This document discusses the approach to evaluating and treating narrow complex tachycardia. It begins by describing the different mechanisms of tachyarrhythmias including enhanced automaticity, triggered automaticity, and reentry. It then discusses specific types of narrow complex tachycardia such as AV nodal reentrant tachycardia, AV reentrant tachycardia, atrial tachycardia, junctional ectopic tachycardia, and atrial flutter. Evaluation involves analyzing the ECG for P wave presence and morphology, QRS duration and morphology, and the relationship between P waves and QRS complexes. Treatment involves vagal maneuvers, adenosine, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers
This presentation describes the emergency department management of sinus tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular ectopic
This presentation describes the emergency department management of sinus tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular ectopic
differentiating between supraventicular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia in wide complex rhythm is always confusing and management is totally different. correct diagnosis will make dramatic difference in patient management.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is defined as hypertrophy of the myocardium more than 1.5 cm, without an identifiable cause . Other causes of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, such as long-standing hypertension, amyloidosis, and aortic stenosis must first be excluded before HCM can be diagnosed. As our understanding of the genetics of HCM continues to progress, the diagnosis of HCM will continue to incorporate information obtained from genetic testing, while also continuing to rely on transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for the assessment of the phenotypic manifestations and the overall clinical severity of the disease.
differentiating between supraventicular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia in wide complex rhythm is always confusing and management is totally different. correct diagnosis will make dramatic difference in patient management.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is defined as hypertrophy of the myocardium more than 1.5 cm, without an identifiable cause . Other causes of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, such as long-standing hypertension, amyloidosis, and aortic stenosis must first be excluded before HCM can be diagnosed. As our understanding of the genetics of HCM continues to progress, the diagnosis of HCM will continue to incorporate information obtained from genetic testing, while also continuing to rely on transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for the assessment of the phenotypic manifestations and the overall clinical severity of the disease.
Its crucial to diagnose arrythmias quickly and treat it promptly.
Here i have made small attempt to diagnose tachyarrythmias briefly and proceeds with its immediate managenent..
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
5. TACHYARRYTHMIAS:
Any disturbance in the normal sequence of impulse generation,
conduction or both in the heart.
Tachyarrhythmias can be classified according to mechanism,
including
1.Enhanced automaticity (spontaneous depolarization of atrial,
junctional, or ventricular pacemakers)
2.Triggered automaticity (initiated by after depolarizations)
occurring during or immediately after cardiac repolarization,
during phase 3 or 4 of the action potential.
3. Reentry (circus propagation of a depolarizing wavefront).
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12. Enhanced cardiac automaticity refers to the accelerated
generation of an action potential by either normal pacemaker
tissue (enhanced normal automaticity) or by abnormal tissue
within the myocardium (abnormal automaticity).
The discharge rate of normal or abnormal pacemakers may be
accelerated by drugs, various forms of cardiac disease,
reduction in extracellular potassium, or alterations of autonomic
nervous system tone.
Enhanced normal automaticity accounts for the occurrence of
sinus tachycardia, while abnormal automaticity may result in
various atrial or ventricular arrhythmias, for example, an
accelerated idioventricular rhythm or an ectopic atrial
tachycardia.
Abnormality in impulse formation:
13. An increase in automaticity normally causes
an increase in sinus rate and sinus tachycardia.
Abnormal automaticity is due to an increase in
the slope of phase 4 depolarization in
myocardium or reduced threshold for action
potential depolarization in myocardium other
than the sinus node. Abnormal automaticity
is thought to be responsible for most atrial
premature complexes (APC) and VPCs.
14. Less commonly, abnormal impulse formation is due to
the development of triggered activity.
Triggered activity is related to cellular afterdepolarization
that occur at the end of the action potential, during
phase 3, and are referred to as early afterdepolarization,
or they occur after the action potential, during phase 4,
and are referred to as late afterdepolarization.
15. ABNORMALITY IN IMPULSE PROPAGATION:
The most common arrhythmia mechanism is reentry.
Reentry is defined as circulation of an activation wave
around an inexcitable obstacle. Thus, the requirements
for reentry are two electrophysiologically dissimilar
pathways for impulse propagation around an inexcitable
region such electrophysiologically dissimilar pathways
for impulse propagation around an inexcitable region
such that unidirectional block occurs in one of the
pathways and a region of excitable tissue exists at the
head of the propagating wavefront .
16.
17. Look for QRS duration.
QRS complex regular/irregular.
Then look for presence of p waves.
P waves morphology
P wavesand QRS relationship 1:1
AV block present.
QRS alternation
Termination initiation of tachycardia.
Effect of BBB on tachycardia cycle length.
18.
19.
20. Response to carotid sinus massage or adenosine –with
termination of arrhythmia with Pwave –AVNRT with atrial
premature beat .
Tachycardia persists with AV block –AT, AFL, SANRT
Pseudo r ‘ wave in V1 – AVNRT
SHORT RP interval – AVNRT, AVRT
Long RP interval – AT, SANRT, AVNRT atypical
28. s
AVNRT AVRT
Incidence Most common Less than AVNRT
sex female males
Pathway Slow-fast,
Ventricles not required for
activation
Accesory
Ventricles required for
activation
Activation Simultaneous activation Sequential activation
Rate <200 >200
P-wave Burried in QRS Will be seen after QRS
Pseudo-r,pseudo-s,pseudo-q present absent
RP-interval <80msec >80msec
ST-T changes Less common more
ST elevation in aVR lesss more
Notch in aVL more less
QRS alternans Rare common
Abberancy Rare common
BBB Doesnot alter rate Alters rate(coumel’s law)
AV block Possible Not possible in its presence
30. • The slow pathway (alpha): a slowly-conducting pathway with
a short refractory period.
• The fast pathway (beta): a rapidly-conducting pathway with a
long refractory period.
AVNRT
31.
32. Presence of a narrow complex tachycardia with regular R-R
intervals and no visible p waves.
P wave are buried in the QRS complexes –simultaneous
activation of atria and ventricles – most common presentation
of AVNRT –66%.
If not synchronous –pseudo s wavein inferior leads ,pseudo r’
wavein lead V1---30%cases .
P waves are retrograde and are inverted in leads II,III,AVF
P wavemay be farther awayfrom QRS complex distorting the
ST segment ---AVNRT ,mostly AVRT.
37. What are “Pre-excitation syndromes” ?
• Term coined by Ohnell
• First described in 1930 by Louis Wolff, John Parkinson and Paul Dudley
White.
• A group of ECG and Electrophysiological abnormalities in which
– The atrial impulses are conducted partly or completely, PREMATURELY, to
the ventricles via a mechanism other than the normal AV-node
– Associated with a wide array of tachycardias with both normal QRS and
prolonged QRS durations
39. • “Manifest Pathways”
–Per se, WPW refers to patients with
pre-excitation in ECG + symptomatic
episodes of tachycardia.
• “Concealed Pathways”
- Patients with Accessory Pathways, but no
pre-excitation .
- Pathways may become manifest during
episodes of tachycardia
40. WPW
• PR interval <120ms
• Delta wave – slurring slow rise of
initial portion of the QRS
• QRS prolongation >120ms
• ST Segment and T wave discordant
changes – i.e. in the opposite
direction to the major component
of the QRS complex
• Pseudo-infarction pattern can be
seen in up to 70% of patients – due
to negatively deflected delta waves
in the inferior / anterior leads
(“pseudo-Q waves”), or as a
prominent R wave in V1-3
(mimicking posterior infarction).
WPW in sinus rhythm
42. Two types
Orthodromic
Antidromic
Antidromic is wide complex tachycardia
In NSR detected by delta wave.
Can ppt into AF and VF on use of AV nodal blockers
MEMBRANE ACTIVE ANTIARRHTYHMIC DRUGS are safe.
CONCEALED WPW syndrome – no delta wave .less risk of
AF
43. Typical – RP interval <PR interval
RP interval >80 millisec
Atypical –RP interval >PR interval
Concealed bypass tract – only retrograde conduction
Manifest bypass tract– both anterograde and
retrograde.
Electrical alternans –the amplitude of QRS
complexes varies by 5 mm alternatively.
Rate related BBB occuring and the rate of tachycardia
is decreasing –then the bypass tract is on the same
side of the block.
62. P wave morphology changes.
PR interval > 0.12 sec .
Second,third degree AV block can occur.
Tachycardia terminates with a qrs complex ..
Right atrial origin– p wave inverted in V1.
If biphasic in V1—initially positive then negative.
Upright in lead AVL
Opposite if of left atrial origin
Superior origin –upright p waves in inferior leads
Inferior origin –p waves are inverted in inferior leads.
63.
64.
65. At least three consequtive p waves with different morphologies
with a rate >100 bpm to be present.
Isoelectric baseline between p waves.
Also called as choatic atrial tachycardia
Mostly seen in COPD ,electrolyte abn,theophylline
Rate usually does not exceed 130-140 bpm.
69. Non paroxysmal – accelerated junctional rhythm
Rate < 100 bpm Usually junctional node 40-60 bpm
Paroxysmal or focal junctional tachycardia is
rare – automaticity.
110-250bpm.
P waves may be before or after QRS complex
Infrequent and nonsustained episodes –no treatment
Acute termination of SVT and establish the mechanism
of SVT in case of acute setting.
Long term goal is abolishing the arryhthmia substrate.
Precipitating factors – electrolyte
imbalance,hypoxia,ischemia,hyperthyroidism to be
sought out.
73. A12 lead ECG during tachycardia and NSR.
No delay in therapy if the mechanism of SVT is not
known.
Perform CAROTID SINUS MASSAGE,or give6mg
bolus adenosine.
In case of severe hemodynamic compromise a
synchronised cardioversion to be given.
74. Check for carotid bruit before massage.
At the level of cricoid cartilage,at the angle of mandible
the carotid sinus is situated.
Gentle pressure is applied over the carotid sinus for 5
-10 seconds.
ECG recording to be present.
In case of no response – try on the other side.
Simultaneous pressure not to be applied both sides.
Alternative manuevres are valsalva,gagreflex,ice water
pouring over the face.
75. If SVT is suspected to be AVnode dependent – drug
of choice is adenosine and CCBs verapamil and
diltiazem.
Useful for sustained cases of AV node independent
tachycardias.
But digoxin,BBs,CCBs better control of ventricular
response in atrial tachycardias
Class I agents to be combined withAV nodal blocking
drugs – to eliminate 1:1 conduction of atrial to
ventricles.
84. In whom recurrences areinfrequent.
But sustained.well tolerated hemodynamically.
Patients who have had only asingle episode of SVT..
100-200mg of flecainide at the onset of SVTis areasonable
approach…until he reaches the hospital.
40-160 mg verapamil –without preexcitation,
Betablockers
Propafenone 150-450 mg.
80%casesinterrupted with acombination of CCBandBBin2
hrs…
85. Frequency and severity ofepisodes.
LVF
Costbenefits of radiofrequency ablation over the
pharmacotherapy .
Pharmacotherapy isconsidered in patients who defer
catheter ablation,whom in which ablation failed,or
carries arisk ofAVblock.
Multifocal atrialtachycardia
Trial anderror
Accessory pathway –classIa,Ic,III
AVnode blockingdrugs
Young patients –Iadrugs
ClassI agents LVD<35%notused.
Longterm
treatment
Membrane
activeAAD
Catheter
ablation
Curativesurgery
Antitachycardia
pacing
86. not to be used in bronchospastic pulmonary
disease.
Adenosine precipitates asthma
Given rapidly in 1-2 sec.
If given by peripheral vein uplift the arm..
Max dose is 30 mg
6- 12-12 mg
Terminates AVNRT .AFL with 2:1 block
Potentiated by dipyradimole,carbamazepine –
87. Calcium channel blockers,beta blockers
,digoxin are the next drugs to be used if
not responded to adenosine
Usually 60 % cases respond to a dose of 6
mg and 95 % cases at 12 mg.
Type 1 a AAD, 1c,iii,AMIODARONE in
refractory cases.
Beta blockers not to used IV in heart
failure.
88. Several multipolar catheters are introduced
High right atrium ,bundle of his ,RVapex,Coronary
sinus.
Radiofrequency is delivered at the site of earlier
activation
Success is defined by elimination of the tachycardia or
loss of pre excitation.
90-98% success in AV node dependent
60-80% in case of AV node independent.
Cryoablation more useful…
90. Temporary role in caseof digoxintoxicity.
Permanent in caseof long termcontrol
Toterminate thetachycardia
Revert into sinusrhythm
Prevent the occurrence.
Overdrive suppression
RFinduced atrial pacing areused
No role of surgery presently in PSVTrx.
91. ACUTE LONGTERM
PHYSIOLOGICAL rest ,sedation valsalva
Valsalva maneuvre Carotid sinusmassage
Carotid sinusmassage
PHARAMACOLOGICAL vagomimmetic Suppresstriggering
arrhythmias
Direct effect onAVnode Change propertiesof
reentrant pathways
SlowVR ControlVR
CATHETERABLATION
SURGERY
Ablation or sectioning of
reentrant pathway
ELECTRONICDEVICES Temp.pacing
cardioversio
n
Permanent pacemaker
Antitachycardiapacing
92. Rxof PSVT given for patient comfort except
in IHD,MS
When the QRS complex is wide and VT is
mistaken as SVT with ABERRANT conduction
IV verapamil – not recommended decreases
BP.
If DC cardioversion to be avoided because of
possible adverse response to digitalis adm
…pacing Rt atrium and ventricle via temp
pacing.
In WPW syndrome avoid
93. • Rx of ectopic atrial
tachycardia – consider
digitalis toxicity,chronic lung disease,metabolic
abn,electrolyte abnormalities,acute MI ----
temporary pacing.
Unsuccessful is EC
Removal or reversal of inciting factor
Surgical excision of focus.
Rx of MAT –chronic lung
disease,metabolic,rare is digitlais toxicity ---
CCBS,BBs ..no role of cardioversion,devices
94. In case of WPW syndrome
symptomatic concealed or
manifested ..and evidence of
preexcitation on NSR …send
the patient for catheter
ablation…
95. 1. carotid sinus pressure
2.IV adenosine.
3.long term treatment depends upon episodes.
4.any underlying abnormality to be checked
for.
5.definitive etiology only knon by EP study.
6.95% cases respond to RF ablation.
7.much less complications with cryoablation.
8.in case if SVT recurrs after ablation –opt
116. 1.Coexisting Double Tachycardias
May not be identified during noninvasive testing ..needs EP
study.
Ex—typicalAVNRT andAT.
Concentric –eccentric –concentric.
AVNRT –both APC,VPC
AT onlyAPC
2.Pseudo AF- infrequent presentation of PSVT.
Occurs during onset and termination of tahcycardia.
Multiple accessory AV pathways.
In young who haveAF without other risk factors.
5%of AVNRT.
Group beating is seen
ATRIAL TACHYCARDIA – FOCAL, MACRO RE ENTRANT, SINOATRIAL REENTRY
ATRIAL FLUTTER- RT- CLOCKWISE , COUNTER CLOCKWISE LT- MITRAL RE ENTRY, SCAR MEDIATED,PULMONARY VEIN
ALMOST ALL IRREGULAR TACHYS ARE AV NOT INDEPENDENT