Factors to Consider When Choosing Accounts Payable Services Providers.pptx
Population
1. Population
Sources:
The World Food Problem
Leathers and Foster, 2004
World Hunger 12 Myths
Lappe Collins and Rossett, 1998
Hesketh et al.,
New England J. Med 353: 1171-1176
Wikipedia
http://www.lastfirst.net/images/product/R004548.jpg
2. Thomas Malthus
• 1798: Essay on the Principle
of Population as it Affects the
Future Improvement of
Society
– Population growth tends
to outstrip the means of
subsistence
– Food increases
arithmetically while
population increases
geometrically
– The poor can be kept alive
by charity, but since they
would then propagate,
this is cruelty in disguise.
3. Paul Ehrlich
• 1968: The Population
Bomb
• “The battle to feed all of
humanity is over.
• In the 1970s the world
will undergo famines—
• Hundreds of millions of
people are going to starve
to death”
7. Demographic Transition
• First, high birth
rates and high
death rates
• Then, improved
living standards,
health cause death
rates to drop
• Finally, low birth
rates match low
death rates
8. Demographic Transition
• 1750-1950: Occurred in
developed countries
• 1950: Began to see death
rates drop in developing
countries
• 2050: Projected
completion of transition
9. Demographic Transition
• Example: U.S.
History
– When agrarian
society, people
had many kids
• Source of
security, labor
10. Demographic Transition
• Example: U.S.
History
– When became
industrial, fewer
kids/family
• Lowered infant
mortality
• No need to rely on
children’s labor
• More opportunities
for women
• Happened without
birth control
14. Global Population
• Population growth rate is
slowing down and will
eventually stop
• Dip in 1960 due to 30
million deaths in China
– Great Leap Forward
Famine
17. AIDS
• 40 million people infected
with HIV
– Many will die of AIDS
• Will not greatly impact
global population growth
• Will Impact some countries
• Losses by 2020:
– Uganda 45%
– Rwanda 35%
– Malawi 30%
Malawi AIDS orphans
19. Food Production per Capita
• Food Production per
capita is rising
worldwide
– But falling in Africa
• Food production is
keeping up with
population
– Otherwise food prices
would have risen
– Food prices have dropped
20. Food Production in Sub-Saharan
Africa
• Food Production in
Sub Saharan Africa
not keeping up with
population
22. Progressivist View
• Things are good and getting
better:
– Worldwide standard of living
– Education
– Health
– Trade
• People are an asset.
• Population causes shortages
which raise prices,
– stimulating entrepreneurs to
satisfy the shortages.
• We end up better off as a
Julian Simon result.
23. Progressivist View
• Two important
indicators of progress
and improvement in
life are
– Decreased Infant
Mortality
– Increased Life
Expectancy
25. Revisionist View
• Adoption and spread of agriculture
have trapped humanity in a spiral of
– Population growth
– Ecological destruction
– Social tyranny.
• The problem stems from the
anti-ecological culture (religion)
of agricultural societies
– humans are above and not part of
nature (global ecosystem)
– and therefore can destroy it at will.
Civilization is based on
Agriculture
26. Daniel Quinn
• 1992: Ishmael
– Although population is 5.5 billion, we
produce enough food for 6.0 billion even
though millions are starving
– Because we produce enough food for 6
billion, in 3 or 4 years there will be 6
billion people.
– Then, even though millions are starving,
we will produce enough for 6.5 billion.
– Thus in another 3-4 years there will be
6.5 billion
– To halt this process, must face the fact
that increasing food production doesn’t
feed the hungry, it only fuels the
population explosion.
27. Social Equity View
• Problems of
– poverty
– overpopulation
– ecological destruction
• Are due to
– inequity of wealth
– unfairness of economic
and social systems
Frances Moore
Lappe, Food First
http://www.mediathatmattersfest.org/mtm05/img/frances_moore_lappe.jpg
28. If the world were 100 people
(2005)
• 51 male
– 49 female
• 60 Asians,
– 14 Africans,
– 12 Europeans,
– 8 Latin Americans,
– 5 from USA and Canada
– 1 from the South Pacific
• 82 nonwhite
– 18 white
• 67 non-Christian
– 33 be Christian
(Source: Family Care Foundation)
29. If the world were 100 people
(2005)
• 80 live in substandard
housing
• 67 unable to read
• 50 malnourished
– 1 dying of starvation
• 33 without access to safe
water supply
• 39 lack access to improved
sanitation
• 24 have no electricity
– Most of the 76 with electricity
use it only for light at night
(Source: Family Care Foundation)
30. If the world were 100 people
(2005)
• 7 have access to the internet
• 1 has a college education
• 1 has HIV
• 2 near birth
– 1 near death
• 5 control 32% of the entire
world’s wealth
– All 5 U.S. citizens
• 33 attempt to live on 3% of
global income
(Source: Family Care Foundation)
31. Both hunger and high fertility
occur when:
• Poverty is extreme and
widespread
• Society denies security and
opportunity to people
• Infant mortality is high
• Most people can’t get land,
jobs, education, health care, old
age security
• Few opportunities for women
outside of home
Bangladesh mother
32. Children
• Labor force
• Chance for a job in city
• Security
– major investment
– rational choice
33. Women’s Education
• Powerful predictor of
lower fertility
• Reflects opportunity in
society
34. Male Poverty
• Low self-esteem
• Dominate women and
children
• Thus more children
35. Examples
• Sri Lanka:
– lower price rice
• led to population decline
• Cuba:
– low prices for food and health care
• reduced population rate from 4.7 to 1.6
• Kerala, India:
– lower price rice, kerosene
• 1/3 birth rate of average in India
• Literacy for women is 2.5 times
average in India
Kerala, India
36. Family Planning
• Birth Control is responsible for only
15-20% total fertility decline
– Thus population growth cannot be
brought down simply by family planning
or contraception
– but it can speed the decline
• Contraceptive use in Developing World
has increased
– 9% in 1960
– 60% in late 1990s
IUD: Intra Uterine • Demographic Transition requires
Device improved
– Health
– Social Security
– Education
37. Sterilization
• Encouraged by Western
donors for developing
countries
– Quotas are set
– Incentives are used
• Cash, roads, transportation,
latrines
• For hungry, choices are
limited
• 1/3 of married women in
India and China are sterilized
Indian woman
38. Puerto Rico: La Operacion
• U. S. seized in 1898
• Sugar companies set up vast
plantations
• Small farmers evicted
• By 1925, 2% of population
owned 80% of land, 70% of
population landless’
• Unemployment termed
“overpopulation” by U.S.
• By 1940’s light
manufacturing moved in
attracted to cheap labor, low
taxes
39. Puerto Rico: La Operacion
• Young women were key to labor force
• Problem was pregnancy
• Result: massive sterilization program
• Women coerced into sterilization
without being told it was irreversible
• By 1968, 1/3 of women childbearing
age were sterilized.
• Emigration and sterilization resulted in
population drop with no increase in
standard of living.
40. Bangladesh
• Intensive Family Planning in
Matlab region
• Contraceptive use doubled
• Resulted in reduced birth rate
• Cost was very high:
$120/birth averted
– This is 120% of per capita
gross domestic product
– Not replicable on a national
scale
41. China
• 1950s, 60s Under Mao
– children encouraged
– Fertility rate: 5.9 children/woman
• 1970-1979 new policy to cope
with overpopulation
– “one is good, 2 is ok, 3 is too many”
– “late, long, few”
• Have fewer children later
• greater spacing between
• Fertility dropped steeply to 2.9
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/02/china_party_co
ngress/china_ruling_party/key_people_events/html/default.stm
43. China One Child Policy
• 1979 “one child” policy enacted
– For urban areas
• Material benefits
– if have 1 child
• Social & official pressure
– If have more than 1 child
• 71% Chinese are rural
– Multiple children are common
• Fertility rate has declined
– But also declined in other Asian
countries without coersion
• Human rights violation?
45. Skewed sex ratio
• Sex ratio at birth (2000)
– 117:100 male:female
• Maternal Hepatitus B may
account for much of the skewing
• Boys preferred
– Men care for parents in old age
– Women join husband’s family
• Care for husband’s parents
• Selective abortion of girls
– Use ultrasound to determine sex
– If first child is a girl, want second
to be a boy
– Illegal but suspected
• Female infanticide suspected
– before ultrasound
