Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is defined as hypertrophy of the myocardium more than 1.5 cm, without an identifiable cause . Other causes of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, such as long-standing hypertension, amyloidosis, and aortic stenosis must first be excluded before HCM can be diagnosed. As our understanding of the genetics of HCM continues to progress, the diagnosis of HCM will continue to incorporate information obtained from genetic testing, while also continuing to rely on transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for the assessment of the phenotypic manifestations and the overall clinical severity of the disease.
HCM is a common genetic heart disease reported in populations globally
Inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern
The distribution of HCM is equal by sex, although women are diagnosed less commonly than men
The prevalence of unexplained asymptomatic hypertrophy in young adults has been reported to range from 1:200 to 1:500
A lecture on the echocardiographic evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Starts with an overview of the topic then a systematic approach to diagnosis and then a differential diagnosis followed by take-home messages and conclusion.
Significant, defined as a greater than 50 percent narrowing, left main coronary artery disease is found in 4 to 6 percent of all patients who undergo coronary arteriography. When present, it is associated with multivessel coronary artery disease about 70 percent of the time
A review of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Ideal for Cardiology Fellows and Internal Medicine Residents. Draws figures and information from review articles published on the subject as well as classical teaching books.
HCM is a common genetic heart disease reported in populations globally
Inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern
The distribution of HCM is equal by sex, although women are diagnosed less commonly than men
The prevalence of unexplained asymptomatic hypertrophy in young adults has been reported to range from 1:200 to 1:500
A lecture on the echocardiographic evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Starts with an overview of the topic then a systematic approach to diagnosis and then a differential diagnosis followed by take-home messages and conclusion.
Significant, defined as a greater than 50 percent narrowing, left main coronary artery disease is found in 4 to 6 percent of all patients who undergo coronary arteriography. When present, it is associated with multivessel coronary artery disease about 70 percent of the time
A review of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Ideal for Cardiology Fellows and Internal Medicine Residents. Draws figures and information from review articles published on the subject as well as classical teaching books.
preop TEE assessment of atrial septal defect is very important for making decision for device closure, properly assessed adequate rims of ASD will reduce risk of device embolization to almost nil.
preop TEE assessment of atrial septal defect is very important for making decision for device closure, properly assessed adequate rims of ASD will reduce risk of device embolization to almost nil.
The American Heart Association (AHA) expert consensus panel proposed definition of cardiomyopathies is as follows: “Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases of
the myocardium associated with mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction, which usually (but not invariably) exhibit inappropriate ventricular hypertrophy or dilatation, due to a variety of etiologies that frequently are genetic. Cardiomyopathies are either confined to the heart or are
part of generalized systemic disorders, and often lead to cardiovascular death or progressive heart failure–related disability.”
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
3. HCM is a genetic disease state characterized by
unexplained LV hypertrophy associated with nondilated
ventricular chambers in the absence of another cardiac
or systemic disease that itself would be capable of
producing the magnitude of hypertrophy evident in given
patient.
It’s prevalence estimated to be 1:500
IHSS, HOCM, and MSS are older terms
4. • Beta MHC mutations-clinical presentation apparent by
late adolescents and develop substantial hypertrophy
and more severe diseases.
• MyBPC mutations can have delayed clinical presentation
until age 50 or older.Less severe symptoms.
• cTnT mutations-modest hypertrophy, increased risk of
sudden death
• cTnI mutations- Greater predisposition of apical
hypertrophy
• Alpha tropomyosin-relatively good survival. Variable
degree of hypertrophy
8. • Produced by SAM of mitral valve
• Explanations for the SAM of the mitral valve
1. Mitral valve is drawn toward the septum
because of the lower pressure that occurs as
blood is ejected at high velocity through a
narrowed outflow tract (Venturi effect)
2. Mitral valve is pulled against the septum by
contraction of the papillary muscles, which
occurs because of the valve's abnormal location
and septal hypertrophy altering the orientation
of the papillary muscles
3. Hydrodynamic “drag” or the “pushing” force of
flow
LV OUTFLOW OBSTRUCTION
9. • Increase in contractility
VPC
Dobutamine,Isoproterenol
Exercise
• Decrease in afterload/volume
Valsalva maneuver
Standing
Nitroglycerine/amyl nitrite inhalation
Blood loss
Dehydration
11. • Hyper contractile states
• Anomalous papillary muscle insertion
• Anteroapical infarction with hyperkinetic basal
segments
• Elderly women with LVH/sigmoid septum and
hyperdynamic ventricular function
• After mitral valve repair
13. •Often occurs without atherosclerotic
coronary artery disease
•Postulated mechanisms
• Abnormally small and partially obliterated
intramural coronary arteries as a result of
hypertrophy
• Inadequate number of capillaries for the degree
of LV mass and increased myocardial oxygen
consumption-supply demand mismatch
• Increased filling pressures resulting in
subendocardial ischemia
MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA
14. • Twice the normal size due to elongation of both leaflets
or segmental enlargement of only anterior leaflet or mid
portion of posterior leaflet
• Congenital and anomalous anterolateral papillary muscle
insertion into the anterior leaflet without interposition of
chordae tendineae and produce muscular mid cavity
outflow obstruction >>SAM>>LVOTO
• Variations in leaflet length (posterior/anterior leaflet
length mismatch) – restrict the ability of the posterior
leaflet to follow the anterior leaflet and to coapt effectively
resulting in MR
• Severity of MR directly proportional to LV outflow
obstruction
• Results in symptoms of dyspnea, orthopnea
15. • Adabag AS1 J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 Mar 1;45(5):697-704- total 178
patients.
16. • Majority are asymptomatic
• Dyspnea on exertion (90%), orthopnea, PND
• Palpitations (PAC, PVC, sinus pauses, AF, A flutter,
SVT and VT)
• Congestive heart failure (2o to increased filling
pressures and myocardial ischemia)
• Sudden cardiac death (<1%)
• Angina (70-80%)
• Syncope (20%), Presyncope (50%)
• Outflow obstruction worsens with increased contractility
during exertional activities resulting in decrease in cardiac
output
• Secondary to arrhythmias
17. • Jugular venous pulse: prominent a- wave
• Double carotid arterial pulse: declines in mid systole
as gradient develop.
• Double apical impulse:
• Forceful left atrial contraction against non-compliant ventricle
• Triple apical impulse:
• Late systolic bulge near isometric contraction
• S1: normal
• S2: normal or paradoxical split
• S3 gallop: decompensated Lt. ventricle
• S4: atrial systole against hypertrophic ventricle
17
18.
19. • Holosystolic Murmur of MR:
• Retrograde ejection of blood flow into low pressure left
atrium
• Best heard at apex and axilla
• Pt. with SAM* and significant LV outflow gradients
• Systolic ejection crescendo-decrescendo murmur:
crescendo–decrescendo systolic murmur along the
upper left sternal border that increases with the
Valsalva manoeuvre, which is indicative of dynamic
LVOT obstruction.
• Diastolic Decrescendo Murmur of AR: 10% of Pt.
* Systolic anterior motion
19
20. • Chronic hypertension
• RV hypertrophy
• Cardiac amyloidosis
• Athlete's heart
• Valvular AS
Apical hypertrophy - apical cavity obliteration caused by
hypereosinophilic syndrome or noncompaction.
21. • Family history of HCM
• Asymmetry
• Right ventricular hypertrophy
• Late gadolinium enhancement at the RV insertion points or
localized to segments of maximum LV thickening on CMR
• Maximum LV wall thickness ≥15 mm (Caucasian); ≥20 mm
(black)
• Severe diastolic dysfunction
• Marked repolarization abnormalities, conduction disease or Q-
waves on 12 lead ECG
• ESC Guidelines2014
23. HCM Fixed
Obstruction
carotid pulse spike and dome parvus
murmur radiate to
carotids
valsalva, standing
squatting, handgrip
passive leg elevation
systolic thrill 4th left ics 2nd right ics
systolic click absent
present
24. • ECG
• IMAGING
- ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
- CARDIAC MRI
- OTHER MODALITIES
• CATH DATA
• TESTS TO RISK STRATIFY PATIENTS
• GENETIC TESTING
• FAMILY SCREENING
25. Abnormal - >90% of pts & >75% of asymptomatic
relatives
• Increased voltages consistent with LV hypertrophy
• ST-T changes - marked T wave inversion in the lateral
precordial leads
• Left atrial enlargement
• Deep and narrow Q waves lateral precordial leads
• Diminished R waves in the lateral precordial leads.
• 1/3rd patients has delayed his purkinjee conduction in EP study
• Yamaguchi disease
Normal ECG - 5% of pts
• Less severe phenotype and favorable course
• Not predictive of future sudden death
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42. • Usually normal or increased
• Can have small LV end-diastolic volumes and
therefore reduced stroke volumes despite having
normal EFs
• Overt LV systolic dysfunction, termed the ‘‘dilated
or progressive phase of HCM,’’ ‘‘end-stage
HCM,’’ or ‘‘burnt-out HCM,’’ is usually defined as
an LV EF < 50% and occurs in a minority (2%–
5%) of patients
• Prognosis is worse in the presence of LV systolic
dysfunction
43. • Useful when echocardiography is questionable,
particularly with apical hypertrophy
• Cines loops typically show obstruction and velocity
mapping is useful in the assessment of peak velocities
• SAM of the mitral valve is clearly seen on cardiac MRI
• Improvement in obstruction after septal ablation or
myomectomy can be demonstrated, as can the location
and size of the associated infarction, which are useful for
planning repeat procedures
• Cardiac MRI tagging identifies abnormal patterns of
strain, shear, and torsion in cases of HCM, demonstrating
significant dysfunction in hypertrophic areas of the
ventricle
CARDIAC MRI
44. • Gadolinium contrast cardiac MRI - differentiating HCM
from other causes of cardiac hypertrophy and other types
of cardiomyopathy such as, amyloidosis, athletic heart,
and Fabry’s disease
• Late gadolinium enhancement occurring in HCM
represents myocardial fibrosis
• The greater the degree of late gadolinium enhancement, the more
likely that the particular HCM patient has 2 or more risk factors for
sudden death
• More likely the patient has or will develop progression of
ventricular dilation toward heart failure, thereby indicating a poorer
prognosis
CARDIAC MRI
45.
46. • Diagnostic cardiac catheterization is useful to determine
the degree of LVOT obstruction, cardiac hemodynamics,
the diastolic characteristics of the left ventricle, LV
anatomy and coronary anatomy
• Reserved for situations when invasive modalities of
therapy, such as a pacemaker or surgery, are being
considered
• Therapeutic cardiac catheterization interventions, include
transcatheter septal alcohol ablation
• The arterial pressure tracing found on cardiac
catheterization may demonstrate a "spike and dome"
configuration
51. Natural History
• Normal life expectancy
• Mortality
– Adults – 1% / yr
– Children - 2% / yr
• Subgroups at higher risk for important disease complications
– sudden and unexpected death
– progressive heart failure
– Atrial fibrillation (AF)
52. Heart failure
NYHA III - IV [10 - 15 %]
• LV outflow obstruction
• AF
• Diastolic dysfunction
• Micro vascular dysfunction
53. • Burnt out HCM - 3%
• Systolic dysfunction EF <50%
• Associated with AF
• Wall thinning and cavity dilation
• Diffuse transmural scarring
• Progression to refractory heart failure or sudden death
• Mortality 10%/year
• Most reliable risk marker - a family history of the end
stage
54.
55. • Screening all first-degree relatives is recommended
• Echocardiography
• Children & participating in competitive athletics Every 12
to 18 months
• Adults no competitive athletics - every 5 years
• Counseled against engaging in competitive athletics
• Maintain hydration
56. • Primary ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation
• Adolescents and young adults 30 to 35 years of age
• Most common cause of Athletic field deaths
• Death most commonly occur at rest
57. Secondary prevention
1. Prior cardiac arrest
2. Sustained ventricular tachycardia
Primary prevention
one or more of the following
1. Family history of one or more premature HCM-related deaths,
particularly if sudden and multiple
2. Unexplained syncope, especially if recent and in the young
3. Hypotensive or attenuated blood pressure response to exercise
4. Multiple, repetitive (or prolonged) NSVT on Holter
5. Massive LVH (wall thickness, ≥30 mm), particularly in young
patients
58. • When level of risk judged - ambiguous on the basis of
conventional markers
1. CMR - delayed enhancement
2. Thin-walled akinetic LV apical aneurysms
3. End-stage phase
4. Percutaneous alcohol septal ablation
• Very limited prognostic significance can be attributed to
specific HCM-causing mutations
59. • Prophylactic - empiric treatment with Amiodarone –
Obsolete
• Amiodarone may be used in pts with AF
60. • Empirical & highly variable
Beta blockers
• Slowing heart rate
• Reducing force of LV contraction
• Augmenting ventricular filling and relaxation
• Decreasing myocardial oxygen consumption
• Long-acting preparations - propranolol, atenolol,
metoprolol or nadolol
• Blunt LV outflow gradient triggered by physiologic
exercise.
• Target resting heart rate - 60 beats/min
• May require up to 400 mg equivalent of metoprolol
61. Verapamil
Improves symptoms and exercise capacity (patients
without marked obstruction to LV outflow)
Beneficial effect on ventricular relaxation and filling
Better angina control than BB
Hemodynamic deterioration with CCB agents - lowering of
the afterload in the presence of severe outflow tract
gradients and high diastolic filling pressures
62. Disopyramide
Negative inotropic effect decreases the gradient and
improve symptoms.
Concomitant beta blockade may be important to prevent
rapid atrioventricular node conduction
Between 300 and 600 mg/d
The corrected QT interval must be monitored
Anticholinergic side effects in older patients
Diuretic agents may be judiciously administered
Either beta blockers or verapamil initially
No advantage by combinations of BB & CCB
Disopyramide may be combined with BB or CCB
63. Perhexiline
Incrs. Calcium sensitivity – Incrs. Contractility –
Hypertrophy – Abnl.energy utilisation
Improved Energy utilisation
Diltiazem
Blocks L type Ca channels
To prevent Hypertrophy
ARB s
To block TGF beta – Prevent Fibrosis
64. • Nifedipine, Nitrates, Diuretics -potent vasodilator and
hence avoided
• Digoxin, dobutamine, noradrenaline, dopamine-positive
inotropes
• MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE HYPOTENSION IN HOCM
• i.v fluids
• phenylephrine
• Iv beta blockers
• MANAGEMENT OF HCM WITH LV SYSTOLIC
DYSFUNCTION
• ACEI/ARBS, diuretics-standard HF treatment
• Discontinue verapamil, diltiazem, disopyramide (class iii)
65. • A/c AF+ hemodynamically unstable= DC
• A/C AF + angina /pulmonary edema = BB/A–iv
• Hemodynamically stable= 3W OAC >>DC
• Rate control with oral BB/ CCB
• rhythm control with Amiodarone
• Flecainide and propafenone, should be avoided as they
may prolong QRS duration and the QT intervaL
• AV nodal ablation F/B DDD/VVIR/CRT IN drug refractory
• Radiofrequency ablation (II A)
66. 1. Drug-refractory heart failure symptoms
2. NYHA Classes III and IV or exertional syncope
3. LV outflow obstruction
• gradient ≥ 50 mm Hg
4. Better surgical candidates
1. Younger age
2. Greater septal thickness (≥30 mm)
3. Concomitant cardiac diseases –valvular/CAD
5. Complications
1. Perioperative Mortality (1-3%)
2. VSD - 3%
3. CHB and PPI (5%)
4. CVA 1-2%
5. LBBB-40%
67.
68. Braunwald, E. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1306-1307
Alcohol-Induced Septal Ablation
69.
70.
71. • Polyvinyl alcohol foam particles,
• Microspheres,
• Absorbable gelatine sponges,
• Septal coils
• Gross CM, Schulz-Menger J, Kramer J, Siegel I, Pilz B, Waigand J, Friedrich MG,
Uhlich F, Dietz R. Percutaneous transluminal septal artery ablation using polyvinyl
alcohol foam particles for septal hypertrophy in patients with hypertrophic obstructive
cardiomyopathy: acute and 3-year outcomes. J Endovasc Ther2004;11:705–711.
• Llamas-Esperon GA, Sandoval-Navarrete S. Percutaneous septal ablation with
absorbable gelatin sponge in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Catheter
Cardiovasc Interv 2007;69:231–235.
• Lafont A, Durand E, Brasselet C, Mousseaux E, Hagege A, Desnos M. Percutaneous
transluminal septal coil embolisation as an alternative to alcohol septal ablation for
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Heart2005;91:92
72.
73. • Proposed benefit:
• Pacing the RV apex will decrease the outflow tract
gradient by decreasing projection of basal septum into
LVOT
• Several RCTs have found that the improvement
in subjective measures provided by dual-
chamber pacing is likely a placebo effect
• Other treatment
• EP
• CRT
• CARDIAC TRANSPLANTATION/VAD
74.
75.
76. • High risk for- LVOT gradient > 50 mmhg
• Class III for those with class III/IV systolic dysfunction
• No added risk for patients with controlled symptoms (II
A)
• Continue drugs in prgnancy (class I)-watch or fetal
bradycardia and growth abnormalities in fetus
• Guard against post delivery volume loss
77. • Low intensity aerobic exercises
• Avoid dehydration
• Avoid heavy meals
• Risk of syncope in high intensity sports
• Unpredictability of SCD an other reason to avoid high
intensity sports
78. • ASA OVERTAKING SURGERY
• ALTERNATIVES TO ALCOHOL
• INCLUSION OF CARDIAC MRI IN DIAGNOSIS AND
RISK STRATIFICATION
• PRECLINICAL DIAGNOSIS WITH ECHO