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1. Optical packet routers can be practical even if optical computing is impractical. While logical operations require nonlinear optics, optical routers only need to switch payloads optically, not process them. Electric control of headers is sufficient. 2. Timing considerations show that 1Tbps bandwidth is fast enough for short fiber delay lines but slow enough for electric control. Optical switching can occur within 100ps while electric components like FPGAs and SRAM have nanosecond switching times. 3. Encoding packets across multiple wavelengths allows 1Tbps packets by modulating 100 wavelengths at 10Gbps each. The packet format separates electrically processed header wavelengths from optically switched payload wavelengths.
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The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the methods of computation of total power loss and system rise time in a fiber optic link. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Next-Generation Optical Access Architecture
- Seminar, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Eng., University of California, Davis, CA, USA, May 14, 2004.
- Seminar, Dept. of Electrical and Systems Eng., Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA, Dec. 3, 2004.
optical time division multiplexing
This document discusses optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) systems. It outlines some of the key challenges with OTDM, including nonlinearity in fibers causing signal-to-noise ratio degradation as the number of channels increases. It also discusses the components needed for an OTDM system, including ultra-short optical pulse generation and modulation at the transmitter, and optical clock extraction and demultiplexing at the receiver. Several approaches for OTDM demultiplexing are described, such as using cascaded modulators, nonlinear optical loop mirrors, or four wave mixing in a nonlinear medium.
Optical network
- Optical networks comprise optical devices like tunable lasers, optical amplifiers, filters, and switches interconnected by optical links. Tunable lasers can change emission wavelengths to select connections. Optical amplifiers regenerate signals without conversion.
- Wavelength division multiplexers combine and separate signals of different wavelengths on a common link. Dense WDM systems carry many channels closely spaced in wavelength. Optical switches route wavelengths between input and output ports.
- Routing in all-optical networks establishes lightpaths between nodes. Wavelength assignment is needed if multiple lightpaths share links. Blocking occurs if lightpath requests exceed network resources or available wavelengths on links. Blocking probability models estimate likelihood of lightpath blocking
lecture01_tm.pptx
This lecture discusses transmission media and connecting to networks. It covers wired connections using copper cabling like UTP and STP as well as wireless connections. It describes how switches, wireless access points, and routers connect devices to the network. Network interface cards allow devices to connect via Ethernet or WiFi. Factors like bandwidth, throughput, and the need to share wireless access are discussed. The physical layer and types of physical media like copper cabling categories are reviewed.
Silicon Photonics for Extreme Computing - Challenges and Opportunities
In this video from the 2017 Argonne Training Program on Extreme-Scale Computing, Keren Bergman from Columbia University presents: Silicon Photonics for Extreme Computing - Challenges and Opportunities.
"As they confront ever more complex and data-intensive problems, scientists and researchers increasingly look to the next generation of supercomputing--the high-end segment of high-performance computing. That next generation will play out in so-called exaflop computers--machines capable of executing at least a quintillion (1E18) floating-point operations per second. Such a computer would represent a thousand-fold improvement over the current standard, the petaflop machines that first came on line in 2008. But while exaflop computers already appear on funders' technology roadmaps, making the exaflop leap on the short timescales of those roadmaps constitutes a formidable challenge."
Watch the video: https://wp.me/p3RLHQ-hvV
Learn more: https://extremecomputingtraining.anl.gov/
Sign up for our insideHPC Newsletter: http://insidehpc.com/newsletter
MANET routing protocols Issues and Classifications
Introduction about routing
Issues in designing a routing protocol
Characteristics of an ideal routing protocol
Classifications of routing protocols
Optical networks
Optical fiber communications networks use various topologies and protocols. A local area network interconnects users within a building, while metro and access networks connect between buildings and to homes. The physical layer refers to the transmission medium, while higher layers establish links and route data packets. Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) standards define optical carrier (OC) rates and frame formats to interconnect transmission equipment. Networks can be configured in ring or mesh topologies with self-healing capabilities. Passive optical networks (PON) use passive splitters and no electronic regeneration between transmitters and receivers.
BSNL (SUD)
The document provides information about the OCB digital switching system and some of its key features:
- OCB is a digital switching system developed by ALCATEL of France that supports telecommunications and can connect up to 2,048 PCMs. It supports both analog and digital subscribers.
- It has facilities like immediate and delayed hotline, abbreviated dialing, call forwarding, and conference calling between four subscribers.
- The document then discusses routers and their functions like forwarding data packets between networks using information in routing tables. It provides examples of different types of routers.
- Optical fiber communication basics are covered like fiber coating, types of fibers, components used, and tools involved in fiber splicing and
Fiber Optics
This document discusses fiber optic communication and optical fiber networks. It begins with an introduction to fiber optic properties, manufacturing, and concepts like time-division multiplexing and wavelength-division multiplexing. It then covers topics like signal modulation, transmission losses, dispersion, and amplification using erbium-doped fiber. The document concludes with sections on fiber network architectures, reconfigurable add/drop nodes, and the layered structure of modern networks.
High performance browser networking ch1,2,3
Presentation material including summary of "High Performance Browser Networking" by Ilya Grigorik. This book includes very good summary of computer network not only for internet browsing but also multimedia streaming.
WDM.ppt
This document discusses wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) concepts and components. It begins by explaining the benefits of WDM such as increasing fiber capacity without adding new fibers. It then describes different WDM techniques including coarse WDM (CWDM), dense WDM (DWDM), and how DWDM systems have evolved to transmit more wavelengths. The key components needed for WDM systems are then outlined, including both passive components like filters, couplers, and multiplexers/demultiplexers, as well as active components like optical amplifiers and tunable lasers/filters. Specific passive devices like Mach-Zehnder interferometers and Fabry-Perot filters are also described.
Chapter 2 Switches in network.ppt
This document discusses circuit switching and packet switching in communication networks. It provides details on:
1. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between two stations but the capacity is wasted if no data is being sent. Packet switching divides messages into packets that are transmitted individually and resources are allocated on demand.
2. Circuit switching is used for applications like voice calls where continuous transmission is required. Packet switching provides better line efficiency since the bandwidth is shared between packets.
3. Switches can be implemented using space division or time division techniques. Common switches include crossbar switches, multistage switches, and time-space-time switches.
Topic 3.1 data transmission and networking media
The document discusses various types of networking cables and wireless transmission media. It describes twisted pair cables including UTP, STP, and ScTP, and how they transmit data via electrical pulses. It also covers coaxial cable, fiber optic cable in single mode and multi-mode, and their components. Wireless transmission using radio waves and common components like wireless NICs and access points are discussed. Network standards like Ethernet and IEEE 802.11 are also mentioned.
IP based communications over satellites
IP based communications over satellites is a hard task however emerging technologies improve it's viability. This presentation gives some insight about how it is done and showcase some of the problems and solution approaches. Also some constellations are given as examples to how this process is done.
To HDR and Beyond
In this deck from the 2019 OpenFabrics Workshop in Austin, Ariel Almog from Mellanox presents: To HDR and Beyond.
"Recently, deployment of 50 Gbps per lane (HDR) speed started and 100 Gbps per lane (EDR) which is a future technology is around the corner. These technologies exposing various new physical interfaces for copper and optical interfaces and type of transceiver like SFP-DD. Supporting these speeds also toughen the task to get low BER (Bit Error Rate) through FEC (Forward Error Correction) algorithm. The high bandwidth might cause the NIC PCIe interface to become a bottle neck as PCIe gen3 can handle up to single 100 Gbps interface over 16 lanes and PCIe gen4 can handle up to single 200 Gbps interface over 16 lanes. In addition, since the host might have dual CPU sockets, Socket direct technology, provides direct PCIe access to dual CPU sockets, eliminates the need for network traffic to go over the inter-process bus and allows better utilization of PCIe, thus optimizing overall system performance."
Watch the video: https://wp.me/p3RLHQ-k0B
Learn more: http://mellanox.com
and
https://www.openfabrics.org/2019-workshop-agenda-and-abstracts/
Sign up for our insideHPC Newsletter: http://insidehpc.com/newsletter
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留学学历(UoA毕业证)奥克兰大学毕业证成绩单官方原版办理
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奥克兰大学学历证书＜微信176555708（一对一服务包括毕业院长签字,专业课程,学位类型,专业或教育领域,以及毕业日期.不要忽视这些细节.这两份文件同样重要!毕业证成绩单文凭留信网学历认证！）[留学文凭学历认证(留信认证使馆认证)奥克兰大学毕业证成绩单毕业证证书大学Offer请假条成绩单语言证书国际回国人员证明高仿教育部认证申请学校等一切高仿或者真实可查认证服务。
多年留学服务公司,拥有海外样板无数能完美1:1还原海外各国大学degreeDiplomaTranscripts等毕业材料。海外大学毕业材料都有哪些工艺呢？工艺难度主要由：烫金.钢印.底纹.水印.防伪光标.热敏防伪等等组成。而且我们每天都在更新海外文凭的样板以求所有同学都能享受到完美的品质服务。
国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理方法：
1客户提供办理奥克兰大学奥克兰大学硕士毕业证成绩单信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
— — — — 我们是挂科和未毕业同学们的福音我们是实体公司精益求精的工艺！ — — — -
一真实留信认证的作用(私企外企荣誉的见证):
1：该专业认证可证明留学生真实留学身份同时对留学生所学专业等级给予评定。
2：国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书这个入网证书并且可以归档到地方。
3：凡是获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内将在公安部网内查询个人身份证信息后同步读取人才网入库信息。
4：个人职称评审加20分个人信誉贷款加10分。
5：在国家人才网主办的全国网络招聘大会中纳入资料供国家500强等高端企业选择人才。
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假文凭国外(Adelaide毕业证)澳大利亚国立大学毕业证成绩单办理
购买澳大利亚国立大学毕业证>【微信176555708】办理澳大利亚国立大学毕业证成绩单【微信176555708】Adelaide毕业证成绩单Adelaide学历证书Adelaide文凭【Adelaide毕业套号文凭网认证澳大利亚国立大学毕业证成绩单】【哪里买澳大利亚国立大学毕业证文凭Adelaide成绩学校快递邮寄信封】【开版澳大利亚国立大学文凭】Adelaide留信认证本科硕士学历认证(诚招代理)微信：176555708办理国外高校毕业证成绩单文凭学位证,真实使馆公证（留学回国人员证明）真实留信网认证国外学历学位认证雅思代考国外学校代申请名校保录开请假条改GPA改成绩ID卡
1.高仿业务:【本科硕士】毕业证,成绩单（GPA修改）,学历认证（教育部认证）,大学Offer,,ID,留信认证,使馆认证,雅思,语言证书等高仿类证书；
2.认证服务: 学历认证（教育部认证）,大使馆认证（回国人员证明）,留信认证（可查有编号证书）,大学保录取,雅思保分成绩单。
3.技术服务：钢印水印烫金激光防伪凹凸版设计印刷激凸温感光标底纹镭射速度快。
办理澳大利亚国立大学澳大利亚国立大学毕业证成绩单流程：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
-办理真实使馆公证（即留学回国人员证明）
-办理各国各大学文凭（世界名校一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度）
-全套服务：毕业证成绩单真实使馆公证真实教育部认证。让您回国发展信心十足！
（详情请加一下 文凭顾问+微信:176555708）欢迎咨询！
存档可查的(USC毕业证)南加利福尼亚大学毕业证成绩单制做办理
精仿办理南加利福尼亚大学毕业证成绩单（【微信176555708】）毕业证学历认证OFFER专卖国外文凭学历学位证书办理澳洲文凭|澳洲毕业证,澳洲学历认证,澳洲成绩单【微信176555708】 澳洲offer,教育部学历认证及使馆认证永久可查 ,国外毕业证|国外学历认证,国外学历文凭证书 USC毕业证，USC毕业证，USC毕业证，USC毕业证，USC毕业证，USC毕业证【微信176555708】，USC毕业证，专业为留学生办理毕业证、成绩单、使馆留学回国人员证明、教育部学历学位认证、录取通知书、Offer、（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
◆◆◆◆◆ — — — — — — — — 【留学教育】留学归国服务中心 — — — — — -◆◆◆◆◆
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微信：176555708】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微信：176555708】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
学历顾问：微信：176555708
可查真实(Monash毕业证)西澳大学毕业证成绩单退学买
办理假西澳大学毕业证【微信176555708】购买,办理Monash成绩单,Monash毕业证制作【微信176555708】【西澳大学毕业证】，Monash毕业证购买，Monash学位证，西澳大学学位证【Monash成绩单制作】【Monash毕业证文凭 Monash本科 澳洲学历认证原版制作【diploma certificate degree transcript 】【留信网认证，本科，硕士，海归，博士，排名，成绩单】代办国外（海外）澳洲、韩国、加拿大、新西兰等各大学毕业证。 ?我们对海外大学及学院的毕业证成绩单所使用的材料，尺寸大小，防伪结构（包括：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。 文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）都有原版本文凭对照。#一整套西澳大学文凭证件办理#—包含西澳大学西澳大学毕业证成绩单学历认证|使馆认证|归国人员证明|教育部认证|留信网认证永远存档教育部学历学位认证查询办理国外文凭国外学历学位认证#我们提供全套办理服务。
一整套留学文凭证件服务：
一：西澳大学西澳大学毕业证成绩单毕业证 #成绩单等全套材料从防伪到印刷水印底纹到钢印烫金
二：真实使馆认证（留学人员回国证明）使馆存档
三：真实教育部认证教育部存档教育部留服网站永久可查
四：留信认证留学生信息网站永久可查
国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理方法：
1客户提供办理西澳大学西澳大学毕业证成绩单信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）。
教育部文凭学历认证认证的用途：
如果您计划在国内发展那么办理国内教育部认证是必不可少的。事业性用人单位如银行国企公务员在您应聘时都会需要您提供这个认证。其他私营 #外企企业无需提供！办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐所有材料您都必须提供原件我们凭借丰富的经验帮您快速整合材料让您少走弯路。
实体公司专业为您服务如有需要请联系我: 微信176555708
国外证书(Lincoln毕业证)新西兰林肯大学毕业证成绩单不能毕业办理
退学办理新西兰林肯大学毕业证【微信176555708】学历认证怎么做：原版仿制新西兰林肯大学电子版成绩单毕业证认证【新西兰林肯大学毕业证成绩单】、新西兰林肯大学文凭证书成绩单复刻offer录取通知书、购买Lincoln圣力嘉学院本科毕业证、【新西兰林肯大学毕业证办理Lincoln毕业证书哪里买】、新西兰林肯大学 Offer在线办理Lincoln Offer新西兰林肯大学Bachloer Degree。1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：微信176555708我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）。
7完成交易删除客户资料
高精端提供以下服务：
一：新西兰林肯大学新西兰林肯大学毕业证文凭证书全套材料从防伪到印刷水印底纹到钢印烫金
二：真实使馆认证（留学人员回国证明）使馆存档
三：真实教育部认证教育部存档教育部留服网站可查
四：留信认证留学生信息网站可查
五：与学校颁发的相关证件1:1纸质尺寸制定（定期向各大院校毕业生购买最新版本毕,业证成绩单保证您拿到的是鲁昂大学内部最新版本毕业证成绩单微信176555708）
A.为什么留学生需要操作留信认证?
留信认证全称全国留学生信息服务网认证,隶属于北京中科院。①留信认证门槛条件更低,费用更美丽,并且包过,完单周期短,效率高②留信认证虽然不能去国企,但是一般的公司都没有问题,因为国内很多公司连基本的留学生学历认证都不了解。这对于留学生来说,这就比自己光拿一个证书更有说服力,因为留学学历可以在留信网站上进行查询!
B.为什么我们提供的毕业证成绩单具有使用价值？
查询留服认证是国内鉴别留学生海外学历的唯一途径但认证只是个体行为不是所有留学生都操作所以没有办理认证的留学生的学历在国内也是查询不到的他们也仅仅只有一张文凭。所以这时候我们提供的和学校颁发的一模一样的毕业证成绩单就有了使用价值。
办理新西兰奥克兰大学毕业证学位证书范本原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【新西兰奥克兰大学毕业证学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Meet up Milano 14 _ Axpo Italia_ Migration from Mule3 (On-prem) to.pdf
Quattordicesimo Meetup di Milano, tenutosi a Milano il 23 Maggio 2024 dalle ore 17:00 alle ore 18:30 in presenza e da remoto.
Abbiamo parlato di come Axpo Italia S.p.A. ha ridotto il technical debt migrando le proprie APIs da Mule 3.9 a Mule 4.4 passando anche da on-premises a CloudHub 1.0.
学位认证网(DU毕业证)迪肯大学毕业证成绩单一比一原版制作
24小时办理【微信176555708】【毕业证明信-推荐信做学费单】成绩单，录取通知书，Offer，在读证明，雅思托福成绩单，真实大使馆教育部认证，回国人员证明，留信网认证。网上存档永久可查！
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Apricot2015 1425444150 1425506657
- 1. 1 Practical Optical Packet Routers Masataka Ohta Graduate School of Information Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology mohta@necom830.hpcl.titech.ac.jp
- 2. 2 Why Optical Computers are Impractical? • Must compute optically – Logical AND/OR operations are non-linear – Optical devices have little non-linearity – Long interaction of highly concentrated light is necessary • Not very fast • Must memorize optically – Light can not stop
- 3. Why Optical Routers are Practical • May not control optically – As long as payload is switched optically • No one complains if optical routers are controlled electrically with electric header processing • May not memorize optically – Buffers are to avoid packet collisions at output ports • Delaying with FDLs (fiber delay lines) is enough 3
- 4. 4 Timing Considerations • 1Tbps is fast enough – to make fiber delay lines short • 1500B packet is 12ns long or 3.6m long in vacuum • 1Tbp is slow enough – to allow for electric control • FPGA 2ns, external SERDES enables finer control • SRAM for L3 route look up 3.3ns – to allow for optical switching • Optical switches works within 100ps
- 5. 5 Many Wavelengths enables Wideband 1Tbps Packets • To Encode a Packet at 1Tbps – Simultaneously modulate 100 Wavelengths each at 10Gbps Single Wavelength Packets Many Wavelength Packets time Wavelength Wavelength time
- 6. 6 Optical Packet Format of Many Wavelength Packets for (Almost-all) Optical Switches Payload Header Time Wavelength Wavelengths to be processed, updated & switched electrically Wavelengths to be switched optically
- 7. 7 Control Logic Routing Table Electric Optical Modified Header Original Header ADM ADM ADM ADM ADM ADM Structure of an Optical Packet Switch with Many-Wavelength Packets Buffer Buffer Buffer
- 8. 8 Very Small Amount of Buffer is Required at the Backbone • Backbone Traffic is Poisson, if – backbone speed is much faster than access • 1Tbps backbone is much faster than most, if not all, access – Paced TCP is used • Exceptional hosts with exceptionally fast access should use paced TCP • An Optical Buffer with 15 or 31 Fiber Delay Lines is Enough
- 9. Experiments on Many Wavelength Packets at NICT • Buffering with 31 FDLs – S. Shinada, H. Furukawa, and N. Wada, "Investigation of Optical Buffer Capacity using Large-scale Fiber Delay Lines for Variable- length Optical Packet Switching," ECOC2013, Th. 1.A.1, Sep. 2013. • 50km transmission of 12.8Tbps packet – S. Shinada, J. M. D. Mendinueta, S. L. Ruben, and N. Wada, "Operation of a 12.8 Tbit/s DWDM Polarization Division Multiplexing 16-QAM Optical Packet Switching Node after 50- km of Fiber Transmission," ECOC2014, p. We.3.5.4, Sep. 2014. • Stable daily operation at 10Gbps*10wavelengths with 2FDLs 9
- 10. Estimated Power Consumption • 1Tbps*4port optical routers with 15 FDLs can be constructed, for example, with – 476 2:2 optical switches (2.5dB loss) • Each consumes 10mW – 128 10dB EDFAs (2.4mW optical output) • Each consumes 40mW – About 10W of power • 100Gbps*36port infiniband chip: 83W 10