This document provides an overview of the American Civil War from 1861-1865. It includes summaries of key battles in both the Eastern and Western theaters, as well as statistics and facts about the war. Some notable events covered include the First Battle of Bull Run, Shiloh, the battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg, and naval developments such as the battle between the USS Monitor and CSS Virginia. The document examines how the Union and Confederacy differed in resources and manpower, and how the Union was able to eventually wear down and defeat the South.

1. The
Civil
War,
1861-­‐1865

2. Critical
Thinking
Questions
•How did the Union
win the war?
•How did the Civil
War change the
United States
politically, socially
and economically?
U.S. Capitol, 1860

3. Civil War
Strategy
“Anaconda”
Plan” – Winfield
Scott

4. Comparing
the
North
&
the
South

5. Men
Present for
Duty
in the Civil
War

6. Resources:
North vs.
South

7. Railroad
Lines,
1860

8. Facts
and
Stats
• Three
million
total
fought
in
war
(2.2
million
in
the
Union
and
800,000
in
the
CSA)
• 620,000
died
(2%
of
national
population)
• Disease
took
2
lives
for
every
1
from
battle
wounds
• The
most
common
ailment
the
“Virginia
Quickstep”
• “Buck
&
Ball”
combined
1
musket
ball
with
3
buck
shots
in
one
cartridge.
• Instant
coffee
was
first
experimented
with
in
a
paste
form
• April
1864
the
Motto
“In
God
We
Trust”
appears
on
all
US
coins

9. Western Theater
Eastern Theater

10. 1st
Battle
of
Bull
Run
(Manassas,
VA)
•July
21,
1861
-­‐
Gen.
Irvin
McDowell
(Union)
suffers
a
defeat
to
Thomas
Jackson
(Stonewall)
forcing
a
retreat
•McDowell
had
hoped
to
flank
Jackson
and
Beauregard
however,
inexperienced
troops
failed
and
Jackson
famously
stood
his
ground
(defensively)
•Lincoln
was
distraught
over
loss
as
he
realized
the
war
would
be
much
longer
and
bloodier
than
expected.
“Its
damned
bad”

11. First
Battle
of
Bull
Run
(Manassas)
Locals
out
on
a
picnic
watching
a
‘show’

13. Lincoln
Struggles
with
Military
Command
•July
27,
1861
George
B.
McClellan
was
promoted
to
Commander
of
the
Potomac
forces
(over
McDowell)
•John
C.
Fremont
is
relieved
of
command
after
declaring
Missouri
emancipated
by
the
military
(without
Lincoln’s
orders)
•November,
1861
-­‐
McClellan
is
promoted
to
general-­‐in-­‐chief,
or
head
of
the
Union
army.
•Winfield
Scott
-­‐
resigns Union
General
George
B.
McClellan

14. Trent
Affair
•Nov
1861
-­‐
British
ship
The
Trent
was
stopped
and
two
Confederate
emissaries,
James
Mason
and
John
Slidell
were
captured.
•Lincoln
fears
war
with
British
and
releases
them.
-“King
Cotton” –
CSA
has
value
to
the
British
•Fear
on
both
sides
(Brit.
and
Union)
will
lead
to
a
stand
off
and
no
war
between
them.

15. Naval
Warfare
Changes
•March
8
and
9th,
1862
-­‐
Monitor
and
Merrimac
fight
in
the
first
battle
of
non-­‐wooden
ships
(Ironclads).
•No
naval
battles
will
take
place
after
this
with
wooden
ships
as
they
are
deemed
obsolete.
•Northern
industrial
power
enables
a
quicker
turnaround
on
construction
of
iron-­‐plated
ships.

16. Shiloh
• April
6/7,
1862
-­‐
Grant
is
attacked
by
surprise
at
Shiloh
on
the
Tennessee
river.
• 13,000
union
troops
are
killed
• 10,000
confederates
are
killed
• The
total
number
of
troops
killed
at
Shiloh
were
more
than
all
previous
American
wars
combined.
• Lincoln
has
to
fight
to
keep
Grant
as
a
General
as
most
demanded
for
his
resignation
“I
cannot
spare
him.
He
Fights!”
• Fallen
Timbers,
April
8
–
Sherman
finds
CSA
field
hospital.
Nathanial
Bedford
Forrest
leads
cavalry
attack
and
nearly
kills
himself

17. The
War
in
the
East:
1861-­‐1862

18. Second
Battle
of
Bull
Run
•August
29,
1862
-­‐
Union
Gen.
Pope
is
defeated
by
“Stonewall”
Jackson.
•Jackson’s
overwhelming
defeat
gives
Lee
hope
to
crush
Union
army
quickly
and
swiftly.
•Lee
invades
the
North
with
50,000
troops
-­‐
pursued
by
McClellan
who
has
90,000
troops

19. Union General
George B. McClellan
Robert E. Lee
General, CSA

20. The
Battle
of
Antietam
• Sept.
17,
1862
-­‐
the
bloodiest
day
in
US
military
history
(approx.
26,000)
• McClellan
and
Lee
meet
at
Antietam,
MD
• Union:
12,400
casualties,
double
those
of
D-­‐Day
• Lee:
10,700
casualties,
25%
of
his
army
• Thousands
more
would
die
later
due
to
injuries
sustained
in
battle
• Tactical
Draw
-­‐
McClellan
halted
Lee’s
invasion
• Almost
all
the
corn
stalks
were
cut
to
the
ground
by
gun
fire
on
the
40
acre
farm
• Britain
decides
to
stay
out
of
war
due
to
overwhelming
loss
of
life Bloody
Lane
(Library
of
Congress)

21. After
Antietam
Lincoln
Meets
with
McClellan
and
Staff

22. Fallout
from
Antietam
• McClellan
is
removed
from
command
and
Ambrose
Burnside
replaces
him.
• Lincoln
is
desperate
for
a
major
victory
and
presses
Burnside
to
pursue
CSA
• Fredericksburg
-­‐
Dec.
13,
1862
-­‐
Burnside
attacks
entrenched
rebel
forces
at
Fredericksburg,
VA.
Suffers
losses
of
13,000
troops
and
fails
to
take
the
town.
• Union
losses
2x
that
of
CSA
• Pontoon
bridges
delayed
• “We
might
as
well
have
tried
to
take
hell”

23. Fallout
from
Antietam
• “Copperheads”
or
Peace
Democrats
in
the
North
demand
peace.
• Lincoln
also
feels
the
weight
of
balancing
Republican
moderates
vs.
radicals.
• Sept.
22,
1862
-­‐
Lincoln
issues
a
Preliminary
Emancipation
Proclamation
of
all
African
slaves
in
an
effort
to
justify
the
carnage
of
the
battle.
• It
was
one
of
the
riskiest
political
moves
in
American
History
given
the
timing.
• Jan.
1,
1863
Lincoln
issues
official
Emancipation
Proclamation
to
boost
morale
of
Union
army
which
has
suffered
numerous
defeats
• Although
it
freed
no
slaves,
it
turned
the
war
into
a
crusade
and
kept
European
nations
from
recognizing
and
allying
themselves
with
the
CSA

25. Blacks
in
the
Military
• After
the
Emancipation
Proclamation
blacks
began
to
join
the
Union
Army
• Initially
they
were
only
used
for
manual
labor
• 54th
regiment
out
of
Massachusetts
• African
Americans
constituted
less
than
one
percent
of
the
northern
population,
yet
by
the
war’s
end
made
up
ten
percent
of
the
Union
Army.
A
total
of
180,000
African
American
men,
more
than
85%
of
those
eligible,
enlisted.

26. Blacks
in
the
Military
Union
soldier
‘Gordon’
upon
inspection
became
the
most
famous
black
soldier
in
the
Union.

28. Military
Draft
Riots
• End
of
1862
(Congress
issues
Greenback
currency
to
fund
war
and
pay
troops
-­‐
$430
million)
• Conscription
Act
(draft)
-­‐
March,
1863
• Draft
is
enacted
for
all
men
who
are
aged
20-­‐45.
Those
who
sign
up
willingly
are
given
several
hundred
dollars
as
a
payment.
Wealthy
could
“gift”
$300
payment
to
avoid
draft.
• “Bounty
jumping”
or
enlisting,
ditching
and
reenlisting
becomes
rampant.
• New
York
City
Draft
Riots
July,
1863
–
frustrated
over
rich
being
exempted
and
potential
job
competition
from
freed
blacks Battle
at
Second
Avenue

29. Expansion
of
the
Federal
Government
-­‐ Lincoln
suspends
habeas
corpus
and
declares
martial
law,
1861
-­‐ ”…
shall
not
be
suspended,
unless
when
in
cases
of
rebellion
or
invasion,
the
public
safety
may
require
it."
-­‐ Sued
and
loses
to
Taney
in
Ex-­‐Parte
Merryman
over
constitutionality
of
actions.
Lincoln
ignores
ruling
(and
Taney)
-­‐ Confiscation
Act,
1861
–
allowed
Lincoln
to
confiscate
slaves
captured
by
the
Union
as
“contraband
of
war”

30. Transformative
Legislation
-­‐ Lost
in
the
chaos
of
the
war,
Lincoln
passes
legislation
that
completely
changes
the
American
government
-­‐ 1st
Income
Tax
passed
-­‐ National
Currency
“greenbacks”,
1862
-­‐ Pacific
Railway
Acts,
1862
&
1864
• Union
Pacific
and
Central
Pacific
Co.
-­‐ Homestead
Act,
1862
-­‐ Morrill
Land
Grant
Act,
1862

31. Inflation
Cripples
the
South
• “$100
for
a
barrel
of
flour”
• CSA
bank
rolls
the
war
by
issuing
war
bonds
for
people
to
buy
• Most
of
CSA’s
capital
was
tied
up
in
land
and
slaves
(and
cotton)
and
very
few
had
the
cash
available
to
purchase
bonds.
CSA
bank
notes
also
dropped
in
value.
• CSA
continued
to
print
treasury
notes
to
try
to
compensate
for
low
value
but
this
only
worsened
the
problem.
• April
2,
1863
bread
riots
break
out
in
Richmond,
VA
equal
in
volume
to
that
of
the
draft
riots
in
NY

32. War
goes
high-­‐tech
•Railroads:
22,000
miles
compared
to
9,000
miles
•Transformed
the
speed
at
which
soldiers
and
supplies
were
able
to
move
and
relocate.
Traditional
war
was
limited
to
speed
of
a
horse.
•The
Telegraph
•Lincoln
was
the
first
president
in
history
to
communicate
on
the
spot
with
battlefield
generals.
Telegraph
reports
from
the
front
lines
allowed
more
direct
presidential
monitoring
and
planning
•1
million
messages
sent
using
over
4,000
miles
of
telegraph
line
•Submarines
and
Balloons
•Submarines
such
as
the
C.S.S.
Hunley
were
utilized
as
an
unconventional
strategy
mostly
as
mines/torpedoes
to
blockades
•Union
spies
drew
maps
and
reported
back
to
generals
using
hot
air
balloons,
a
first
for
battlefields.
•Repeating
guns
•Minie
ball
and
rifled
guns
account
for
90%
of
all
battlefield
fatalities

33. Battle
of
Chancellorsville
•Burnside
is
replaced
by
Joseph
Hooker
•May
2-­‐4,
1863
-­‐
Lee
outnumbered
2
to
1
easily
defeats
Joseph
Hooker,
however
Stonewall
Jackson
is
fatally
wounded
in
battle.
•“I’ve
lost
my
right
arm”
•Without
Jackson,
Lee
promotes
George
Pickett
to
his
post.
Next
major
conflict
in
Gettysburg
Penn.
will
be
Pickett’s
first
in
new
position.

34. Battle
of
Gettysburg
• July
1-­‐3,
1863
Gettysburg,
PA
• 90,000
Union
troops
vs.
75,000
Confederate
troops
• Lee
realized
the
South
could
not
continue
the
battle
of
attrition.
Needed
to
end
the
war
soon.
Felt
a
swift
attack
could
end
the
war.
Invades
Penn.
• Confed.
bombardment
569
tons
of
ammunition;
Union
held
firm
• July
3,
General
Pickett
led
15,000
Confed.
Troops
across
open
fields
-­‐
Union
mowed
them
down
(=
"Pickett’s
Charge")
• Lee
was
defeated
and
retreated
to
Virginia
• Gettysburg
is
the
largest
battle
in
the
history
of
the
Western
hemisphere.
• Over
100,000
casualties
in
3
days:
It
was
the
last
time
the
South
invaded
the
North.

35. "A
Harvest
of
Death“:
Gettysburg
After
the
Battle

36. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address
November 1863

37. Civil War in the West
General Ulysses S. Grant
• Ulysses S. Grant
• Shiloh
• New Orleans
•Vicksburg
(May 19-July 4, 1863)

38. Vicksburg
Campaign
• July
4th,
1863
-­‐
Grant
is
victorious
at
Vicksburg,
splitting
the
South
and
cutting
them
off.
• Grant
had
cutoff
Vicksburg
from
any
outside
supplies.
Conditions
were
so
bad
that
many
soldiers
ate
rats
to
stay
alive.
• Siege
lasted
48
days
-­‐
Fourth
of
July
celebrations
were
not
celebrated
for
another
81
years
in
Vicksburg.
• The
tide
has
completely
shifted
to
the
Union.
• Vicksburg,
Gettysburg
and
Sherman’s
southern
campaign
are
key
victories
and
help
get
Lincoln
reelected
in
1864

40. War
in
the
East,
1864-­‐1865
• Wilderness
Campaign
(May-­‐June
1864)
• Siege
of
Petersburg
(June
1864-­‐Apr
2,
1865)
• Fall
of
Richmond
Ulysses S. Grant at Cold
Harbor Virginia, June
1864

41. Cold
Harbor
and
Petersburg
•June
3,
1864
-­‐
Grant
decides
on
flanking
Lee’s
forces.
The
Union
suffers
heavy
casualties
as
7000
troops
fall
in
20
minutes,
however,
Grant’s
iron-­‐
will
won
out
and
forced
Lee
to
retreat
past
Richmond
•Several
Union
troops
predicted
failure
–
“...June
3,
Cold
Harbor,
VA
I
was
killed”
-­‐
written
prior
to
battle.
•Union
troops
surround
Confederate
forces
at
Petersburg
and
conduct
a
9
month
siege
from
June
’64
to
April
‘65

42. Richmond
April
1865
After
Burning
by
Union
Forces

43. Richmond
April
1865

44. Richmond,
April
1865

45. Presidential
Election of
1864

46. Election
of
1864
•Lincoln
runs
on
National
Union
ticket
with
Andrew
Johnson
(Democrat)
•Spring
of
‘64
war
weariness
in
the
North
was
at
an
all
time
high
•Wade-­‐Davis
Bill
–
proposed
by
Radical
Republicans
and
pocket-­‐
vetoed
by
Lincoln
•Radical
Republican’s
called
for
Lincoln’s
removal
and
nominated
John
C.
Fremont
•Lincoln
wins
with
55%
of
vote
due
to
(1)
Sherman’s
victories,
(2)
passage
of
Homestead
Act
for
West,
(3)
Pacific
Railroad
Act
and
Morrill
Tariff
Act
for
N.
Industrialists
and
(4)
rapid
growth
of
economy

47. Lincoln’s
Inauguration,
March
4
1865
• Second
Inaugural
Address
• Lincoln
calls
for
a
conciliatory
stance
by
Republicans
towards
the
CSA.
• “With
malice
toward
none,
with
charity
for
all,
with
firmness
in
the
right
as
God
gives
us
to
see
the
right…”
• Ten
Percent
Plan:
Lincoln’s
plan
for
reconstruction
of
the
Southern
states.
• He
believed
the
Southern
states
could
not
leave
the
Union
and
therefore
they
did
not
need
to
‘re-­‐enter’
• Plan
to
rebuild
the
South
with
significant
Federal
investment
• Only
a
10%
loyalty
oath
would
be
required
• Blacks
must
be
recognized
as
free
and
education
must
be
provided
accordingly

48. Lincoln’s
Second
Inaugural
Address
March
4,
1865

49. The
War
in
the
South,
1863-­‐1865
• Chattanooga
• Lookout
Mountain
&
Missionary
Ridge
(Nov.
1863)
• William
T.
Sherman
• Atlanta
(Sept.
1864)
• “March
to
the
Sea”
Union General William T. Sherman

50. Sherman’s
March
through
Georgia
Sherman’s
campaign
brings
war
to
the
farmhouses
of
the
South.
•Sherman's
March
through
Georgia
May
-­‐
Sept
1864
With
100,000
men,
Sherman
left
Chattanooga,
TN
in
May
1864
to
invade
GA,
facing
CSA
Gen
Joseph
E.
Johnston
(later
replaced
by
John
Bell
Hood)
•Bell
abandoned
Atlanta
(Sept
1)
leaving
the
city
to
Sherman
on
the
next
day.
The
fall
of
Atlanta
lifted
Northern
morale,
which
had
been
staggered
by
Grant's
heavy
casualties
in
pursuit
of
Lee,
and
contributed
to
Republican
victories
in
Nov
1864.
•“War
is
Hell”
-­‐
Sherman’s
remarks
after
the
sacking
and
burning
of
Atlanta.

51. Ruined
railway
near
Atlanta,
destroyed
by
Sherman’s
troops

52. Sherman’s
March
to
the
Sea
Sherman's
March
to
the
Sea
Nov
-­‐
Dec
1864
•Before
leaving
Atlanta,
he
confiscated
or
destroyed
all
useful
equipment
Sherman
cut
a
swath
through
Georgia
60
miles
wide
and
300
miles
long,
systematically
destroying
factories,
cotton
gins,
warehouses,
bridges,
railroads
and
some
public
buildings
•Looting
was
rampant
•Sherman's
advance
was
virtually
unopposed,
reaching
Savannah
in
December
which
fell
to
the
Union
on
December
22
and
was
presented
as
a
Christmas
gift
to
President
Lincoln

53. Surrender
at
Appomattox
Courthouse
• Grant
and
the
Union
forces
surrounded
Lee
cutting
off
his
reinforcements.
• Lee's
forces,
now
less
than
30,000,
had
few
rations
and
were
slowly
starving
• Apr
7
-­‐-­‐
Grant
requested
Lee
to
surrender
and
Lee
asked
for
terms.
• Lee
met
Grant
at
Appomattox
Courthouse
and
quickly
came
to
terms
on
Apr
9,
1865
(1)
Lee's
soldiers
were
paroled
to
return
home
(2)
Officers
were
permitted
to
retain
side
arms.
(3)
All
soldiers
could
retain
their
private
horses
and
mules.
(4)
All
equipment
was
to
be
surrendered.
(5)
25,000
rations
were
issued
by
the
Union
army
to
the
Confederates.

54. Surrender
•
Lee’s
Surrender,
Appomattox
Court
House
(April
9,
1865)
McClain
House,
Appomattox
C.H.,
April
1865

55. Surrender
at
Appomattox

56. Capture
of
Jefferson
Davis,
May
10,
1865

57. Lincoln’s
Assassination
April
14,
1865
•Apr
14
-­‐
At
10:15
PM,
while
sitting
in
his
box
at
Ford's
Theater
in
Washington
at
a
performance
of
Our
American
Cousin
,
he
was
shot
by
John
Wilkes
Booth
,
carried
unconscious
across
the
street
and
died
at
7:15
AM
(15
Apr).
•Simultaneously
with
the
assassination
of
Lincoln,
Secretary
Seward
was
attacked
and
severely
wounded
by
Lewis
Powell
(aka
Payne),
Booth's
conspirator.
•Escaping
to
VA,
Booth
was
allegedly
trapped
in
a
barn
near
Bowling
Green
where
he
supposedly
shot
himself
(26
Apr),
although
rumors
persisted
that
he
survived
•Nine
people
were
implicated
in
the
assassination
plot

59. War
Deaths

60. Critical
Thinking
Questions
•How did the Union win the war?
•How did the Civil War change
the United States politically,
socially and economically? U.S. Capitol, 1860

61. IMPORTANT RESULTS OF THE CIVIL WAR
POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL