,
global pandemics
young adults 800 deaths
Large death and disease tolls

17. Life expectancy below 40
Currently at 26 years and 8 months
(first time since 1950)
50% of expectant In 2006 – 34 years
mothers in urban - Without AIDS In 5 months raised to 74 (estimated)
areas
24% of adults infected
- out of a 1.6million Impact on health
population Gov. Had
money
Government
through
provided free
diamond
Case Study: anti-retroviral
industry
drug
HIV/AIDs:
Botswana
Impact on economic
Impacts on Lifestyle Because of a lack of development
workers
Economy one third
None specific to smaller (33%) by Income seven
HIV in Botswana 2021 than it would times Sub-
be without aids Saharan
Africa's

18. 1999 – 1 million
infected 1984 – first case
66,000 AIDs deaths
diagnosed
Rise to 90% Impact on health
condom use
for prostitutes
after gov
1995 – 5,000 intervention Case Study:
infected
HIV/AIDs:
babies
Thailand
Impact on economic
Impacts on Lifestyle development
60million free
condoms
Rapid spread – to sex workers
drug Vulnerable ‘100% condom
users, low Prostitution programme’
infection rates groups –
condom Promoted by TV,
30% by the prostitutes, drug
use, sex Radio and posters
1990’s users
workers

19. Tobacco Alcohol abuse Last 10 years, rates of people over
95,000 deaths per year
High blood (UK) 65 decreased by 45% due to
pressure (stress) lifestyle improvements
Obesity The additional cost
High
cholesterol Obesity costs the of the unemployed
(LEDC) Causes Impacts on health NHS £0.5billion a due to health
Lack of year
nutrition
Impact on economic
USA – ban on customers development
suing fast food
companies because of Smoking Cardiovascular
obesity Case Study: related disease costs
Disease of affluence: conditions the NHS
Impacts on lifestyle costs NHS £14.4billion -
Coronary Heart Disease
£2.7billion - 2006
Japan – gov 2008
New Zealand – Heart attack every
health recognisable 5-a-side football 15mins
education - High risk teams
healthy food LE average – 69.3
advertise lifestyles –
logos
alcohol, smoking,
Glasgow years (UK lowest)
reduce in high Health
BP Public Smoking diet 2005 – 10,331
ban (UK) -2007 Lifestyle deaths
Social Glasgow women
Social class – working twice as Improvements in diet, quitting deprivation – highest rate of
likely to have a heart attack smoking and exercise – reduced high rates of heart attacks in the
than middle by 27% in 2008 heart disease world

20. 15,000 people work in our Only pharmaceutical company to
Every hour we spend more than research team to discover tackle the three priority diseases
£300,000 to find new medicines new medicines identified by the WHO – HIV, TB and
Malaria
We are a research based
pharmaceutical company We screen about 65million
compounds every year for
Mission to improve the quality of new medicines
human life by enabling people to Research
do more, feel better and live We supply ¼ of the worlds
longer vaccines and by Feb ‘07 we had
We are 23 vaccines in clinical
LEDC factories
encouraged to by development
to ship drugs
GSK by adverts Case Study:
mainly to
and campaigns Pharmaceutical Transnational's:
MEDCs for us Distribution
to buy GlaxoSmithKline, GSK
(shipping/transporting)
GSK process
Factory
owners Design new
GSK people travel drugs in HQ in Production
want to to LEDCs to find 2006- we
make profit the UK (making the drug) shipped 206 2006- we donated
factories to make
– so they the drugs – they million HIV 155 million tablets
make their use these We make almost four treatments to to eliminate
Our business
workers factories so that billion packs of developing elephantiasis, mak
employs over
work long they don't have to medicines and countries ing 600 million
100,000 people
hours with pay workers as healthcare products in 117 countries treatments in
little pay much – big profit every year total

21. Plants in more
Worlds largest than 60
Annual revenue: countries
£33,921million Make more money than the
combined GDP of Costa Rica,
Factories in 44 Lithuania and 4 other countries
countries
British American Tobacco
Given leaflets
– shops also
Case Study: painted in
Tobacco Transnational's: BAT offer to BAT colours
paint cardiac
Mauritius – British American hospital –
½ a class of 11-14
Tobacco (BAT) sponsorship
year olds smoke
Advertising banned but
carries on in a disguised
Aware of BAT Mauritius
form
brands (e.g.
Embassy) BAT controls 98.9%
Single sticks of the market
Children not make more
aware of the 1/3 of all children 13-15 Can buy single accessible to
sticks from 7p Free pots to shop
dangers of smoke – poorest sector children
each owners to contain
smoking of society single sticks

22. Lack of rain fall – Rise in price of food – Population increase
reduces water supply, including animals as greater than food
ruins soils, takes away their land production – migration
nutrients deteriorates (war or drought)
Drought
People and occurs In 2000 rains
cattle go in failed
search for
Cause
water and
pasture
Too many on Improved infrastructure
areas which Case Study: – insure produce can get
used to have Famine: to markets for selling e.g.
enough Somalia Better roads.
People and
livestock die Solution
Effect People wont fit in
No livestock – cities and stay in
no food source cams were foods
scares Food aid – non Improvements in
gov aid –e.g. Red farming
What People cross productivity –
livestock is left abandon land fertilisers, seeds,
Price of food and head for
is worthless irrigation schemes
rises city

23. Biggest are most Hereditary diabetes
Exchange canoes for cars Average 20-39 male 8,700
attractive
calories a day
Different work –
moved from farming Do not take advantage of
to modern (not health care
physical) Not a lot of money for rural
health
Social status
Cause Limited medical access – transport to and
Dependent on high in
fat imported foods from the island costly and time consuming
Tonga – weight loss WHO – must be
programmes annually Case Study: addressed through public
between 1995 and 2002 – Obesity: health policy – promote
prises given and local media Pacific Islands healthy food and physical
involvement activity
Response
Effect
Diabetes – only takes 20 yrs WHO- comprehensive
Need of a healthier diet to appear in populations and effective clinical
using local food to benefit that adopt a high calorie programmes and
the economy as well as and lack of exercise lifestyle education – essential in
themselves tackling the problem

24. AS Geography: Physical
Cold Environments

25. If disturbed could Open pit gold and copper mine – destroy breeding Pipeline built – 5 years to
take up to 50 years / ground Anglo-American design, 3 to build and Transport to
Location Damage worlds most vulnerable salmon costing $8billion South
to return to 11,000 workers 40mil. Litres spilt,
made it habitats Alaska
original state. and residents cover 1300 sq Zigzag – 1.4million
difficult
barrels per day Could not be
Slow rate of 24th Mar ’89 restored miles
Skimmers reduce earth quakes transported by
plant growth Above ground – tanker because
Why is it fragile? to 112,000lt
Limited species Strong pilings – prevent melt of ice seas
Exxon Valdez prevent frost heave
Fluctuations in energy in food Insulation – melt –
Trans Alaskan
chain
Permafrost Poor thin Low refrigeration units Adaptations Pipeline 1968 – oil
Transport – discovered in
Short soils precipitation
Blizzards Case Study: damaged ground Prudhoe bay
summers Air
(growing) What are the Tundra region: Impacts pollution
challenges to humans Hunting –
Surface Low
Alaska over Tourism – litter,
thaw(water temperatures exploitation vegetation
logging) Snow lies for How have new comers removal, etc
Use all of what is long periods How have people adapted to the Aggregate pads
hunted – no How have people environment for large buildings
exploited it over – layers of sand
waste adapted to the Utilidors – above ground
time insulated box for pipes and gravel
Sustainable conditions WW2 – Trans Alaskan highway –
–don’t sustainably? Elevate small
Transport weapons to Tundra areas.
exploit 20 th Century – Fishing, mining for oil, HEP, Tourism. buildings – piles
(Inuit)
Inuit’s just take driven into
17th Century – Sealing, whaling, trapping for fur and mining for gold.
what they need to permafrost
survive Post war (cold war)– Alaska close to Russia – strategically significant. for circulation

26. If disturbed could Affects food 300 employed Species running dangerously low
Slow rate of
take up to 50 years web Sail from USA and UK
plant growth
to return to
Limited species original state. Fishing - krill International whaling
Whaling
convention -1946
Fluctuations in Over 3 years
300,000 killed 19th Century – 27500
energy in food
Use of the Southern 1964 – 1000-2000
chain Why is it fragile? (after restrictions) More than
ocean
Damage – Sealing used for 5000 whales left
natural causes fur
guidelines Peaceful – no Stop cruses
military/nuclear over 500
No litter Case Study: people from
Glaciated region: stopping
Free access and
Sustainable
Antartica/Southern ocean research rights 100 visitors
management at a time
Antarctic Code of Glacial landscapes , wildlife 12 Nations
tourism shows conduct – seals whales and Antarctica Treaty
environmental Scott Polar Tourism penguins -PEP
Bans on
concern research Cruise mineral
Tern Why go? Protocol for
colonies Visitor Numbers Ships resource environmental
Impacts activity
suffer Foot prints Over-flights protection – ‘91
disturbances remain for a 6700 in 1992
45,000 in 2009 Camping Comprehensive 2/3 worlds
long time monitoring to population – 45
Over flying Naturalist, photographers, prevent human
causing stress 1000-5000 researchers a year singatories
journalists impacts