This document describes a finite element analysis project conducted in ANSYS. It includes: 1) An introduction to finite element analysis and its applications. 2) The steps of the finite element method including drawing the model geometry, applying material properties and boundary conditions, generating mesh, solving the model, and regenerating mesh. 3) Details of the specific finite element analysis conducted, including applying a 10kN force to a copper alloy part and evaluating equivalent stress, total deformation, and safety factor. The analysis was repeated with a different applied force.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University 1
Eastern Mediterranean University
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Machine Elements I – MENG375
Instructor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Neriman Özada
Student’s Name and Surname:
Emir Berk Canpolat
Student Number: 110798
FEA Project
DUE DATE: June 15, 2016

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University 2
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER 1............................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 INRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 APPLICATION AREAS of FEA........................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2............................................................................................................................................... 9
2.1 THEORY of FINITE ELEMENT MODELING METHOD and SOLUTION STEPS.................................... 9
2.2 Drawing of parts of the model: ..................................................................................................... 9
1. Determining the Element Type and Material Properties:..................................................... 12
2. Determination of the boundary conditions and other specified Effect:............................... 12
3. Generating Mesh................................................................................................................... 14
4. Solution: ................................................................................................................................ 15
5. Regenerating the Mesh......................................................................................................... 17
6. Applying the new Force......................................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER 3............................................................................................................................................. 24
3.1 DISCUSSION:................................................................................................................................ 24
3.1 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 24
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 25

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ABSTRACT
This study aims to give brief information about mesh generation and mesh generation
scheme is operated by the computer. In this report, there are given an overview of a Finite
Element mesh method and mesh generation in ANSYS by using SolidWorks with the computer.
Also, number of stress and endurance tests loaded on technical drawings created in SolidWorks
and applied in ANSYS.
Definition of creating mesh could explain as splitting a physical body into smaller parts or
members. In this report the purpose is to facilitate the solution of a differential equation. Lots
of object have to be converted in computer to the mesh structure before the rendering
application has been done. However the primary field of use is the analyzing them with finite
element method. Surface definition ranges way to be divided as triangle, rectangle and so on
but the volumetric definition could be divide as tetrahedral and hexahedral. The shape and
distribution of the elements is determined by an automatic mesh generation algorithms.
CHAPTER 1
1.1 INRODUCTION
The finite element method is a numerical method use effectively in resolving the
complex engineering problems. This method was developed for stress analysis of the aircrafts
bodies in 1956 at the first time [1]. Also, it is understood that, it can be used with success in the
solution of applied science and engineering problems in the next decade. In years later, the
finite element method and solution techniques are swiftly developed and today it has become
one of the best method for solving complex problems.
Traces of modern finite element method can be found since the beginning of the 1900s.
During these years, some researchers have modeled with discrete elastic in elastic constant state
of equal sized. However, Richard Courant has been called the first person for develop of the
finite element method [2]. Courant, published an article in the 1940s, about the triangular piece
polynomial interpolation sub-regions for to investigate the torsional problems (elements) used
on [3].
The basic idea in the finite element method is reducing complex problem into a simple
problem and get way of solution. Main problem is obtained approximate result rather than the
final results due to the reducing a complex problem to a simply problem, but the result could
be improve and getting much closer to the final results by spending more effort. Even it is
possible to reach definitive conclusions. If the conventional mathematical tools are insufficient
to find an approximate results, FEA would be the only method that can be used for the solving
problems.
In the FEA method, solution region is divided into many simple, little parts with
connected each other they called nodes.This method is can be used in how to modeling
complicated geometric shape, such as engine parts, which is given in Figure 1.1. It is almost
impossible to find the exact forces, which will be formed during a bench work, stresses etc.
without using any kind of computer program. Engine parts modeled divided into parts shown
in the illustration.

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Figure 1.1: Generation of mesh using ANSYS program.
1.2 APPLICATION AREAS of FEA
The finite element method, is using for structural and mechanical problems, as well as
heat conductions, fluid mechanics, electricity and also is using for the solution of engineering
problems associated with magnetic fields [4]. The cause of so many fields of this application is
there are lots of similarities between the various engineering problems. These similarities also
understandable given the differential equation for the following table. Finite element
methodology to some application areas given in Table 1.1, and some application examples are
given in Table 1.2.

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Application Area Issues
Civil Engineering Structure of the
frames, sheets,
roofs, walls,
buildings, bridges,
beams, shear and
static analysis of pre
stressed concrete
elements.
-determination of
natural frequency and
flexural modulus.
- stability analysis
-Analyzing of the
stress waves.
-response of the
structure to the non-
periodic loadings.
Aircraft
Engineering
Static analysis of
body, wings and
airfoils of the
aircraft.
Static analysis of
rockets and
missiles.
-determination of
natural frequency and
flexural modulus.
- stability analysis
-response of the
structure to the non-
periodic loadings.
--response of the
structure to the
random loadings.
Thermal
Conduction
Temperature
distribution in solids
and fluids for the
steady-state
condition.
- Heat flow in the
exhaust outlet of the
rockets, in internal
combustion engines,
turbine blades, vanes
and buildings.
Geomechanics Stress analysis in
excavation,
retaining walls,
underground spaces,
the analysis of the
interaction of rock
and soil, the hills
and base of the dam
body.
-Interaction between
dam and the structure
of the soil. Finding the
same natural
frequency.
-Soil interaction
problem due to the
time.
Hydrolics and water
resources
engineering
Analysis of hydraulic
structures and dams.
Potential free surface
boundary layer and
solving transonic
aerodynamics
problems with viscous
flow.
Shallow ponds, lakes,
the availability of
natural period of the
harbor. Rigid and
flexible movement of
liquids in containers.
Unsteady flow and
wave propagation
analysis. Gas leak in
porous structure
dynamics magneto
hydrodynamics flows.

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Nuclear Engineering Nuclear pressure
vessels and
structures analysis.
The temperature
range for reactor
steady
disintegration.
-determination of
natural frequency and
flexural modulus.
- stability analysis
Response to dynamic
loads of the structure.
Analysis of reactor
during unstable
temperature
Thermal distribution
analysis of the reactor
viscoelastic structure
Biomedical
Engineering
Stress analysis of
the bones, teeth,
eyes, and so on..
The load carrying
capacity analysis for
natural structures
and dentures. Heart
valves mechanics.
Impact analysis of the
skull.
The dynamics of
anatomical structures.
Mechanic Design Stress analysis of
pressure vessels,
pistons, composite
materials, gear.
- Stress
concentration
problems
Finding natural
frequency and making
stability analysis of
machine elements,
machine tools of gear.
Under dynamic loads
crack and fracture
mechanics problems.
Table 1.1: Application areas and basic examples of the Finite Element method.

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Hydrolic and Water Resources
Engineering
Analysis of the permeable layer with
groundwater. Thermal analysis of water
circulation in the lake. In the estuary, spread
resulting in rivers and sea tides and
scattering analysis. Analysis of flow in the
channel.
Soil Mechanics Stress analysis for hillsides and sets.
Loading handling and settlement analysis of
building foundations.
Rock Mechanics Stress analysis for excavations and slopes.
Cavity analysis for tunnels, mines, wells,
and drill holes. Layer analysis for joints,
cracks, kink, and geological features.
Hydro Elasticity The movement of liquids in plastic
containers. The analysis of the interaction
with the pond dam body.
Magneto Hydrodynamics Magneto hydrodinamic analysis of fluid in
channels and pipes.
Electric and Magnetic Fields Analysis of Electric and Magnetic Fields
Biomechanics - Examination of red blood cells and plasma
movements in the capillaries.
- Analysis of lubrication in the joints,
- Heart stress analysis,
- Stress analysis of bone,
- Head of the analysis.
Contact Problems Analysis of elastic shock.
Nuclear Engineering Analysis of concrete reactor body.
The solution of multi-group neutron
diffusion problems
Corrosion Analysis of local corrosion cells.
Composite Materials - Analysis of layered wood system
- Thin-layer sheet analysis.

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Mechanism - Displacement and stress analysis of
mechanisms.
- Stress analysis of gears.
Automotive Analysis of the vehicle body.
Fracture Mechanics - The presence of stress intensity factor.
- Analysis of crack propagation.
Aero Elasticity Charge distribution in the surface-slip
property, separation and analysis of leaf
movement.
Turbo Machines - Flow calculations.
- Temperature distribution in the rotor
blades.
Heat Exchanger Analysis of temperature distribution in the
heat exchanger.
Machine Tools Structural analysis of lathe, milling machine,
radial drilling machine.
Metal Forming Cold and hot rolling, extrusion, deep
drawing process analysis.
Casting Solidify analysis
Table 1.2: Practices for the Finite Element Method.

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CHAPTER 2
2.1 THEORY of FINITE ELEMENT MODELING METHOD and SOLUTION STEPS
Solid finite element methodology to the real objects or continuum such as liquid or gas,
connected to each other, is described with finite element called subsections. These elements are
connected to the special point called the point node to each other. Node points generally located
in places that restrict element elements that are attached to each other. It is not known how
variables such as temperature, speed, pressure are changes it is assumed that they can be
expressed as approximately with their simple functions [5].
For example, replacing a grievous implications for each of the solid model are directly
related to the displacement of nodes. Displacement of nodes is associated with the stress of the
element. Finite Element Method tries to resolve displacements in these nodes. Thus, stress has
approximately equal to the applied load. These nodes must be fixed in the form of a still
absolutely certain points. Finite Element Method defined requirements for nodes translates into
algebraic linear equations, the equations are solved before and tries to find the real stresses in
all elements. As a result, if so what the model is divided into a number of elements that give
more realistic results than the load applied to the elements.
The finite element method using couple of software packages they are trying to
implement the following steps:
2.2 Drawing of parts of the model:
Firstly drawn the geometric shape of the component in SolidWorks before the FEM
analyze. This program directly on the package or in tools with the help of keyboard and mouse
or drawn using AutoCAD, Pro / Engineer with design programs such as drawing software
package is transferred into the solid model. Figure 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, 2.1.4 shows these drawing
steps in SolidWorks program.
Figure 2.1.1: The model dimensioning in SolidWorks.

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Figure 2.1.2: Main surfaces are completed in SolidWorks.

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Figure 2.1.3: Making a rectangular hole with using hole wizard in SolidWorks.
Figure 2.1.4: Finally the model is ready for the ANSYS FEM analysis.

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1. Determining the Element Type and Material Properties:
Then package the material properties are entered. For example the elastic modulus of
elasticity of isotropic material properties for an analysis, such as Poisson's ratio, and density
characteristics is entered. The model which is using in that analysis is selected as Copper Alloy.
Then properties of the drawn element to be used for model identification.
The properties and the assumptions for this part are:
 The unit for system analysis is : Metric (m, kg, N, s, V, A)
 The part is made up of Copper Alloy
 Fix support is applied to the top and bottom site of the vertical part of the solid.
 The force which is 10,000N is applied to the inner face of the hole on the horizontal
plane od the solid and directed towards –y direction shown in Figure 1.
 Find the Equivalent (Von-Misses) stress, total deformation and safety factor
Repeat the simulation with applying the force, F= 1500N (i) + 200N (j) + 150N (k) to the
hole
2. Determination of the boundary conditions and other specified Effect:
The boundary conditions are entered in the next step. It also indicated that other effects
on the model, if any. For example, support points and load application points to solid mechanics
indicated. Or to limit temperatures in the heat problems or heat flux is indicated. If the heat
source in the model, or the heat absorption properties are specified. Figure 2.1.5, 2.1.6 shows
how to enter specifications in the ANSYS.
Figure 2.1.5: The specifications are entered such as copper alloy, aluminum and etc.

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Figure 2.1.6: Entering the unit system which is has to use in analysis.
Figure 2.1.7: The implementation of the boundary conditions to the specified surface. Here it is indicated in the
program supported at the specified surface.

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Figure 2.1.8: The implementation of the boundary conditions to the specified surface. Wherein said surface
pressure is applied to the program indicated.
3. Generating Mesh
After determining element properties, the model is broken down into smaller
components. That is the model mesh. Here's a model using selected elements important how it
will divide better than small pieces. Some software packages which do this automatically. Mesh
generation software package as the user can also automatically gives the possibility to generate
the mesh. The program (ANSYS) also supports the user to make changes on the mesh
automatically generated. Figure 2.1.9 shows generated mesh in the model.

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Figure 2.1.9: Model volume is covered with mesh.
4. Solution:
Problem is solved by previously entered parameters in the next step. The results obtained
after analyzing the problem, depending on the effect of initial conditions and applied them with
different graphics and animation. Figure 2.1.10 shows safety factor analysis of the model.
Figure 2.1.10: Graphic obtained after the problem is resolved. The boundary conditions will be applied under the
condition where the drawn pattern, the response has been shown to be nominated. Stresses displacement of the
model and the model is shown.

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Region seen in this figure varies from red to blue. Approaching the border flowing red
zone approached the material means. That is stretching the measures. The blue areas are safe
areas. In these areas, reduced safety by saving material. Figure 2.1.11 shows total deformation
of the model and figure 2.1.12 shows equivalent stresses in the model.
Figure 2.1.11: The total deformation of the model.
Figure 2.1.12: Equivalent stresses which are occurs in the model.

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5. Regenerating the Mesh
Finite element method is a method for producing approximate solutions. Increasing the
number of elements, element types changing, changing production methods or mesh, the mesh
on a play repeatable solution manually. Thus the difference between the results can observe.
This is called process optimization (optimization) method.
Another kind of optimization is to repeat the solution by making changes to the
generated models. In general, the design models finite element analysis is done by the method
of this process is something that can be done. Examples of such carriers types of optimization
is to increase gradually the thickness of a sheet. Here is to limit the danger of stresses on the
plate away from the purpose. ANSYS software package optimization process by defining
certain desired criteria are able to be established. Of course, no program at a time may not reach
the desired criteria [6]. Figure 2.1.13, 2.1.14, 2.1.15, 2.1.16, 2.1.17 and 2.1.18 shows Equivalent
.stresses, Safety factor and total deformations which are occurs in the regenerated mesh
(Average, Fine and the Best mode).
Figure 2.1.13: Equivalent stresses on the regenerated mesh model.

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Figure 2.1.14: Equivalent stress in the fine mesh mode.
Figure 2.1.15: Safety factor shown in the figure with the best mesh mode.

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Figure 2.1.16: Safety factor shown in the figure with the fine mesh mode.
Figure 2.1.17: Total deformation of the body shown in the figure with the best mesh mode.

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Figure 2.1.18: Total deformation of the body shown in the figure with the average mesh mode.
6. Applying the new Force
After determining element properties, the model is broken down into smaller
components. That is the model mesh. Here's a model using selected elements important how it
will divide better than small pieces. Some software packages which do this automatically. Mesh
generation software package as the user can also automatically gives the possibility to generate
the mesh. The program (ANSYS) also supports the user to make changes on the mesh
automatically generated. Figure 2.1.19, 2.1.20, 2.1.21, 2.1.22, 2.1.23 and 2.1.24 shows how to
select force at the specific point and selecting surfaces on the model.

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Figure 2.1.19: Defining fixed support in the model.
Figure 2.1.20: Defining point for the applying force.

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Figure 2.1.21: Selecting Surfaces on the model.
Figure 2.1.22: Applying equivalent stresses on the model.

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Figure 2.1.23: Total deformation of the model.
Figure 2.1.24: Analyzing safety factor of the model.

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CHAPTER 3
3.1 DISCUSSION:
This section is perhaps the most critical topic. Because the obtained data the user the
benefit that the extent to which the wound or what it means to verify proper understanding or
solution is performed at this stage. The data obtained in this step is evaluated and be controlled.
Evaluation results are compared with previously obtained more detailed, physical event (the
theoretical knowledge) may be based on or experience. This eight-step problem to be solved
must be applied no matter how complex and large. But only commands vary according to the
characteristics of the package.
Finite element method has become a basis for industrial engineering design and analysis.
It is becoming larger and more complex design is simulated using finite element method. It
encourages the development of finite element automatic mesh generation algorithms prevalence
of methods. Above the start of the finite element method as described period, the final form
was created using tens or hundreds of design elements for many users it was enough to be very
simple simulations of simulated. Despite defined intervals it had to be dealt with too many
hands to divide the useful elements. But to go for the analysis of design with more elements
would be very difficult to produce hand when needed and it was understood that the mesh will
take a lot of time. Producing mesh made by hand with the development of computer technology
has begun to put into operation the computer.
Even the process of transferring to the computer has not completely all the tasks on the
computer. In this case, the designer has responsibilities on that genius of users. A variety of
options on a computer should tell between the mesh will be created which will make the
selection. There are many methods used because the mesh while producing element. It is not
suitable for all types and designs every way. Fluid structure design and components used when
the mechanical analysis (bridge, lower pass, etc.) elements used in the analysis may be different
from each other. These decisions, while on the subject of experience, publications, the
authenticity of the results, etc. Utilized. In addition, the same analysis can be used in multiple
different elements.
3.1 CONCLUSION
Automatic finite element mesh generation issues are not as old as the method. The real
issue in the last 10-15 years are dealt with extensively [7]. It was a lot of publications on the
subject at the time. It has solved a lot of problems about mesh generation with this publication.
But there are still issues that need to be considered. One of them typed smarter of generating
automatic mesh and some improvements are making themselves. So the desired program is not
the task of contacting the user to a minimum. Currently working on the position of the nodes
on the innovation and / or number is partially modified model recreated by changing the mesh
of only the changed parts of the mesh from the start.

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REFERENCES
1. Introduction to Finite Element Analysis, H. C. Martin and G. F. Carey, McGraw-Hill,
1973.
Zienkiewicz, O.C.; Taylor, R.L.; Zhu, J.Z. (2005). The Finite Element Method: Its
Basis and Fundamentals (Sixth ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0750663200
2. Giuseppe Pelosi (2007). "The finite-element method, Part I: R. L. Courant: Historical
Corner". doi:10.1109/MAP.2007.37662
3. Courant, Richard (1943). "Variational methods for the solution of problems of
equilibrium and vibrations". Bulletin of the American Mathematical
Society. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1943-07818-4.
4. Application of FEM for solving variousissues in material engineering, L.A.
Dobrzański, A. Pusz, A.J. Nowak*, M. Górniak, Institute of Engineering Materials
and Biomaterials, Silesian University of
Technology:,http://www.journalamme.org/papers_vol42/42116.pdf
5. Khebir, A. B. Kouki, and F. M. Ghannouchi, "A pseudo-three-dimensional finite
element analysis of non-uniform multi-conductor transmission lines", IEEE Trans.
Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 2386-2390, Dec. 1994.
6. Hastings, J. K., Juds, M. A., Brauer, J. R., Accuracy and Economy of Finite Element
Magnetic Analysis, 33rd Annual National Relay Conference, April 1985.
7. Wiki Invest www.wikinvest.com/stock/Ansys_(ANSS)/Data/Total_Revenues